Intando yeningi iwuhlelo lukahulumeni oseluguquke emakhulwini eminyaka ukuze lube uhlobo lukahulumeni oluhamba phambili emhlabeni namuhla. Kodwa-ke, intando yeningi yesimanje isuka kuntando yeningi yase-Athene, eyathuthukiswa eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2.500 edlule eGreece yasendulo. Nakuba intando yeningi yase-Athene kanye nentando yeningi yesimanje kwabelana ngokufana okuthile, kukhona futhi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umehluko phakathi kwentando yeningi yase-Athene kanye nentando yeningi yanamuhla.
## Umlando wentando yeningi yase-Athene
Intando yeningi yase-Athene yaqala edolobheni laseGreece lase-Athens ngekhulu lesi-508 BC Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-Athene yayingelinye lamadolobha achuma kakhulu futhi anamandla eGreece, futhi uhulumeni wawo wawuholwa yiqembu elikhethekile lezicukuthwane. Nokho, indoda okuthiwa uCleisthenes yaqala ukubusa ngo-XNUMX BC futhi yaqala ukwenza izinguquko zezombangazwe ezavumela izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zibe nethonya elikhudlwana kuhulumeni.
## Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamizi
Omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwentando yeningi yase-Athene kanye nentando yeningi yanamuhla ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamuzi. E-Athene, zonke izakhamuzi zesilisa ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-18 zazinelungelo lokubamba iqhaza eMkhandlwini, okwakuyisikhungo esikhulu sezombusazwe sedolobha. Nokho, abesifazane, izigqila, nabangaphandle babengenalo ilungelo lokuvota noma ukuhlanganyela kwezombusazwe. Ngokuphambene, intando yeningi yesimanje ivumela zonke izakhamuzi ezindala, kungakhathaliseki ubulili, uhlanga noma isigaba senhlalo, ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza enqubweni yezombangazwe.
## Ukhetho nokumelwa
Omunye umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwentando yeningi yase-Athene kanye nentando yeningi yesimanje yindlela ukhetho nokumeleleka kwezombusazwe okwenziwa ngayo. E-Athene, izakhamuzi zahlangana eMkhandlwini ukuze zizithathele izinqumo. Abekho abameleli abakhethwe ngamavoti adumile. Ngokuphambene, embusweni wentando yeningi yesimanje, izakhamuzi zikhetha abameleli bazo ngokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile. Laba bameleli benza izinqumo egameni lamalungu abo.
## Umthetho namajaji
Embusweni weningi wase-Athene, izakhamuzi ezivamile zazingekho ngaphansi kwemithetho ngendlela izakhamuzi ezikumbuso wentando yeningi wanamuhla ngayo. Kunalokho, imithetho yachazwa futhi yasetshenziswa iqembu lamajaji, elaziwa ngokuthi ama-Heliast, ayekhethwa ngenkatho. Lolu hlobo lobulungisa lwalugxekwa abanye ngoba lwaluvumela amajaji ukuba athonywe umbono womphakathi kunokuba alandele umthetho ngokuqinile. Entandweni yeningi yesimanje, umthetho uzinzile futhi usetshenziswa ngokungaguquki.
## Inqubomgomo yangaphandle
Idemokhrasi yase-Athene kanye nentando yeningi yesimanje nayo iyahluka endleleni ababheka ngayo inqubomgomo yangaphandle. E-Athene, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yayivame ukuthonywa umbono womphakathi futhi izinqumo zenziwa eMhlanganweni. Embusweni wentando yeningi yesimanje, izinqumo zenqubomgomo yamazwe angaphandle zithathwa nguhulumeni kanye nomongameli, abakhethwa ngamavoti amaningi.
## Ukubaluleka kwezinkulumo
Embusweni weningi wase-Athene, inkulumo-ze kanye nekhono lokukholisa abanye kwakungamakhono aziswa kakhulu. Izakhamizi zihlangane eSishayamthetho zizolalela izikhulumi zidingida izindaba zezepolitiki futhi zivote ngokwezimpikiswano zazo. Embusweni wentando yeningi yesimanje, nakuba inkulumo-nkulumo isabalulekile, ipolitiki igxile kakhulu engxoxweni nezingxoxo eziphusile.
## Iziphetho
Sengiphetha, nakuba intando yeningi yase-Athene kanye nentando yeningi yesimanje inokufana okuthile, miningi umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwayo. Intando yeningi yesimanje isithuthukile ukuze ihlanganise zonke izakhamizi, kungakhathalekile ubulili, uhlanga noma isigaba senhlalo, futhi inabamele abakhethwe ngamavoti adumile. Ukwengeza, umthetho uzinzile futhi usetshenziswa ngokungaguquki. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhluka, intando yeningi yase-Athene yabeka isisekelo sentando yeningi yesimanje, futhi ifa layo lisasebenza nanamuhla.
T. Piketty kanye Nempikiswano Yokungalingani: U-Axel Kaiser no-Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel – Isifundo Sasehlobo 2015
##Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kulesi sigaba uzothola izimpendulo zemibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwentando yeningi yase-Athene neyanamuhla.
Iyini intando yeningi yase-Athene?
Idemokhrasi yase-Athene yayiwuhlelo lwezombangazwe olwavela eGrisi lasendulo, ikakhulukazi e-Athene, lapho amandla ayesetshenziswa izakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Zonke izakhamuzi zesilisa ezineminyaka engaphezu kuka-18 zingabamba iqhaza emihlanganweni futhi zivotele izinqumo zezombusazwe ngokuqondile.
Intando yeningi yase-Athene ihluke kanjani kweyanamuhla?
Ngokungafani nentando yeningi yase-Athene, amandla okwamanje asetshenziswa ngokungaqondile ngabamele abakhethwe izakhamuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, embusweni wanamuhla wentando yeningi akuzona zonke izakhamuzi ezinelungelo lokuvota, kodwa kunezidingo ezithile ezifana neminyaka nobuzwe ukuze zikwazi ukusebenzisa leli lungelo.
Yayiyini indima yabesifazane kuntando yeningi yase-Athene?
Embusweni wentando yeningi yase-Athene, abesifazane abakwazanga ukubamba iqhaza emihlanganweni futhi babengenalo ilungelo lokuvota. Indima yabo yayilinganiselwe emisebenzini yasekhaya nokukhulisa izingane.
Iyiphi indima izigqila ezayifeza embusweni weningi wase-Athene?
Embusweni weningi wase-Athene, izigqila zazingenawo amalungelo ezombangazwe futhi zazingakwazi ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni. Indima yabo yayilinganiselwe ekusebenzeni ezindlini zezakhamuzi nasezimayini nasezinkwalini.
Zazenziwa kanjani izinqumo zezombangazwe embusweni weningi wase-Athene?
Embusweni wentando yeningi yase-Athene, izinqumo zezombangazwe zenziwa izakhamuzi ngokuqondile emihlanganweni. Izakhamizi zixoxisane ngezindaba ezizodingidwa futhi zavotelwa ukuze zinqume inkambo okufanele ilandelwe.
Ukuvala
Ekuphetheni, intando yeningi yase-Athene ihluke ezicini eziningana kusukela kuntando yeningi yamanje, njengokuthi e-Athens amandla ayesetshenziswa ngokuqondile izakhamuzi, kuyilapho namuhla kwenziwa ngokungaqondile ngabameleli abakhethiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, embusweni wentando yeningi yase-Athene amadoda akhululekile kuphela ayenelungelo lokuvota, kuyilapho namuhla leli lungelo lifinyelela inani elikhulu labantu.
Yabelana futhi ubeke amazwana
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, ungangabazi ukwabelana ngaso ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ukuze abantu abaningi bafunde ngomehluko phakathi kwentando yeningi yase-Athene namanje. Ungakwazi futhi ukushiya amazwana akho ngezansi futhi uma uthanda, xhumana nomphathi webhulogi. Siyabonga ngokufunda!
