- Ubuhlakani abuhlukile, buqinile, noma bulingana ne-IQ; ihlukene, iyashintshashintsha, futhi inomongo.
- Amamodeli wakudala nawesimanje ahlanganisa izici ezijwayelekile, amakhono, nobuhlakani obuningi.
- Ukuhlolwa kukala amakhono athile; ukusetshenziswa kwabo kudinga ukuqapha ngenxa yokuchema nokulinganiselwa.
- I-AI akuwona umcabango womuntu: ukunquma akufani nokukhetha; ayikho i-AI ejwayelekile efakazelwe.
Ukukhuluma ngobuhlakani kubonakala kulula kuze kube yilapho sizama ukuchaza ukuthi kuyini futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, lokho okungeyikho. I-intuition yansuku zonke ivame ukuxuba imibono, ubufakazi, nezinganekwane. okungahlali kuhambisana nalokho okushiwo yi-psychology, pedagogy noma umlando waleli gama obulokhu utholwa.
Uma uke wathi 'yini ingane ehlakaniphile' noma wezwa ukuthi 'ukuhlakanipha' kuhlobene nempumelelo, yisikhathi sokucacisa. Ukuhlakanipha akuyona into eyodwa, engaguquleki, futhi akwehliswa kumphumela wokuhlolwa, futhi abulingani nokuqongelela amadigri.Iyasebenza futhi, inobudlelwano, inobuhlakani, futhi icwengisiswa indawo ezungezile, imfundo kanye nolwazi.
Yini ubuhlakani obungeyona: izinganekwane okufanele ziphikiswe
Okokuqala, ukuhlakanipha akulona ibhizinisi elilodwa umuntu analo noma angenalo njengokungathi lishintshwayo. Kunezindlela eziningi zokuba nekhono ngokwengqondoKusukela kukhono lokuhlaziya okunengqondo kuye komculo, indawo, umzimba, imizwa, noma amakhono omphakathi. Ukuyinciphisa ibe ilebula yomhlaba wonke ('ihlakaniphile') kususa lokho kwehluka.
Futhi akuyona into eqinile futhi ebekwe etsheni. Kunokuba sibe yikho, siya ngokuya sihlakanipha Kuncike kwikhwalithi yokukhuthazwa, isiqondiso semindeni nothisha, izinsiza zamasiko, namathuba okuzijwayeza. Ukukhuluma 'ngokuhlakanipha kakhulu' kugxile enqubweni hhayi entweni okuthiwa ayiguquleki.
Ayifani nenkumbulo ye-encyclopedic noma i-erudition. Ukwazi okuningi akuqinisekisi ukucubungula ulwazi kahle, ukuxazulula izimo ezintsha, noma ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokushelela.Ubuhlakani beqiniso buyavivinywa uma kukhulunywa ngokutolika, ukuhlela, ukunquma, nokufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Ubuhlakani akusona isiqinisekiso sempumelelo. Ngaphandle komzamo, imikhuba, abeluleki abahle, nendawo esekelayo, ikhono lokuhlaziya alikufikisi kude kakhulu.Futhi, ngendlela, impumelelo ingumqondo oguquguqukayo: kwabanye abantu kuyoba yisimo noma ingcebo; kwabanye, inhlalakahle, ubudlelwano obuqinile kanye nempilo enenjongo.
Futhi cha, ubuhlakani abulingani ne-IQ. Izivivinyo ze-Psychometric zilinganisela isethi elinganiselwe yamakhonoZiwusizo ngezinjongo ezithile, kodwa azikuqedi lokho esikuqonda njengokuziphatha okuhlakaniphile ekuphileni kwangempela; ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembeka nokuthembeka kwazo kuncike ekwakhiweni, isampula, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha.
Ukuchaza ubuhlakani: i-mosaic yezindlela
Leli gama livela kwelesiLatini elithi 'intelligentia' kanye nesenzo 'intellegere' (ukufunda phakathi, ukuqonda). Esifundweni senkathi ephakathi, bakhuluma 'nge-intellectus'.Futhi ongqondongqondo bakamuva abanjengoBacon, Hobbes, Locke, noma u-Hume bancamela ukukhuluma 'ngokuqonda' noma 'ngokuqondisisa' kunokuqagela kwe-metaphysical.
Kuze kube manje, ayikho incazelo eyodwa ehlanganisa ukuvumelana okuphelele. Labo abaphenya ngesihloko bayavuma ukuthi siyiqoqo lezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi.Futhi ukuthi kunemibono eminingana enengqondo nehambisanayo ekhona. Eqinisweni, uma ubuza ama-theorists aphambili, azokunikeza izincazelo eziningi ezifanayo noma ezihlukene.
Ezinye iziphakamiso ezinethonya zibonisa lokhu kwehluka: Spearman wakhuluma ngekhono elivamile lokuxazulula izinkingaI-Eysenck ixhume ubuhlakani nokusebenza kahle kokucubungula kwe-neural; U-Humphreys wakubona njengamakhono okuzivumelanisa nemvelo; U-Gardner wakuchaza njengokuxazulula izinkinga nokudala imikhiqizo ebalulekile ngaphakathi kwesiko.
Ezinye izinhlobo zengeza ama-nuances: UGottfredson ugcizelele ukucabanga, ukuhlela, ukucabanga okungabonakali, nokufunda ngokushesha.I-Binet igcizelele ukwahlulela nokusebenza; U-Wechsler ukuchaze njengamandla omhlaba wonke okwenza ngenhloso, ukucabanga ngokuhluzekile, nokuphatha indawo ezungezile; U-Burt ugcizelele ikhono lengqondo elizalwa nalo.
Izincazelo ezengeziwe: U-Sternberg no-Salter bakhulume ngokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo okugxile kumgomoU-Feuerstein wachaza ukuthambekela komuntu ekuguquleni ukusebenza kwengqondo yomuntu; U-Legg no-Hutter benza ubuhlakani obusemthethweni njengekhono le-ejenti lokufeza imigomo ezindaweni eziningi; U-Alexander Wissner-Gross uphakamise ukwakheka okusekelwe ezimisweni zomzimba.
I-Architectures of intelligence: kusukela kokujwayelekile kuya kokuningi
Emsuka we-psychometrics, u-Charles Spearman wahlukanisa isici esivamile 'g' nezici ezithile 's'. Ukusebenza ekuhlolweni okuhlukahlukene kwabelane ngokuhluka okufanayo (g) nokunye ukuhluka okuxhunywe kumsebenzi (s)Ukuhlaziywa kwezinto kwazalelwa ukuze kulethe ukuhleleka kuleyo datha. Ukusuka lapho, kwavela amamodeli acebile.
U-Louis Leon Thurstone wavukela isici esisodwa esibusayo futhi wahlongoza amakhono athile engqondo ayisisekelo. Uhlonze, phakathi kokunye, ukuqonda ngamazwi kanye nokuqephuza, inkumbulo, indawo kanye nekhono lezinombolo, isivinini sokuqonda nokucabanga.Umuntu ngamunye ubonisa iphrofayela, hhayi inombolo eyodwa ethwebula yonke into.
U-Cyril Burt wakha imodeli ye-hierarchical: kusukela ezicini zezinzwa nezokubonwayo kuya ezinqubweni zobudlelwane, ngaphezu kwesici esivamile. Le ndlela yokuhlela amazinga yasiza ukuchaza ukuthi amakhono alula engezwa kanjani ndawonye abe nekhono elingaqondakali.
URaymond B. Cattell ufingqe i-panorama ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kobuhlakani obuketshezi (ukucabanga kwenoveli, isisekelo se-neurophysiological) kanye nobuhlakani obucwebezelayo (ulwazi oluqoqiwe namakhono). Zombili zihlobene, kodwa zilandela izindlela ezihlukene empilweni yonkeUhlobo loketshezi luvame ukuzinza ngemva kokuthomba, kuyilapho uhlobo olucwebezelayo luqhubeka nokukhula ngolwazi.
U-John B. Carroll wenze igxathu elihle elihlanganisayo ngemodeli yakhe enezendlalelo ezintathu. Amakhono athile asekela amakhono abanzi engqondo, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, isici esivamileUkugcizelelwa kuyasuka kumphumela kuye enqubweni, ngemisebenzi enokuqonda kakhulu kune-psychometric nje.
Ngokuhambisana nalezi zinhlelo, ezinye izindlela zandisa ama-horizons. U-Gardner unqobe izihlakaniphi ezimbalwa ezizimele. (i-logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist), futhi kwahlongozwa ukuzibheka nokuzihlakulela esikhundleni sokuzikala ngesikali esisodwa.
URobert J. Sternberg wakha ithiyori yakhe engunxantathu ngobuso obuthathu: ukuhlaziya (ukuthola, ukubhala ngekhodi, nokuhlaziya ulwazi), ubuciko (ukubhekana nezinto ezintsha), kanye nokwenzekayo (ukuzivumelanisa nesimo somhlaba wangempela)Umuntu angaphumelela kakhulu ohlotsheni olulodwa kunolunye, futhi lokho kuwukuhlakanipha.
Ngokufanayo, uDaniel Goleman wandisa ubuhlakani bomzwelo. Ukuhlonza, ukuqonda, ukulawula nokusebenzisa imizwa yakho neyabanye kuyikhono elibalulekile. ukusebenza empilweni yomuntu siqu kanye neyomsebenzi, nakuba ingakhanyi ngaso sonke isikhathi ekuhlolweni kwendabuko.
Ukulinganisa ubuhlakani: umlando, izivivinyo kanye nemikhawulo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, u-Alfred Binet waklama isivivinyo sokuqala sokubikezela ukusebenza kwesikole nokubona izidingo zemfundo. Ukusuka lapho kwavela umqondo weminyaka yengqondo futhi, kamuva, i-intelligence quotient kulandela iminikelo kaWilliam Stern kanye nokumiswa okwalandela kukaDavid Wechsler iminyaka eyahlukene.
I-Psychometrics, enamasu afana nokuthembeka, ukufaneleka, nokuhlaziywa kwezinto, yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha amathuluzi awusizo. Okunye ukuhlola kubheka isici esijwayelekile, okunye kulinganisela amaphrofayili anezilinganiso eziphansi ezimbalwaKodwa kunezixwayiso: umphumela uncike kumongo, isimo sesihloko, kanye nemodeli yetiyori ngokwayo.
Abagxeki abanjengoStephen Jay Gould bakugxekile ukuhlukumeza komlando, ukuchema, nokuthembela ngokweqile kwezibalo. Ukuhlola akuthwebuli konke ukuziphatha okuhlakaniphileBangase bathintwe ukuguquguquka kwamasiko noma kwemizwa, futhi uma besetshenziswa kabi, bagcina bebandlulula noma beqakathekisa amathalente ngokusekelwe kumphumela owodwa, isibonelo abantu abane-autism.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyaqhubeka nokuphikisana ngesisindo sezici zofuzo nezemvelo, indlela yokuhumusha umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu, nokuthi kusho ukuthini ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezikolo ezaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-Flynn. Lesi simo sibonisa intuthuko ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, mhlawumbe ngenxa yemfundo esabalele, izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo nokudla okungcono, phakathi kwezinye izinkolelo.
Kufanelekile ukukhumbula umqondo owodwa oyinhloko: Ulwazi kanye ne-IQ akulingani nobuhlakani ngomqondo obanziUmuntu angase antule ulwazi oluthile olusemthethweni kodwa nokho acubungule, acabange, ahlele, futhi azivumelanise nezimo ngempumelelo kakhulu endaweni yakhe yansuku zonke.
Yiziphi izici ezakha ubuhlakani: ufuzo, ubuchopho, nendawo ezungezile
Izakhi zofuzo zibalulekile, kodwa azisho ikusasa. Izifundo ezimbili zibonisa izingxenye zofuzoYebo, nakuba ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlanganisela kanye nepulasitiki yobuchopho kusho ukuthi indawo ezungezile, ukukhuthazwa, kanye nemfundo kunikeza ibhalansi.
Ngokwebhayoloji, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqala kwesimiso sezinzwa kanye nokwanda kokuxhumana kwe-synaptic kubeka isisekelo esinamandla. Ukusebenzelana nomhlaba, ulimi, nezinselele zokuqonda kuthuthukisa le mibuthano. phakathi neminyaka ebucayi.
Isimo senhlalo-mpilo nesomzwelo sinesisindo esikhulu. Izimo ezicindezelayo noma ezikhuthazayo zingakhawulela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhonoNgokuphambene nalokho, imfundo ephelele, ugqozi oluqhubekayo kanye nemikhuba enempilo (ukuphumula, ukudla okunomsoco, ukuhlanzeka kwengqondo) kunikeza amaphiko ekuhlakanipheni okusebenzayo nokwezemfundo.
Ngokuphathelene nobuchopho, uRoger Sperry ubonise ukuthi zombili i-hemispheres zabelana ngolwazi kodwa zilucubungule ngezitayela ezahlukene. I-hemisphere yesokunxele ijwayele ukuhlaziya okunengqondo kanye nolimi; i-hemisphere elungile maqondana nendawo, umculo, nezindawo zomhlaba.Ekudaleni, eqinisweni, babambisana ngokuzwana; yingakho kunconywa ukuthi ungachemi ukufundisa ngesitayela esisodwa.
Ku-pedagogy, kube nesidingo esikhulayo sokulinganisela: Akukhona konke mayelana nokuphinda okuqukethwe nokuxazulula uhlu lwezinkinga.Ukuhlola, izinkulumo, umsebenzi wokubambisana, ukuxhumana, kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezimweni zangempela zokuphila nakho kubalulekile, lapho kuvela khona ezinye izici zobuhlakani.
Buvelaphi ubuhlakani: ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuqhubeka kwendalo
Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwebhayoloji, isici siyakhuthazela uma sinikeza izinzuzo eziguquguqukayo. Kubantu, izici ezifana ne-bipedalism, izinguquko zokudla, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, inkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo iye yahlongozwa.Ukubambisana, ukuncintisana, ukukhohlisa, ukwakha imifelandawonye... konke kudinga ukwanda kwamakhono okuqonda.
I-hypothesis yobuchopho bezenhlalo yaphawula ukuthi amaqembu amakhulu ajwayele ukuhlotshaniswa ne-neocortex ethuthuke kakhulu. Ukuphatha ubudlelwano nemithetho kubandakanya ukuhlela, ukukhumbula, ukulingisa, nokuxoxisana.Yilapho ubuhlakani obusebenzayo nobomphakathi busebenza khona.
Intelligence akusibo abantu kuphela. Lokhu kubonakala ngamazinga ahlukahlukene ezinhlotsheni eziningi.Futhi ngisho nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingenazo isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi, njengesikhunta se-slime i-Physarum polycephalum, zixazulule ama-maze ngokuthola izindlela ezisebenzayo: ukucubungula ulwazi ngaphandle kwama-neurons.
Ngokombono wethiyori yezinhlelo kanye ne-thermodynamics, ubuhlakani bungabukwa njenge ukuthambekela kokonga amandla kanye nokuthola izixazululo eziphumelelayo ezinhlobonhlobo zemveloUkuthola indlela emfushane kakhulu noma ukuzinzisa umsebenzi owusizo kungaba, esikalini sakho, ukuziphatha 'okuhlakaniphile'.
Lo mbono uphakamisa ukuqhubeka: Ubuhlakani yindaba yeziqu kanye nokuhleleka.hhayi ilebula kanambambili. Abantu 'abakhethiwe', kodwa kunezinhlobo zohlobo olulodwa ezengeziwe ezinombhalo wokuqonda ongavamile ngenxa yenhlanganisela yethu yolimi, isiko elikhulayo, nokubambisana.
Ubuhlakani bomuntu buqhathaniswa nobuhlakani bokwenziwa
Ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha akufani nokucabanga. Kusukela ngawo-30s kanye nama-40s, ikhompuyutha kanye ne-electronics kusinike imishini yokukhohlisa izimpawu nedatha. ngezinhlelo; zingamathuluzi asabekayo, kodwa ukuphindaphinda amakhono esitayela somuntu kungenye indaba ngokuphelele.
UJoseph Weizenbaum wadala i-ELIZA ngeminyaka yawo-60, uhlelo olwakhetha izimpendulo ngamaphethini futhi lwabonakala luxoxa. Yena ngokwakhe uxwayise ngokuthi ukuphambanisa leso sinqumo se-algorithmic nokwahlulela komuntu kwakuyiphuthaUkunquma kungahlelwa; ukukhetha, ngomqondo wokuhlola nokubonisana, kungokwenye inhlangano.
URoger Penrose waphikisa ngokuthi umcabango womuntu awuyona i-algorithmic ngokuyisisekelo futhi ucatshangelwa mayelana nezinqubo ze-quantum ezihilelekile ekuqapheleni. Akukho ukuvumelana, kodwa ukuphikisa kwabo kwabeka imingcele ecacile ku-AI eqinile. njengoba nje kwakucatshangwa amashumi eminyaka.
Namuhla, amanethiwekhi ajulile we-neural nedatha enkulu axazulula imisebenzi ethile ngokumangala okufanelekile. Noma kunjalo, abukho ubuhlakani obujwayelekile bokwenziwa obuqhathaniswa nobuhlakani bomuntu.Amakhono okwenza ihaba alimaza ukwethembeka kwesayensi; ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamathuluzi anamandla nama-ejenti ahlakaniphile kubalulekile.
Isiphetho sokusebenza silula: Ake ukusizakala I-AI encane ngalokho ekwenza kahle kakhulu, futhi asiqhubeke siphenye ngokucophelela Yini eyenza umqondo womuntu uhluke, ngaphandle kokudida ukubala ngokuqonda noma ukuzenzakalela nokwazi.
Amamephu womqondo awusizo: umthamo, ukufaneleka, ikhono, nokusebenza
Kuyadingeka ukuhlela imigomo. Amandla asho amandla okwenza okuthile ngempumelelo'ukufaneleka' kudlulela nekhono, ngezinye izikhathi nge-nuance ecacile noma engokwemvelo.
'Ikhono' kanye 'ne-dexterity' kubhekisela ku ulwazi olusebenzayo nolwezobuchwepheshe olutholakala ngokufunda nokuzijwayezaUma zicacisa kakhulu, sikhuluma ngekhono endaweni ethile.
Ukusebenza izinga lokwenziwa komsebenzi, umphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwekhono (isimo) kanye nekhono (ukuzijwayeza)Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kukodwa ngaphandle komongo kungase kudukise mayelana nekhono eliyisisekelo.
Ezinye izikole zomcabango zihlukanisa phakathi kobuhlakani A (isisekelo sebhayoloji), B (ukubonakaliswa komphakathi okubonakalayo) kanye no-C (psychometric, leyo elinganiswa ngezivivinyo). U-A no-C bangabonwa njengezingxenye eziphakela ubuhlakani obusebenzayongaphandle kokulikhawulela kunoma iyiphi yazo kuphela.
I-Etymology kanye nokusetshenziswa kwegama emlandweni
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, elithi 'intellectus' laba yigama lobuchwepheshe lokuqonda futhi lahunyushwa lisuselwa kwelesiGrikhi elithi 'nous'. Leyo ndlela yayigxiliswe ku-teleological cosmologies esesiphelelwe yisikhathi.Isimanjemanje sashintsha isichazamazwi sabhekisa 'ekuqondeni' kanye 'nokuqonda' ngendlela enobufakazi obungeziwe.
U-Hobbes wahleka usulu izinkulumo ze-tautological njengokuthi 'ukuqonda kuyaqondisisa', ukufuna ukucaca okunengqondo kanye nokwenqatshwa kwezikhala zomqondoKusukela lapho, ukuxoxa ngokuthi yini ebaluleke njengokuthi 'ihlakaniphile' kube umsebenzi onembayo, esikhundleni sokukhuluma.
Uma sihlanganisa zonke lezi zingcezu, esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi ukuhlakanipha akungeni esikhunjeni esisodwa, akuyona ichromosome elahliwe noma inombolo yomlingo, futhi akulona ifa lomuntu elikhethekile noma into evame ukwenziwa yimishini namuhla. Iwumlaza wamakhono athuthuka kukho konke ukuphila, avezwa ngezindlela eziyinkulungwane, futhi ahlolwa ngamathuluzi awusizo kodwa angaphelele.Kungakho kubalulekile ukushiya izinkolelo-mbono, unakekele umongo wezemfundo kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ezibalulekile kanye nozwela, ukusungula izinto nokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo emhlabeni wangempela.
