- Kusukela ohambweni lokuqala lwaseGibhithe naseFenike oluya kumaGreki namaRoma, uhambo lwasendulo lwaluqhubeka nokwandisa umhlaba owaziwayo ngezizathu zezentengiselwano, ezempi, nezesayensi.
- Imikhumbi emikhulu yaseShayina i-Silk Road kanye nemikhumbi emikhulu yaseShayina kaZheng He yabonisa ukuthi i-Asia nayo yathuthukisa amanethiwekhi okushintshana komhlaba wonke esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokwanda kweYurophu.
- Inkathi Yokutholakala, eholwa yiPortugal neCastile, yavula imizila yolwandle eya e-Afrika, e-Asia naseMelika, yaguqula ukuhweba komhlaba kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla.
- Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, amanye amazwe aseYurophu kanye neRussia baqeda ukumaka iplanethi futhi bahlola izindawo eziphansi, bavala izikhala zokugcina ezingenalutho kumamephu.
Kwakukhona isikhathi lapho amamephu ayegcwele khona izikhala ezingenalutho, izilo zasolwandle kanye nezinganekwaneYonke ingxenye yogu lolwandle engakachazwa yayiyimfihlakalo, futhi yonke ilwandle, yayiwukugembula. Kusukela ekuqaleni, imiphakathi eyahlukene yaqala ukugcwalisa lezo zikhala: ezinye ngenxa yokuhweba, ezinye ngenxa yokufisa amandla, ilukuluku lenkolo, noma isifiso somuntu siqu.
Emakhulwini eminyaka, lolo hambo lokuqala lwabaseGibhithe, abaseFenike, amaGreki, amaRoma, abahloli bamazwe abangama-Arabhu noma amaShayina lwaholela ekuhlolweni okungokoqobo. Isikhathi SokutholwaNjengoba kwakuholwa kakhulu amaPutukezi namaCastilian, futhi kamuva amaDashi, amaFulentshi, amaNgisi, namaRashiya, ukunqotshwa kweMelika kwaphumela ezweni elihlangene, imizila emisha yokuhweba, imibuso yamakoloni, kanye nezinhlekelele ezinkulu zabantu kubantu abaningi ababengacelanga ukutholakala.
Kusukela ohambweni lokuqala kuya emizileni yomhlaba wonke
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kukaColumbus noma uMagellan, iMedithera, uLwandle Olubomvu, kanye noLwandlekazi i-Indian kwase kuyindawo yokuzijabulisa. uhambo olukhulu, imikhankaso yezempi, kanye nemisebenzi yokuhwebaCishe ngo-3500 BC, imikhumbi yaseGibhithe yahamba ngomkhumbi iNayile, futhi ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho yadlula ogwini lwayo yangena eMedithera. Cishe ngo-3000 BC, uhambo oluya eNubia lwalufuna igolide, izigqila, nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
EMesopotamiya, izibalo ezifana Lugalzagesi of Uruk noma Sargon of Akkad Bandisa umbuso wabo kusukela ePersian Gulf kuya eMedithera, bakha "isithombe" sokuqala sezombusazwe sezwe elaziwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amatilosi avela ezindaweni zaseGibhithe naseFenike ahlola ugu loLwandle Olubomvu kanye noLwandlekazi i-Indian, ebeka isisekelo semizila eyayizosetshenziswa amaPheresiya namaGreki, emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva.
AmaFenike, kanye namadolobha afana neTire neCarthage, ayehileleke kolunye lwezinkambo eziphawuleka kakhulu: UHanno Umshayeli Wezindiza Wayezoqhubeka nogu lolwandle i-Atlantic yase-Afrika aze afike eGulf of Guinea, mhlawumbe, esungula izindawo zokuhweba futhi eshiya ukulandisa kwezintaba-mlilo nezidalwa ezinoboya abanye abazibiza ngokuthi ama-gorilla. Omunye umkhumbi waseFenike, uHimilco, kuthiwa wafika ogwini lwaseBrithani ngolwandle, ewela iPillars of Hercules.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iziphathimandla zaseGibhithe zahlela imisebenzi eya endaweni eyimfihlakalo Izwe lasePunt (mhlawumbe esifundeni saseHorn of Africa), kuyilapho uFaro Necho II, ngokusho kukaHerodotus, eyala amatilosi aseFenike ukuba azungeze i-Afrika, asuke oLwandle Olubomvu abuye abuye ngeMedithera. UHerodotus wayengabaza le ndaba, kodwa wabhala imininingwane evumelana kahle namuhla neqiniso lezinkanyezi: amatilosi athi, ngesinye isikhathi phakathi nohambo, abona ilanga enyakatho emini, into eyenzeka kuphela lapho ewela eNingizimu Yenkabazwe.
Abahloli bamazwe abangamaGreki namaRoma abasemkhawulweni womhlaba owaziwayo
Phakathi kwamaGreki, amagama anjengokuthi UPytheas waseMassiliaU-Eudoxus kaCyzicus noma u-Alexander Omkhulu. UPytheas, isazi saseMarseillais sekhulu lesi-4 BC, waqala ukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokuhweba ezazingaphunyuka ekulawulweni yiCarthage eStrait of Gibraltar. Asazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi wakugwema kanjani ukuvinjelwa, kodwa siyazi ukuthi walandela ugu lwase-Atlantic waya eziQhingini zaseBrithani efuna ithini, futhi esuka lapho waqhubeka waya enyakatho.
Emsebenzini wakhe olahlekile othi "On the Ocean", esiwaziyo ngenxa yababhali bakamuva, uchaza indawo ebizwa ngokuthi ThuleUhambo lwezinsuku eziyisithupha oluya enyakatho yeGreat Britain, lapho ilanga lalishona khona ehlobo kanti ulwandle lwalubonakala luyingxube yamanzi neqhwa. Abaningi bahlobanisa leli Thule ne-Iceland, iNorway, noma iziQhingi zaseFaroe. Wakhuluma nangeNyakatho Lights, ilanga eliphakathi kwamabili, futhi, ngokusho kukaPliny, ukuhweba nge-amber ezindaweni ezingahambisana neBaltic. Okumangazayo ukuthi wakwenza lokho ngemikhumbi eyenzelwe iMedithera, mhlawumbe ethembele kubashayeli bezindiza bendawo.
U-Eudoxus waseCyzicus, yena, wayengumhambisi wemikhumbi ongumGreki owayekhonza amaPtolemy aseGibhithe ngekhulu lesibili BC. Ethunyelwe nguPtolemy VIII, wahlela uhambo oluya eNdiya, esebenzisa ngokuqonda okokuqala imikhumbi. imimoya yemvulaWayezohamba ngomkhumbi ngesikhathi semvula evumayo futhi abuye nezinkathi ezishintshayo. Kolunye uhambo lwakhe, isiphepho samqondisa eHorn of Africa, lapho athola khona inhloko yomkhumbi waseFenike, okuthiwa uvela eGadir (Cádiz). Lokhu kutholwa kwakhulisa ukulangazelela kwakhe umqondo wokujikeleza i-Afrika esuka e-Atlantic: wahamba ngomkhumbi esuka eGadir, wahamba ngomkhumbi waya eningizimu esebenzisa umsinga weGulf of Guinea waya ezindaweni eziseduze neCameroon, wathola iziqhingi ezingenamuntu ezinamanzi (mhlawumbe iziQhingi zaseCanary noma iCape Verde), futhi waphupha ngokuthola iphethini yomoya ofana nowemvula e-Atlantic. Indaba yakhe ilahlekile, kodwa isibalo sakhe sifanekisela kahle isifiso samaGreki sokucindezela imingcele.
Ensimini yezempi, isibonelo esiyisisekelo yilesi U-Alexander the GreatPhakathi kuka-336 no-324 BC, wahola amabutho akhe esuka eMakedoniya eya eNdiya, ewela i-Asia Minor, iSiriya, iGibhithe, iMesopotamiya, iPheresiya, kanye nezintaba zaseHindu Kush. Akazange nje anqobe: wasungula imizi (eminingi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Alexandria), wavula imizila yezohwebo, abantu abaxubile, futhi wakhuthaza ukushintshana ngamasiko nangokwezomnotho. Umbuso wakhe wamaGreki wandisa isiko lamaGreki kwaze kwaba sempumalanga yomhlaba, ngenkathi uhlanganisa izinto zasendaweni, wabeka izisekelo zalokho kamuva esikubiza ngokuthi umhlaba wakudala.
IRoma yazuza futhi yanda ngaleyo ndlela. Ngaphansi kombuso, ababhali abafana no UStrabo noma uPliny Omdala Baqoqa ulwazi oluvela kubahambi, amasosha, kanye nabathengisi ngeYurophu, i-Asia, kanye ne-Afrika. Kuyaziwa ukuthi, ngemiyalo kaNero, iqembu labaQaphi Bombusi lahamba ngomkhumbi eNayile ukuze liyofuna imithombo yalo futhi liqoqe ulwazi lokuhlasela okungenzeka ngokumelene nombuso waseMeroe. Badlula ama-cataract, bawela izindawo eziwugwadule, bafika ezindaweni ezinamanzi (eziyaziwa namuhla ngokuthi iSudd yeNayile Emhlophe), futhi bachaza inqwaba yamanzi ephuma phakathi kwamadwala, mhlawumbe impophoma exhunywe eLake Albert. Baqhubekela phambili ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-1.500 ngaphesheya kwezintaba zaseGibhithe ngaphambi kokubuya nemibiko yezempi neyezentengiselwano.
Futhi, Amabutho amaRoma nabathengisi Bangena eSahara naseNtshonalanga Afrika beyofuna igolide, izigqila, kanye nemizila emisha eya eMfuleni iNiger noma eLake Chad; abanye balandela imizila yamakharavani eya e-Asia Ephakathi. Izisusa zabo zazihlanganisa ilukuluku kanye nesithakazelo kwezomnotho kanye nokulawula amasu.
Imizila emide: kusukela kuSilk Road kuya ezindizeni zaseShayina zikaZheng He
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amanye amanethiwekhi ayelukwa evela eMpumalanga. Ngaphansi kombusi UWu woBukhosi bukaHan (ngekhulu lesibili BC), isithunywa uZhang Qian savula ukuxhumana phakathi kweShayina ne-Asia Ephakathi, okwadala lokho abaseYurophu ababezokubiza kamuva ngokuthi uMgwaqo iSilika. Le nethiwekhi yayingeyona indlela eyodwa, kodwa yayiyindlela inethiwekhi yemizila yomhlaba kanye nemifula okwathi, kusukela emadolobheni aseShayina njengeXian, kwahlukaniswa kwaba yimizila eminingi eya emachwebeni aseBukhara, eSamarkand, eBaghdad, e-Aleppo, eDamasko, e-Alexandria noma oLwandle Olumnyama.
Babevame ukuhamba ngalezo zindlela usilika nezinongoAmatshe ayigugu, iphepha, ulwazi lwezinkanyezi kanye nezibalo, kodwa futhi nezinkolo, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, kanye nezindaba ezivela emazweni akude. Impumalanga yeMedithera (i-Alexandria, i-Aleppo, iDamaseku) yasebenza njenge "khethini" langempela elalihlunga lokho okufinyelela eNtshonalanga Yurophu, elalilawulwa kakhulu ngabathengisi abangama-Arabhu kanye namadolobha ase-Italy afana neVenice neGenoa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakukhona indlela yasolwandle eya eNdiya naseShayina Imikhumbi esuka eGibhithe noma eMesopotamiya, yayihamba ngesikebhe iye oLwandle Olubomvu noma ePersian Gulf futhi iwele i-Indian Ocean, iphinde isebenzise izimvula ezinkulu. Phakathi kuka-Ephreli noJuni, izimvula ezinkulu zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga zaziqhubela imikhumbi e-Asia; phakathi kuka-Okthoba noDisemba, izimvula ezinkulu zasenyakatho-mpumalanga zaziyibuyisa. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, amatilosi angama-Arabhu ephethe lo msebenzi, esungula izindawo ezihlala abantu e-Indian Ocean njengeZanzibar futhi ehweba ngezigqila, igolide, izinyo lendlovu, nezinongo.
Ngekhulu le-15, iMing China yahlela uchungechunge lwezinkambo ezinhle kakhulu zasolwandle ngaphansi komyalo ka-Admiral Zheng He (1371-1435). Ehlome ngezinto ezinkulu ezifika ku-9, amakhampasi okuqala, kanye namashadi athuthukile olwandle, uZheng He wahola uhambo oluyisikhombisa phakathi kuka-1405 no-1433 olwamhambisa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (eCochinchina, eMalacca, eSiam, eJava), eNdiya (eCalcutta, eSri Lanka), ePersian Gulf, eMpumalanga Afrika naseGibhithe. Waletha izindlulamithi, izintshe, izingwe, namabhubesi njengezipho ezingavamile zombusi, futhi abanye ababhali baye baphikisana—ngaphandle kwesivumelwano esigcwele sezemfundo—ngokuthi imikhumbi yakhe kungenzeka ukuthi yafika ngisho naseMelika.
Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi, ngenkathi iYurophu isahlela ngemva kwe-Black Death kanye nezimpi zaseMiddle Ages, IShayina yayisivele ikulungele ukubusa uLwandlekazi i-IndianKodwa-ke, izinguquko zangaphakathi kwezepolitiki zanciphisa lo mfutho; uhambo olude lwavinjelwa, amanye amarekhodi abhujiswa, futhi ukwanda kwemikhumbi kwaphela ukuba yinto eza kuqala. Lokhu kwavula ithuba amaPutukezi namaCastilian ayezolisebenzisa emashumini eminyaka kamuva.
Kungani iYurophu yangena olwandle
Ngasekupheleni kwenkathi ephakathi kanye ne-Renaissance Europe, kwavela izici eziningana ezaqhubekisela phambili ekwandeni kwamanye amazwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidingo semikhiqizo yasempumalanga Isidingo sanda kakhulu: izinongo (upelepele, isinamoni, ama-clove, i-nutmeg), usilika, i-porcelain, amadayi afana ne-indigo, amakhaphethi, amaparele, amadayimane. Izinongo zazingeyona nje into engavamile: zasiza ekulondolozeni ukudla, zafihla ukunambitheka kwenyama eyonakele, zazisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, futhi, vele, zanezela ukunambitheka ezitsheni ezingenalutho.
Inkinga yayiwukuthi, ngemva kokwandiswa kwamaTurkey ase-Ottoman kanye nokuwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453, imizila yomhlaba kanye neminye imizila yokuhweba yanqanyulwa. amanani akhuphukile noma avinjelweAmadolobha ase-Italy, ayelawula ingxenye enkulu yalolu hwebo, agcina izinzuzo zawo, kodwa kwamanye amazwe asafufusa, ukulawulwa kwama-Ottoman kwakungaphansi nje kokuvinjelwa okunesu. Ezinye izazi-mlando ziqhathanise lokhu kuvalwa nalokho okungasho ukuthi ukunqanyulwa ngokuzumayo kokutholakala kukawoyela namuhla.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iYurophu yayibhekene nobunzima obukhulu ukushoda okungapheli kwezinsimbi eziyigugu (Ithisisi ye-Monetarist): Ngaphandle kwegolide nesiliva elanele, uhlelo lwemali lwawa futhi umsebenzi wezomnotho wahlupheka. Umqondo wokuthola imithombo emisha yegolide, isiliva, namatshe ayigugu phesheya kwezilwandle wawukhanga kakhulu amakhosi, ababhange, kanye nabathengisi.
Okwengeziwe kulokhu kwaba nesimo somphakathi esishintshayo: umphakathi wobushiqela wawusuthatha indawo yonxiwankulu basemadolobheni abanamandla kakhulu, amadolobha ayekhula, umshini wokunyathelisa kaGutenberg (phakathi nekhulu le-15) wavumela ukwabelana ngokushesha ngamamephu, izincwadi zokuhamba, kanye nezincwadi zobuchwepheshe, kanye UbuNtu kanye neRenaissance Baqala ukungabaza izimfundiso zenkolo nokubeka ulwazi kanye nokubuka ngaphezu kwegunya elimsulwa lezemfundo.
E-Iberian Peninsula, isikhathi eside I-Reconquista Ingxabano nemibuso yamaSulumane yakha isigaba samaqhawe anamandla namadodana amancane, okwathi lapho ukunqotshwa kweGranada sekuqediwe ngo-1492, bafuna izinkundla ezintsha zokuthola udumo, umhlaba, kanye nokuphangwa. Uhlelo lobuzibulo lwalugcinele indodana yokuqala ifa, ngakho amadodana amaningi amancane abona impi e-Afrika noma ohambweni lolwandle njengendlela eya entuthukweni yomphakathi.
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ama-Iberia ayengamaphayona ekuhlanganiseni iminikelo yama-Arabhu neyaseYurophu ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zemikhumbi efana ne- i-carrack kanye ne-caravelNgemikhumbi eqinile kanye noseyili olusemuva noluyisikwele oluvumela ukushelela okungcono kanye nekhono lokuphuma eMedithera "ezolile" ukuze ubhekane ne-Atlantic. Izikole zokudweba amamephu ezifana nalezo ezazikhuthazwa eduze kukaHenry the Navigator eSagres, kanye nezinsimbi ezifana ne-astrolabe kanye ne-pivot compass, zazibalulekile ekuphumeni olwandle.
IPortugal ivula umzila wase-Afrika futhi ifika e-Asia
Cishe kusukela ekuzalweni kwayo njengombuso, iPortugal yaphoqeleka ukubheka olwandle: yayinomngcele womhlaba neCastile kuphela, ngakho-ke ULwandlekazi i-Atlantic lwaluyindlela yalo yemvelo yokwanda.Ngaphansi kokugqugquzelwa kukaHenry the Navigator, umqhele waxhasa uhlelo oluhlelekile lokuhlola ugu lwaseNtshonalanga Afrika. AmaPutukezi aqoqa ama-capes amasha unyaka nonyaka.
Ngo 1434, UGil Eanes wanqoba uCorporal Bojador owayesatshwaLokhu kwakuwumngcele ongokwengqondo, "ukuphela komhlaba" kwamatilosi amaningi asendulo. Ukusuka lapho, izinkambo zaqhubeka zaya eRío de Oro (iSenegal yanamuhla), iNiger Delta, kanye neGulf of Guinea; kwasungulwa izindawo zokuhweba ezifana ne-Arguim kanye nenqaba yase-Elmina. Ingcebo yase-Afrika yatholakala ngesimo segolide, izigqila, izingodo, izinyo lendlovu, izinhlanzi, futhi kamuva, ushukela.
Iziqhingi ezazibuswa amaPutukezi njenge IMadeira, i-Azores, iCape Verde, iSao Tome nePrincipeokwakuyizindawo zokumisa ukulethwa kolwazi ohambweni oluya eningizimu futhi njengezindawo zokutshala ushukela ezinenzuzo enkulu. Ngo-1487, UBartolomé Díaz wazungeza iCape of Good Hope, okubonisa ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukufinyelela uLwandlekazi i-Indian ngeningizimu ye-Afrika.
Ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, ngo-1497, I-Vasco da Gama Wahamba ngomkhumbi waya eNdiya. Ngemva kokuhamba ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika, ewela phakathi kweMadagascar nezwekazi, futhi elandela imizila yemvula, wafika eCalicut ngo-1498. Ekugcineni wayesefinyelele lokho okwakuyiphupho laseYurophu amakhulu eminyaka: indlela eqondile yolwandle eya emazweni acebile ngezinongo, ngaphandle kokudlula kubalamuli bamaSulumane noma ezinqoleni zase-Asia.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, iPortugal yaqinisa ukuba khona kwayo ezindaweni ezibalulekile: iMozambique, iGoa, iMalacca, iHormuz, iMacau, kanye ne-East Timor. uchungechunge lwezinqaba kanye nezindawo ezisogwini ukulawula imizila emikhulu yokuhweba, yize yayingavamile ukungena ngaphakathi ezweni. Ngo-1500, uhambo lukaPedro Álvares Cabral, olwaphendukela entshonalanga cishe ngendlela eklanywe ngayo kanye nangengozi, lwafika ogwini lwalokho okwakuzobizwa ngokuthi iBrazil, ngaphakathi komugqa owawugcinelwe amaPutukezi yiSivumelwano saseTordesillas.
IBrazil, enezinkuni zayo ezinkulu, ushukela, kanye negolide namadayimane kamuva, yagcina idonsele ingxenye enkulu yezinsizakusebenza zasePortugal, njengoba amaPutukezi ayentula inani labantu kanye nezindlela zokusekela umbuso omkhulu e-Asia kanye nomunye eMelika nase-Afrika. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaDashi, amaFulentshi, namaNgisi athatha izikhungo zokuhweba zasePortugal e-Indian Ocean, yize iPortugal yagcina amakoloni anjenge-Angola, iMozambique, iGoa, neMacau amakhulu eminyaka, kwaze kwaba yilapho ihlukaniswa njenge “umbuso wokugcina waseNtshonalanga”.
ICastile kanye nokuvulwa kwe-Atlantic entshonalanga
ICastile, eyayigxile eMpini yaseGranada amashumi eminyaka, yafika sekwephuzile emjahweni wasolwandle. Isivumelwano sika-Alcáçovas (1479) IPortugal yanikezwa igunya eningizimu yeziQhingi zaseCanary, ezazisaphethwe yiCastile. Lapho iReconquista isiphelile futhi isimo sangaphakathi sizinzile, amakhosi amaKatolika ayengabheka olwandle ngamehlo amasha.
Ngo-1492, banquma ukuxhasa ngezimali iphrojekthi ye UChristopher ColumbusIndoda yaseGenoa yaqiniseka ukuthi ingafika e-Asia ngomkhumbi obheke entshonalanga. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-72 olwandle, ngomhlaka-12 Okthoba, lolu hambo lwabona izwe eCaribbean. UColumbus washona eqiniseka ukuthi usefikile "e-Indies," kodwa empeleni, wayesexhumanise iYurophu nezwekazi elingaziwa yi-Eurasia: iMelika.
Uhambo lokuqala oluya eCaribbean lwaba oludumazayo ngokwezinongo nezinsimbi eziyigugu, kodwa izitshalo ezifana [ezingacacile - mhlawumbe "izinongo" noma "ikhofi"] zavela ngokushesha. ummbila, amazambane kanye ne-cocoaUmdumbula, utamatisi, ugwayi, nopelepele, ngaphezu kwezimayini zegolide nezesiliva ezingaba khona. Inkinga yezepolitiki kwakuwukuthi umhlaba uzohlukaniswa kanjani phakathi kweCastile nePortugal: Isivumelwano seTordesillas (1494) wabeka umugqa ongokomfanekiso wama-ligi angu-370 entshonalanga yeCape Verde, egcinela iPortugal lokho okwasala empumalanga (i-Afrika, i-Asia kanye nengxenye esempumalanga yeNingizimu Melika) kanye neCastile lokho okwatholakala entshonalanga.
Emashumini eminyaka alandela, abaseSpain bahlola futhi banqoba izindawo ezinkulu ezwekazini laseMelika. UHernán Cortés Wathatha umbuso wama-Aztec ngokusekelwa abantu ababenqotshwe yiTenochtitlan kanye nomphumela omubi wezifo ezifana ne-smallpox. UFrancisco Pizarro Wenza okufanayo nangoMbuso Wama-Inca. Abanye abahloli bamazwe, njengoFrancisco de Orellana, bafika okokuqala ngqa e-Amazon besuka e-Andes baya e-Atlantic, beshiya izindaba ezigcwele ukuhlangana nabantu bomdabu, indlala, izibhelu, kanye nezizwe ezazibhekwa njengeziqhawe zabesifazane abaphefumulela igama lomfula.
Ngo-1519, ngesikhathi uCortés efika eMexico, uCharles I waxhasa ngezimali uhambo olukhulu lwase-US. UFernando de Magallanes Ngenhloso ecacile: ukuthola indlela eya eSouth Sea (iPacific) ngokuhamba ngomkhumbi uye entshonalanga bese ufika eSpice Islands (Moluccas) ngaphakathi kwendawo yaseCastilian ngokweSivumelwano saseTordesillas. Ngemva kwezingxabano eziningi zangaphakathi, ukuvukela umbuso, kanye nokushiya, imikhumbi yathola umgwaqo namuhla obizwa ngokuthi iMagellan yabe isihamba ngomkhumbi yaya ePacific.
UMagellan washona ePhilippines ngesikhathi elwa nabantu bomdabu, kodwa UJuan Sebastián Elcano Wathatha izintambo zokulawula iVictoria wabuyela eSanlúcar ngo-1522 ngemuva kokujikeleza umhlaba. Akuzange nje kuqinisekiswe ngokobufakazi ukuthi uMhlaba wawuyindilinga futhi imephu yolwandle ihlelwe ngokuphelele, kodwa kwavulwa indlela ebheke entshonalanga eya e-Asia, yize inde kakhulu futhi ibiza kakhulu ukuncintisana ngokushesha nomzila wasePutukezi; lolu hambo lwaqala nokuxhumana neziqhingi ezikude ePacific, njenge umlando we-Easter Island.
Ukwanda kwamanye amandla aseYurophu kanye nokuhlola kwe-polar
IFrance, iNgilandi, kanye neNetherlands yesikhathi esizayo abazange bamukele ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba njengopapa, futhi lapho izimo zabo zangaphakathi zivuma, bangena ngokugcwele enhlanganweni yamakoloni. Abashayeli bemikhumbi bafana nalaba UJohn Cabot Besebenzela iNgilandi noma uJacques Cartier egameni leFrance, bahlola ugu lwaseNewfoundland, eLabrador naseSt. Lawrence, ngokwengxenye befuna iNorthwest Passage engafinyeleleki eya e-Asia.
Ngekhulu le-17, izinkampani ezizimele ezifana ne- Inkampani yaseDutch East India (i-VOC) Basungula amakoloni abalulekile eCape of Good Hope (eKapa) ukuze banikeze imikhumbi yabo eya e-Asia. ENyakatho Melika, kwavela izindawo zokuhlala zamaNgisi ezifana neJamestown nePlymouth, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zamaFulentshi ezifana neQuebec neNew Orleans. AmaNgisi ekugcineni athatha izindawo kumaDashi namaFulentshi, ebeka ubukhosi bawo phezu kwengxenye enkulu yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic ne-Indian.
IRussia, yona, yabhekana nokwanda okuqhubekayo ngasempumalanga. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwamaTatar, amaCossack kanye nabahlali bathuthela ngaphakathi kwezwe. eSiberiaBeqhutshwa ukuhweba ngoboya, bawela imifula emikhulu njengeYenisei neLena emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, bafika ePacific. Kamuva, abahloli bamazwe abafana noSemyon Dezhnev kanye, ngekhulu le-18, uVitus Bering, bembula ukuba khona komsele ophakathi kweSiberia ne-Alaska, obizwa ngegama lale ndawo yokugcina.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindawo zokugcina ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezindawo zokugcina ezingakafakwanga imephu zaba yinhloso entsha. E-Arctic nase-Antarctic, uhambo olufana nolwase- URoald Amundsen, uRobert Scott, u-Ernest Shackleton, uWally Herbert noRanulph Fiennes Bacindezela ukukhuthazela kwabantu kuze kube sekupheleni, hhayi kakhulu ekunqobeni imibuso kodwa kwezesayensi, udumo lwesizwe kanye nesifiso esimsulwa sezemidlalo.
U-Amundsen ukwazile ukuwela umgwaqo I-Northwest Passage EnoGjøa osemusha (1903-1906), kamuva wandiza phezu kweNorth Pole ngomkhumbi wezindiza iNorge, futhi e-Antarctica, wahola uhambo lweFram olwafika eSouth Pole ngo-1911 ngaphambi kweqembu likaScott. UShackleton, nohambo lwakhe lwe-Imperial Trans-Antarctic, wehluleka emzamweni wakhe wokuwela izwekazi lase-Antarctic, kodwa wakwazi ukusindisa lonke iqembu lakhe ngemuva kokucwila kwe-Endurance endaweni emangalisayo yokusinda okukhulu.
Njengoba ikhulu lama-20 liqhubeka, uhambo lwezindawo ezisenyakatho lwaba ngokwesayensi kakhulu futhi lwancipha kancane, kodwa lwaqhubeka nokukhiqiza izinto ezimangalisayo: ukuwela okungasekelwanga ngezileyidi zezinja noma ama-ski, ukuphoqeleka ebusika, izindiza kanye nokumapha emoyeni, izifundo ze-glaciological kanye nezesimo sezulu okuyisisekelo sokuqonda iplanethi yamanje.
Uma ubheka lonke uhambo, kusukela emikhunjini yaseGibhithe eNayile, amaFenike azungeza i-Afrika, amaGreki aphupha ngeThule, ibutho lika-Alexander, izinqola zomgwaqo iSilk Road, imikhumbi kaZheng He, amaPutukezi azungeza iCape of Good Hope, uColumbus noMagellan beqedela imephu, kuya emikhunjini kaShackleton ebhajwe eqhweni, umuntu ubona amandla afanayo okushayela: Ukuxhumanisa izikhala, ukuhweba, ukubusa ngamandla, kodwa futhi nokwanelisa ilukuluku elicishe lingabi nangqondo ngalokho okuseceleni komkhathi.Leyo ngxube yesifiso sokuvelela, ukwesaba, ukubala ngokwezomnotho, ukushisekela inkolo ngokweqile, isayensi, kanye nokomela uhambo olude yikona okuye kwagcwalisa kancane kancane zonke izikhala emabalazweni.
