Imvubelo nesikhunta yizinhlobo ezimbili zezinto eziphilayo ezivame ukudideka ngenxa yokufana kwazo ngokubukeka nokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwalokhu okubili okufanele ukwazi ukuqonda kangcono izici zabo nokuthi zithinta kanjani indawo yethu nempilo yethu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umehluko ofaneleka kakhulu phakathi kwemvubelo kanye nesikhunta, kusukela esakhiweni sabo nendawo yokuhlala kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwabo ezimbonini zokudla nezokwelapha.
Isakhiwo nokubukeka
Imvubelo kanye nesikhunta kungokwasembusweni we-Fungi, okusho ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic ezinamaseli ane-nucleus echaziwe. Nokho, ukwakheka nokubukeka kwazo kwehluka kakhulu. Imvubelo ayi-unicellular futhi inomumo oyisiyingi noma oyindilinga, enosayizi ophakathi kwama-microns angu-3 no-40. Zivame ukuvela ezindaweni ezimhlophe noma ezikhilimu futhi zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhunta sinamangqamuzana amaningi futhi sinemicu eyakhiwe nge-hyphae, okuyimicu ende, emincane ehluma futhi ikhule ezinhlangothini ezihlukene. Iqembu le-hyphae lihlangene lakha inqwaba ebonakalayo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-mycelium, engaba mhlophe, impunga, eluhlaza noma emnyama kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni. Isikhunta sivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ezibandayo, futhi singatholakala ekudleni, ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni nasezintweni eziphilayo ezibolayo.
Indawo yokuhlala nokukhula
Imvubelo nesikhunta kunezidingo ezihlukene zokukhula kanye nendawo yokuhlala. Imvubelo ingaphila endaweni ye-anaerobic noma ye-aerobic futhi iphinde ikhiqize ngokuhluma, inqubo lapho iseli lendodakazi yakheka lisuka ku-protuberance kuseli likamama. Imvubelo ijwayelekile ekudleni okuvutshelwe njengesinkwa, ubhiya newayini, futhi isetshenziswa nasekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yobisi kanye nasembonini yezemithi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhunta siyi-aerobic futhi sidinga umoya-mpilo ukuze sikhule futhi sizalane. Zisakazeka ngokukhiqiza izinhlamvu, okuyizakhiwo zokuzala ezidedelwa emoyeni futhi zingathwalwa umoya noma izilwane. Isikhunta sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokubola kwezinto eziphilayo njengokhuni namaqabunga, futhi singakhula nokudla okumanzi, okubolayo okunjengoshizi, izithelo nenyama.
Ubuthi nemiphumela yezempilo
Kokubili imvubelo nesikhunta kungaba yinzuzo noma kube yingozi empilweni yomuntu, kuye ngezinhlobo nenani elikhona. Imvubelo ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukudla okubilile neziphuzo futhi ngokuvamile ayinabo ubuthi kubantu. Eqinisweni, amanye ama-yeast afana ne-Saccharomyces boulardii asetshenziswa njengama-probiotics ukwelapha isifo sohudo nezinye izifo zesisu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye isikhunta zinobuthi obukhulu futhi zingadala izifo ezimbi kubantu nasezilwaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuthi obukhiqizwa isikhunta i-Aspergillus flavus bungangcolisa ukudla futhi bubangele umdlavuza wesibindi kubantu abawudlayo. Okunye ukukhunta kungabangela izifo zokuphefumula, ukungezwani komzimba, nezifo zamaphaphu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka.
Sebenzisa embonini yokudla
Imvubelo kanye nesikhunta sinokusetshenziswa okubalulekile embonini yokudla, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwehluka kakhulu. Imvubelo isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukudla okuvutshelwe njengesinkwa, ubhiya newayini, kanye nasekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yobisi efana noshizi neyogathi. Zibuye zisetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izithasiselo zokudla kanye nasekukhiqizeni ukudla kwezilwane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye isikhunta zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kokudla okukhethekile okufana noshizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-brie ne-cammbert, lapho ukukhula kwabo kulawulwa khona futhi izici zabo zezinzwa ziyaziswa. Kodwa-ke, isikhunta esiningi sithathwa njengengafuneki ekudleni futhi singaba yingozi empilweni yomphakathi uma singalawulwa ngendlela efanele.
Sebenzisa kwezokwelapha
Kokubili imvubelo nesikhunta kunokusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-microbiology kanye ne-biotechnology. Imvubelo isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwemithi yokugoma nezidakamizwa, kanye nokucwaninga ezindaweni ezifana nezakhi zofuzo kanye nebhayoloji yamangqamuzana. Zibuye zisetshenziswe njengamamodeli okutadisha izinqubo zamaselula kanye nezifo zabantu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye isikhunta zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwemithi elwa namagciwane engokwemvelo njenge-penicillin, eye yasindisa izigidi zabantu kusukela yatholakala ngo-1928. Isetshenziswa futhi ekucwaningeni kwemithi emisha nasekukhiqizeni ama-enzyme namanye amaprotheni. esetshenziswa embonini ye-biotechnology.
Imvubelo nesikhunta yizinhlobo ezimbili zezinto eziphilayo ezihlanganyela ngokufana okuthile kodwa ezinomehluko obalulekile ekwakhekeni kwazo, indawo yokuhlala, ukukhula, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ezimbonini zokudla nezokwelapha. Nakuba imvubelo ineseli elilodwa futhi izala ngokuhluma, isikhunta sinamangqamuzana amaningi futhi sisakazwa ngokukhiqiza izinhlamvu. Nakuba ezinye imvubelo zinenzuzo empilweni yomuntu, ezinye isikhunta zingaba yingozi kakhulu futhi zibangele ukugula okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, kokubili imvubelo nesikhunta kunezicelo ezibalulekile ezimbonini zokudla nezokwelapha futhi ziyaqhubeka nokuba yisihloko socwaningo nokucwaninga emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Microbiology - Ukhunta 2 (Imbiliso kanye Nesikhunta)
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Kulesi sigaba, sizophendula imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwemvubelo nesikhunta.
1. Ziyini imvubelo nezikhunta?
Imvubelo kanye nesikhunta amagciwane amancane ayingxenye yombuso wesikhunta. Imvubelo ayinangqamuzana futhi imvamisa izala ngokunganaki ngokuhluma. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhunta sinamangqamuzana amaningi futhi sizalana sisebenzisa izinhlamvu. Kokubili kungatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa ukudla nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo.
2. Yimuphi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemvubelo nesikhunta?
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemvubelo kanye nesikhunta usesimeni samangqamuzana awo kanye nendlela yawo yokuzala. Ngenkathi imvubelo i-unicellular futhi izala ngokuhluma, isikhunta sinamaseli amaningi futhi sikhiqiza ngezinhlamvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta ngokuvamile sinesakhiwo esinemicu kanti ezinye zingakhiqiza ama-mycotoxin angaba yingozi empilweni.
3. Ungahlukanisa kanjani imvubelo nesikhunta?
Umehluko phakathi kwemvubelo nesikhunta ungenziwa ngokubheka nge-microscopic. Imvubelo ivela njengamaseli ngamanye noma aqoqwe ngamakholoni, kuyilapho isikhunta sinesakhiwo esinamagatsha futhi singakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengemizimba yezithelo. Ukuhlonza kungenziwa futhi ngamasiko emithonjeni yezindaba yamasiko ekhethiwe.
4. Iyiphi indima edlalwa imvubelo nesikhunta embonini yokudla?
Imvubelo isetshenziswa embonini yokudla ukukhiqiza isinkwa, ubhiya newayini, phakathi kweminye imikhiqizo. Zibuye zisetshenziswe njengama-probiotics kanye nama-prebiotics kokunye ukudla okusebenzayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye isikhunta zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ushizi neminye imikhiqizo evutshiwe. Nokho, kubalulekile ukulawula ukukhula kwazo njengoba ezinye isikhunta singakhiqiza ama-mycotoxin angaba yingozi empilweni.
5. Yiziphi izinyathelo ezingathathwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula kwemvubelo nesikhunta ekudleni?
Ukuvimbela ukukhula kwemvubelo kanye nesikhunta ekudleni, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuhlanzeka okufanele nokuphatha. Kubalulekile ukugcina ukuhlanzwa okuhle nokubulala amagciwane ezindaweni zasekhishini nezitsha. Umswakama kanye nokugcinwa isikhathi eside kokudla ekamelweni lokushisa kufanele futhi kugwenywe. Embonini yokudla, izilondolozi zemvelo nezokwenziwa zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukukhula kwama-microorganisms.
Ukuvala
Sengiphetha, nakuba imvubelo nesikhunta kungama-microorganisms afanayo, aveza umehluko obalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana awo kanye nendlela yokuzala. Imvubelo isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukudla neziphuzo, kanti ezinye isikhunta zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ushizi neminye imikhiqizo evutshiwe. Kubalulekile ukulawula ukukhula kwawo ukugwema ukukhiqizwa kwe-mycotoxins eyingozi empilweni.
Yabelana futhi ubeke amazwana!
Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sibe usizo kuwe. Uma ukuthandile, ungangabazi ukwabelana ngakho ezinkundleni zokuxhumana futhi ushiye amazwana nombono wakho. Uma unanoma yimiphi imibuzo noma iziphakamiso, ungasithinta ngomlawuli webhulogi. Siyabonga ngokusifunda!
