- Kusukela kumasiko e-Neolithic (Hongshan, Liangzhu, Longshan) kuya eSifundazweni Sase-Erlitou, inkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo nengokwesiko yalungisa umhlabathi wamandla.
- I-Qin ihlanganisiwe futhi ilinganiselwe; U-Han wanwetshwa ngo-Silk Road futhi washiya imodeli yakudala yobukhosi.
- Phakathi kwezigaba (Imibuso Emithathu, iJin, Iminyaka Eyisithupha) nokuhlangana kabusha (uSui, uTang, iNgoma), iChina yayiphila iGolden Age yayo enkulu.
- I-Ming yahlanganiswa futhi i-Qing yanda, kodwa i-Opium Wars kanye nezinkinga zangaphakathi zanciphisa ukuphela kombuso ngo-1912.
Noma ubani osondela kumlando waseShayina uthola ngokushesha ukuthi utshelwa "ezahlukweni" ze-dynastic, kodwa futhi ezinqubweni zesikhathi eside eziqala emlandweni. I-Archaeology, isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo namandla ezombusazwe Zihambisana: ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuguquguquka kwangaphambilini kwe-Neolithic kanye Nenkathi Ye-Bronze, kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi kungani imibuso futhi, kamuva, imibuso yavela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuzona zonke izigodlo nezimpi: zikhona ezolimo, izitsha zobumba, i-jades yesiko, izindlela zokuhweba ngisho nezinkulumo-mpikiswano ngokuthi "iShayina" lisho ukuthini nokuthi umbuso waqala nini. Lolu hambo luhlanganisa izikhathi ezibalulekile, kusukela ezindaweni zokuqala zokuhlala kanye namasiko e-Neolithic kuya ekwindla kombusi wokugcina ngekhulu lama-20, okuhlanganisa yonke imibuso kanye nezenzakalo ezibalulekile.
Ngaphambi kwama-Dynasties: kusukela kubantu bokuqala kuya ku-Neolithic
Indawo yaseShayina yanamuhla yayihlalwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ama-hominids ahlukahlukene, anezindawo ezidumile njengeRenzidong, Yuanmou, Nihewan, Lantian, Nanking, kanye nePeking Man edumile, okwatholakala kuzo kamuva okutholakala njengoDali, Maba, Fujian, noDingcun. I-Homo sapiens yavela esifundeni eminyakeni engaba ngu-40.000 edlule., futhi kamuva izitshalo nezilwane ziyafuywa, okuyoshintsha phakade ukuphila kwansuku zonke.
Cishe ngo-10.000 BC, irayisi yayilinywa endaweni yaseYangtze, futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, i-millet eHenan; nge-Holocene yokuqala, imiphakathi yayingahlali. Izitsha zobumba ezindala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo emhlabeni, ezasukela cishe ku-17.000 BC., i-porous futhi iphekwe ekushiseni okuphansi, futhi yayisetshenziselwa ukupheka ukudla kwasolwandle futhi, mhlawumbe, irayisi.
Eduze kwemikhumbi kuvela amathuluzi nge emaphethelweni aphucuziwe namatshe okugaya, izimpawu zezinguquko ekudleni kwamaqembu abazingeli-abaqoqi, kodwa-ke, abazange bazinze ngokuzumayo: ukuhlala phansi kwakuyinqubo ehamba kancane, ngamasu okuhamba asafundwayo kanye namaphethini esifunda ahluke kakhulu.
Emashumini eminyaka, "iphakheji ye-Neolithic" yachazwa njengenguquko esheshayo (ezolimo, ukufuywa, izitsha zobumba, ukucwenga kwamatshe, indlela yokuphila yokuhlala). Namuhla siyazi ukuthi lezi zimpawu zavela ngendlela ehlakazekile futhi ende. Inguquko eya emiphakathini yezolimo ethuthuke ngokugcwele (5000-3000 BC) Kwakuwumphumela weminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, hhayi inhlansi engazelelwe.
Amasiko e-Neolithic kanye nendlela eya ekubeni yinkimbinkimbi: i-Hongshan, i-Liangzhu ne-Longshan
Njengoba umnotho wezolimo ususunguliwe, ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kwakhula futhi kwakheka izigaba zenhlalo. Imiphakathi eminingi yayilandela izindlela ezingaqondile, ishintshana izikhathi zokuqhuma, ukwehla nokuwaKulo mfanekiso we-mosaic, kunezici ezivelayo: izinsalela zezolimo ezixhasa abantu abaphakeme ngokwezimali, amandla angokwesiko njengethuluzi lezombusazwe, kanye nokushintshisana ngezinto eziwudumo.
Isiko laseHongshan, elidume ngezigodi zalo ezinkulu ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga kanye nezwe ubuchwepheshe be-artisan ku-jade, ishiywe ngemuva kwezakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo ezisikisela ukuphatha kanye nabasebenzi abahlelekile. Amasiko ashintshile esuka emazingeni asekhaya aya ezifundeni, futhi ukuwa kwawo—cishe ngo-3000 BC, ngokuhambisana neziqephu zogwadule—kuxhunyaniswa nokuwohloka kwesimo sezulu, ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile, kanye nokungezwani kwezombusazwe.
Esifundeni saseLake Tai, isiko laseLiangzhu laliphawuleka ngobuningi kanye nokucwengwa kwe-jade yalo ezimweni zomngcwabo, okubonisa umphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi futhi ohlukene. Taosi futhi Liangzhu Zimelela izigxobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kusukela kunkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka BC; ekupheleni kwe-Neolithic, ukushiywa kwezikhungo kanye nokwehla kwezindawo ezigudle izigodi eziphuzi kanye ne-Yangtze kubhalwe phansi.
Ethafeni elisenyakatho, isiko laseLongshan lathwala ukulima okujulile ngaphesheya kwemifula emikhulu futhi lanikeza ithuba emiphakathini yabaholi amazinga amathathu okuhlala, izimpahla zodumo, nezingxabano. Indawo yaseTaosi, isikhungo sezomnotho, sezombangazwe, nesenkolo, yayinesinye sezikhungo zokubuka izinto ezindala kunazo zonke e-Asia (eneminyaka engaba ngu-4 100 ubudala), futhi udonga lwayo oluyizigodi lwacekelwa phansi ngenxa yeziyaluyalu ezinkulu.
Konke lokhu kungemuva kuholela ku-Bronze Age yokuqala yesifunda, ne I-Erlitou State (1900-1500 BC) entshonalanga ye-Henan, ethathwa abaningi njengezwe lokuqala le-Bronze Age e-China futhi, kwabanye, ukuhlobana okuphathekayo kwamasiko mayelana nobukhosi bakwa-Xia.
Ama-Dynasties Akuqala Endabuko kanye Nenkathi Yethusi: i-Xia, i-Shang ne-Zhou
I-Xia Dynasty ithatha indawo yokuqala ngokulandelana kwendabuko, namakhosi ayi-17 ngokusho kukaSima Qian. Umlando wayo usalokhu uyindaba-mpikiswano, nakuba izindawo ezithile zemivubukulo—Icala lika-Erlitou- hambisana ngokulandelana kwezikhathi kanye nokusebenza nendaba exoxwayo. Ifa labo lihlala emagameni ezindawo nasegameni lenkondlo elithi Huáxià.
I-Shang Dynasty, ebizwa nangokuthi yi-Yin, ingeyokuqala eqinisekiswe imithombo yesikhathi sayo (amathambo e-oracle nama-bronzes). Yabusa iHuang He Valley cishe amakhulu ayisithupha eminyaka, nge ukubhala okuthuthuke ngokugcwele, i-bronze metallurgy eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, inkolo yasendulo, nobukhosi obulawula inkokhiso kanye namanethiwekhi zempi.
UZhou (1046-256 BC) walandela uShang futhi wahlala isikhathi eside kunanoma yimuphi omunye ubukhosi. Yethula futhi yahlanganisa Igunya leZulu njengegunya lobukhosi. Ihlukaniswe iWestern Zhou kanye neZhou yaseMpumalanga; okwakamuva kuhlanganisa Isikhathi Sentwasahlobo Nesekwindla kanye Nenkathi Yamazwe Alwayo, lapho igunya lenkosi liwohloka futhi imibuso emikhulu yaqhudelana ngokusungula ezempi, ezokuphatha, kanye nezobuchwepheshe.
Inkathi Yasentwasahlobo Nekwindla (771–476 BC) yabona ukwanda kwemilando efana ne-Annals okuthiwa i-Confucius kanye nokwanda kokwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukucabanga okujulile, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Enkathini Yezizwe Ezilwayo (ikhulu lesi-5-221 BC), Inkosi yaseZhou yahlala ingumfanekiso kuyilapho amandla afana ne-Qin, u-Chu no-Qi alwela i-hegemony kuze kube yilapho ehlangana.
Ukuhlanganiswa kombuso: Qin
Ngo-221 BC, iNkosi yaseQin yazimemezela U-Shǐ Huángdì, “Umbusi Wokuqala”ukwethula isihloko se-huangdi nokungcwaba inkathi "yamakhosi." Qin izisindo ezijwayelekile, izilinganiso, ama-ekseli enqola, izinhlamvu zemali, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukubhala; uhulumeni ophakathi ngaphansi kohlelo lweZinkosi Ezintathu kanye Nongqongqoshe Abayisishiyagalolunye futhi waqeda ubufeudalism.
Wabuye wakhuthaza imisebenzi emikhulu: izigodlo e-Xianyang, ukuxhumana kanye nokuqiniswa kwezindonga zangaphambili kulokho okungaba Udonga Olukhulu kanye ne-mausoleum yayo enkulu nebutho le-terracotta. Ubunzima bombuso, ukusetshenzelwa ngempoqo, kanye nokunganeliseki komphakathi kwabangela ukuwa kwawo ngokushesha ngemva kokushona kombusi (210 BC), kwathi ngo-206 BC, umholi wendabuko ethobekile, uLiu Bang, wasungula uBukhosi bakwaHan.
Han: ukunwetshwa, Silk Road kanye nesayensi
I-Han (206 BC–220 AD) yaqinisa imodeli yombuso. Ngaphansi koMbusi uWu, umbuso wanqoba i-Xionngnu, wavula ukuxhumana ne-Asia Ephakathi ne-India, futhi wahlanganisa umgwaqo kasilikaUZhang Qian wahlola iNtshonalanga; iphepha, i-seismograph, nezinye intuthuko kwaguqula ukuphathwa namasiko.
Ubukhosi buhlukaniswe ngeWestern Han (inhloko-dolobha e-Chang'an), i-interregnum ye U-Wang Mang (ubukhosi bakwaXin, 9-23/24 AD), kanye ne-Eastern Han (inhloko-dolobha eLuoyang). Amashumi eminyaka adlule amakwe ngokuvukela okufana nalawo "Abagawuli Bemithi Abaluhlaza," "Amashiya Abomvu," futhi, kusukela ngo-184, amaTurbans Aphuzi, aqhumisa amandla amaphakathi.
Amakhulu eminyaka okuhlukana: Imibuso emithathu, iJin kanye nemibuso eyishumi nesithupha
I-Battle of Red Cliffs (208) yaphazamisa izifiso zikaCao Cao, indawo yahlukaniswa phakathi. U-Wei, u-Shu-Han no-WuNgo-220, u-Cao Pi wasusa u-Han wokugcina futhi wazibiza njengombusi we-Wei; U-Liu Bei no-Sun Quan benze okufanayo e-Chengdu nase-Yangtze engezansi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwafika namaJin (266-280), kodwa kwaba okwesikhashana. Izinhloko-dolobha ezisenyakatho, i-Luoyang (311) kanye ne-Chang'an (316), yawela kubantu abayimizulane kanye nabahamba kancane. Inyakatho yahlukana phakathi Imibuso Eyishumi Nesithupha (304-439), ngenkathi inkantolo yakwa-Jin ihlehlela eningizimu e-Jiankang (Nanking), ivula isikhathi eside se-Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Enyakatho, izindawo zaseTuoba ezihlangene futhi zasungula iNorthern Wei (440 kuya phambili), futhi ikhuthaza ubuBuddha kanye nemisebenzi efana I-Yungang ne-Longmen Caves; eningizimu, iNgoma, Qi, Liang, kanye noChen bathatha izintambo. Ukuhamba kwabantu ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu kwabeka izisekelo ezintsha zomnotho namasiko endaweni yaseYangtze.
Ukuhlangana kabusha Nobukhazikhazi: I-Sui ne-Tang
I-Sui (581-618) yahlanganisa i-China ngo-589, yaqeda uhlelo "lwamazinga ayisishiyagalolunye" futhi yahlanganisa ukuhlolwa kombuso. Bakha Isiteshi esihle futhi baqinisa izindonga, kodwa imikhankaso yabo nemisebenzi yaqeda izinsiza; umbusi wesibili, uYang, wagcina ebulewe, kwathi ngo-618 uLi Yuan wasungula iTang Dynasty.
Nge-Taizong bese kuba yi-Gaozong, lo bukhosi bazuza ukuzinza nokubonakala kwangaphandle. I-Concubine Wu, i-regent futhi kamuva indlovukazi ebusayo kuphela womlando wamaShayina, wamemezela uBukhosi bukaZhou (690-705) ukuthi bube semthethweni ukubusa kwakhe, ngokusekelwa okuqinile kwamaBuddha. Ngemva kokubuyiselwa koBukhosi BamaTang, uXuanzong wahola ubukhazikhazi obukhulu bamasiko kwaze kwaba yilapho i-An Lushan Rebellion (755-763) ebhubhisayo.
Ukuze ikucindeze, inkantolo yenza imvume kojenene nabantu basemngceleni njengama-Uighur namaTibet, okwenza buthaka ukulawula kwezimali nezempi. Okuhle kwesifunda esimaphakathi kakhulu Ayisoze yabuyela esiqongweni sayo esidlule futhi ubukhosi bawa ngo-907.
Amakhosi amasha nemibuso: AmaDynasties amahlanu, uLiao kanye neNgoma
Ngemva kuka-907, inyakatho yabona ukulandelana kwezizukulwane ezinhlanu ezimfushane (Kamuva uLiang, Kamuva uTang, Kamuva uJin, Kamuva uHan kanye no-Later Zhou), kuyilapho eningizimu igcwele imibuso eyishumiUkucindezelwa kwemizulane kwashintsha inani labantu kanye nenhloko-dolobha eningizimu yeYangtze, eyaba amandla okuqhuba umnotho, ezombusazwe, nezobuciko.
Emingceleni esenyakatho, kwavela izifundazwe ezingezona ezakwaHan ezamukela amafomu anamandla: iKhitan yasungula uLiao (907-1125); iTangut, Western Xia, kanye neJurchen, U-Jin (1115-1234), owanqoba inyakatho, kwaphoqa ukuthi inkundla yesiHlabelelo ihlehle ibheke eningizimu.
Ubukhosi beNgoma bazalwa ngo-960 noZhao Kuangyin. Kwaba nokukhula okukhulu kwamadolobha, ukusakazwa kwezinhlamvu zemali nezikweletu zokuhwebelana, namadolobha amakhulu ahwebayo. Isibhamu, ikhampasi kanye nomshini wokunyathelisa kwasungulwa noma kwasakazwa.I-Neo-Confucianism inikeze uhlaka lwemibono yombuso. Ihlulwe enyakatho (1127), iNgoma YaseNingizimu yabusa isuka eHangzhou kwaze kwaba ngu-1279.
Izinguquko zikaWang Anshi zazama ukuqinisa umlimi omncane, ukukhulisa ukuhweba (imali yamaphepha, izinqolobane zombuso) kanye nokuhlolwa okuvulekile olwazini lobuchwepheshe, kodwa ubulukhuni bokusungulwa kwezomthetho futhi usongo lwezempi oluvela enyakatho lwanciphisa ukufinyelela kwalo. Ekugcineni, ukuhlangana kabusha kwenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi wamaMongol.
Umthetho waseMongolia: Yuan
UMbuso WamaMongol wawuhlukaniswe waba amakhanate; ngo-1271, uKublai wasungula umbuso wakwaYuan nenhloko-dolobha yawo eDadu (Beijing), kwathi ngo-1279, wanqoba iNgoma YaseNingizimu eYamen. Abaphathi bahlukanise inani labantu ngezigaba zobuzwe futhi, ngemva kokuhlaba ikhefu, wavuselela ukuhlolwa kombuso ukuze aqashe izikhulu.
Lesi sikhathi saphawulwa ukungazinzi, izikhukhula zoMfula Ophuzi, indlala, nesifo. Ukuhlubuka kwanda kwaze kwaba Zhu Yuanzhang, umholi ompofu, wathatha izintambo futhi wasungula i-Ming Dynasty (1368), okokuqala enenhloko-dolobha eNanking.
I-Ming: amandla olwandle, isiliva kanye nokuvuselelwa kwamasiko
UMbusi waseHongwu wahlela kabusha umbuso; Ngemva kwempi yombango, indodana yakhe uYongle wathutha inhloko-dolobha eBeijing futhi wakhuthaza Uhambo lukaZheng He lwasolwandle, eyathwala imikhumbi emikhulukazi yayisa e-Indian Ocean naseMpumalanga Afrika. Abazange baqhutshekwe ngenxa yezindleko zabo eziphezulu kanye nezinto ezibalulekile zangaphakathi.
Ngokomnotho, imali engamaphepha yawela ehlazweni futhi isiliva laba yindlela ejwayelekile yokukhokhaUbudlelwane neJapane futhi, kamuva, namaPutukezi (Macao) neSpanishi (isiliva laseMelika ngePhilippines) banda. Ngokwesiko, kwaba nokuchuma okukhulu kwezobuciko nemibhalo; I-porcelain eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe yazuza udumo emhlabeni wonke.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1630, isomiso, indlala kanye nezinxushunxushu zezezimali kwabhebhethekisa ukuvukela umbuso okufana nokukaLi Zicheng, owathatha iBeijing ngo-1644. Ujenene wasemngceleni, uWu Sangui, wavula iShanhai Pass eya kumaManchus aseDorgon, amasosha ayo. baxosha abavukeli futhi wamemezela umbusi osemncane uShunzhi, ngaleyo ndlela waqala i-Qing.
I-Qing: ukunwetshwa, i-Confucian orthodoxy kanye nokungqubuzana neNtshonalanga
Ubukhosi bemvelaphi yamaManchu, i-Qing yalondoloza futhi yathuthukisa izindinganiso zamaConfucian ngenkathi ibeka Izici zobunikazi be-Manchu (i-ponytail, izingubo zokugqoka) futhi yabandlulula ukufinyelela ebuthweni elivamile kanye nezikhundla ezithile, nakuba le nqubomgomo yaxegiswa ngekhulu le-18.
Phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18, kwaba nenkathi ende yokuchuma: izintela eziphansi zezolimo, ukugawulwa komhlaba, ukuhlakanipha lapho kubhekene nokuqolwa kwabathile, kanye nokwanda kwezentengiselwano kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Inani labantu laphindeka kathathu futhi umbuso wanda: iTaiwan, iTibet, iDzungaria (iXinjiang) neMongolia zahlanganiswa. I-Qianlong ihlanganise isandiso sendawo esikhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wombuso.
Ukukhathala kwafika ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18: I-White Lotus Rebellion yaqeda izinsiza futhi yalimaza isithunzi senkantolo. Ngekhulu le-19, ukuhweba nge-opium kwaqala izimpi ezimbili ngokumelene nemibuso yaseYurophu (1839-42 kanye ne-1856-60), ngezivumelwano ezingalingani ezifana ne-Nanking ne-Tientsin evumela. ukwehliswa kwezindawo kanye namalungelo okuhweba (Icala laseHong Kong).
Ngaphakathi, Ukuvukela KwaseTaiping (1851-64) kwabulala amashumi ezigidi zabantu. U-Empress Dowager Cixi wayephethe ipolitiki njengesikhulu sase-Tongzhi ne-Guangxu, equkethe izinguquko ezijulile. Ukunqotshwa yiJapan ngo-1894-95 ngenxa ye-hegemony eKorea kwaholela Isivumelwano seShimonoseki, ngokuzimela kweKorea ngaphansi kwethonya lamaJapane kanye nokuqedwa kweTaiwan.
I-Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) yacindezelwa yi-Eight-Nation Alliance, eyayihlala eBeijing futhi yabeka ukubuyisela kanye nezinguquko: izivivinyo zakudala zaqedwa futhi kwathenjiswa iphalamende. Ngo-1911, i- Wuchang Uprising kwabangela i-Xinhai Revolution kanye nokuthunjwa kukaPuyi (1912), kwaqeda inkathi yombuso.
Ukusuka embusweni kuya eRiphabhulikhi naseShayina yanamuhla
U-Sun Yat-sen, umholi wamavukelambuso, waqokwa njengomongameli wesikhashana kodwa isikhundla wasinikeza uYuan Shikai, owayephethe inyakatho; U-Yuan wazama ukuzithwesa umqhele (1915-16) futhi yehluleka. Kwalandela inkathi yokulwela impi kwaze kwaba yilapho iKuomintang, ngaphansi kweChiang Kai-shek kanye neWhampoa Academy, yahlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yezwe futhi yasungula inhloko-dolobha yayo eNanjing.
Ingcindezi yaseJapane yanda: ngo-1931, iManchuria yathathwa futhi isimo se-puppet saseManchukuo sadalwa. Ngemva kweMpi YamaSino-Japanese kanye neMpi Yezwe II, ukuhlukana phakathi kwamaKuomintang namaKhomanisi kwaholela ingqikithi yempi yombango ngo-1947Ngo-1949, IQembu LamaKhomanisi lathatha izintambo ezweni; uhulumeni wamaNationalist kanye nengxenye yebutho lawo labuyela eTaiwan.
Siqamba kanjani futhi senza kanjani ngezikhathi ezithile: kusukela "Embusweni Wasezulwini" kuya "ku-Golden Age"
Igama elithi "uMbuso WaseShayina" laduma ngabaseNtshonalanga ukuze libhekisele, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ku-Ming ne-Qing; kwaphinde kwakhulunywa nge “Umbuso Wezulu”, ngenxa yesikhundla sombusi "njengeNdodana yeZulu." EYurophu, igama elithi "Catay" lalivamile kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-16, igama elasabalala nezindaba zikaMarco Polo futhi labangela ukudideka neNyakatho yeChina ngaphansi kweYuan.
Izazi-mlando eziningi zihlanganisa umlando wombuso ube yizigaba ezintathu: ekuqaleni (kusuka ku-Qin kanye ne- iminyaka yensimbi), phakathi (ukuhlanganiswa kweSui kanye nobukhazikhazi beTang-Song), futhi sekwephuzile (i-Ming-Qing kuze kube ngu-1912). Lo mbono ugcizelela ukuqhubeka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ngale kwezinguquko ze-dynastic, futhi usikhumbuza ukuthi umngcele we-Ming-Qing awuzange umelele ukuqhekeka okukhulu njengokunqotshwa kwamaMongol.
Ngokwesikhungo, i-Qin iveze amandla ngohlelo lwe Amakhosi Amathathu kanye neziFundisi eziyisishiyagalolunye, kuyilapho uSui noTang basungula "Iminyango Emithathu Nezinkonzo Eziyisithupha," eyahlala, ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. Imisebenzi efana ne-Grand Canal yenza kube lula ukuhlanganiswa kwemakethe yasekhaya ngezinga elikhulu.
Kuyafaneleka futhi ukukhumbula ukulandelana kwezikhathi okufushane kwezikhathi ezishiwo: I-Shang, i-Zhou (yaseNtshonalanga neMpumalanga), i-Qin, i-Han (iNtshonalanga/i-Xin/eMpumalanga), imibuso emithathu, i-Jin (eNtshonalanga/eMpumalanga), imibuso eyishumi nesithupha, i-Northern Wei kanye ne-Southern/Northern Dynasties, i-Sui, i-Tang, i-Dynasties emihlanu kanye nemibuso eyishumi, i-Liao/Western Xia/Jin, Ingoma (eNyakatho/i-Yuan, i-Southern Mn), i-Yuan, okuholela kuriphabhulikhi kanye nokuhlukana phakathi kweRiphabhulikhi yaseShayina (i-Taiwan) neRiphabhulikhi Yabantu YaseShayina.
Kubonwa “uma ukude”, intambo evamile icacile: imiphakathi yezolimo eyandayo eyinkimbinkimbi, abantu abakhethekile abagunyaza amandla abo ngokusebenzisa amasiko, ukubhala kanye nokuphatha, imijikelezo yokuhlanganiswa nokuhlukana, kanye nohlaka lwezomnotho nobuhlakani oluchaza ukuthi kungani impucuko yaseShayina, nanamuhla, iseyimpucuko endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
