Imitapo Yolwazi Elahlekile: Lapho Inkumbulo Isha

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Imitapo yolwazi ingaphezu kwesakhiwo esinamashalofu ezincwadi: anjalo abaqaphi benkumbulo ehlangeneIsiphephelo semibono namalabhorethri lapho ikusasa lihlolwa khona. Noma kunjalo, umlando wayo ugcwele imililo, ukuphanga, nokunganakwa okuye kwasusa wonke amaqoqo, kanye nawo, amazwi angenakuthathelwa indawo. Ukulahlekelwa umtapo wolwazi akukhona nje ukulahlekelwa izincwadi; kuyacisha amakhulu eminyaka olwazi kanye nama-nuances amasiko.

Umfutho wokucekela phansi ulwazi ubuyela emuva kude. Kuthiwa Herostratus, umalusi wase-EfesuWashisa ithempeli lika-Arthemisi ukuze nje akhunjulwe; isijeziso sakhe kwaba damnatio memoriae, ukukhohlwa ngamabomu. Indida iyababa: bazama ukucisha igama lakhe, nokho isenzo sakhe sisaqhubeka nokuphenduka. Njengoba uHeinrich Heine axwayisa, “lapho beshisa khona izincwadi, ekugcineni bayoshisa abantu”; Alexandria ukuya eSarajevoUdlame seluhlasele kaningi lezo zindawo ezifihla amagama.

Kungani imitapo yolwazi inyamalala?

Izimbangela ziphindaphindiwe ngokugcina isikhathi okwesabekayo: izimpi, imililo, ukuphanga, ubudedengu nokushiseka ngokweqileNgezinye izikhathi izinhlekelele zenzeka ngengozi; ngezinye izikhathi, kuhlelwe ngokucophelela ukusula ubuwena nokudala ingubo yokuthula. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba wumswakama noma isikhathi; ngezinye izikhathi, ukubala okubandayo kwalabo ababheka izincwadi njengosongo ekulawuleni kwabo izwe.

Izinto zokwakha nazo zidlala indima: i i-papyrus nesikhumba Zintekenteke; amaphilisi amelana kakhulu, kodwa awanakunqotshwa. Futhi lapho amandla eshintsha izandla, umnakekeli omusha angakhetha bhala kabusha inkumbulo kunokuwugcina. Lena indaba yemitapo yolwazi eminingi emikhulu okuthi, ngisho nalapho isinde enhlekeleleni eyodwa, kamuva yancishiswa eminye, kwaze kwaba yilapho isiba inganekwane.

Esikhathini sethu, amaqoqo awaphephile. Indawo yokugcina impahla ivutha umlilo, ugesi uyacisha, ukungqubuzana kweqa umugqa obomvu Futhi okwedlule kuphenduka kube yintuthu. Kungakho ukugcinwa kanye nokwenza idijithali kubalulekile, kodwa kunjalo nokuzibophezela komphakathi ukuvikela izindawo lapho ulwazi lwethu luvikelwe khona.

Kuze kwaba nokuvela kwemodeli yemitapo yolwazi yedijithali, efana ne I-Florida Polytechnic University Librarylapho kungaboniswana khona lonke iqoqo ngaphandle kwephepha eliphathekayo: isikhumbuzo sokuthi ubuthakathaka buqala ngezindlela ezintsha nokuthi ukongiwa kwemvelo kufanele kuqalwe kabusha.

Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria

Uphawu oluphelele lwenkumbulo elahlekile, i-Library yase-Alexandria yazalwa ngemuva nje kokusungulwa kwedolobha ngu-Alexander the Great, ngephupho lika-Alexander. ukuqoqa bonke ubuhlakani bomuntu, kuhlanganise imisebenzi yama-Epic of Antiquityngaphandle kwemigoqo yolimi noma yesikhathi. UCallimachus waseKhurene wahlanganisa ikhathalogu yokuqala enkulu emhlabeni futhi, ngokwemithombo yasendulo, yaqoqwa phakathi. amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemiqulu -izibalo ezinjengama-490.000 noma i-700.000 ziyacashunwa, nakuba kuhlala kuphikiswana—.

Ukubhujiswa kwayo akubanga negalelo elilodwa. Isiqephu esidume kakhulu yilesi umlilo wama-48 BCLapho umlilo ovela emikhunjini kaJulius Caesar unwebeka, iSeneca yanciphisa ububanzi baba imiqulu engu-40 000; abanye baphakamise le nhlekelele kubantu abakhulu kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinxushunxushu zezombangazwe zaba nesisindo esikhulu Isifo se-Antonine kanye nezinguquko zenkolo. Inganekwane inalokho UMark Antony unxephezele uCleopatra nemiqulu evela ePhergamoni. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukunqotshwa kwama-Arabhu ekhulwini lesi-7 kwakuzobhekana nenhlekelele yokugcina, nakuba ukulandelana okuqondile kusalokhu kufihliwe.

I-Alexandria iyisihloko samaphupho nezingxoxo. UBorges waphupha ngakho konke ukuphila kwakhe; Umberto Echo Kuyiphendule isizinda sezimfihlakalo zebhayibheli; futhi, okwamanje, isifiso sokwazi ukuthi yini elahlekile siye sayenza yaba nkulu.

INineve kanye neLabhulali yase-Ashurbanipal

Enhloko-dolobha yase-Asiriya, iNineve, kwakungelinye lamaqoqo angavamile emhlabeni wasendulo. Inkosi Ashurbanipal Wakhuthaza ukunwetshwa kwendawo yokugcina izibhebhe zobumba kuze kube yilapho iqukethe okungaphezu kwalokho 22.000 izingcezu ze-cuneiform yohlelo lolimi, inkolo, imilingo, isayensi, umlando, nezincwadi. Phakathi kwabo kukhanye I-Epic kaGilgamesh kanye nezindaba ezidumile ezifana nalezo "zomuntu ompofu waseNippur".

Lapho iNineve liwela ekuqothulweni kwedolobha ngo-612 BC, umtapo wolwazi wacekelwa phansi. Okuxakayo ukuthi umlilo wabhaka amanye amaphilisi, okwenza ukuba alondolozwe kancane. Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, ukumba kwavula iwindi elibalulekile emlandweni womtapo wolwazi. Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya, ebuyisela amazwi okwakucatshangwa ukuthi athule izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Umtapo wezincwadi waseConstantinople

Enkabeni yoMbuso WaseByzantium, indlu yokufunda yayinakekelwa amakhulu eminyaka, isebenza njenge ibhuloho phakathi kwe-Antiquity kanye neNkathi EphakathiYasungulwa uConstantius II, yahlela indawo yokubhala izincwadi zesiGreki esikhumbeni njengoba i-papyrus yayiwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi walaba bakopishi, izincwadi eziningi zakudala zasinda. kwafika kithi.

Noma kunjalo, umtapo wolwazi washa nokuphangwa. I-Fourth Crusade (1204) Yaphanga ingcebo, futhi ukuwa kwedolobha ngo-1453 kwasakaza okwakusele. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingcebo yayo kungenzeka idlule Imiqulu engu-100.000 esiqongweni salo, isibalo esikhulu kakhulu sesikhathi saso.

IPergamoni, imbangi yamaGreki

E-Asia Minor, iPergamoni yaqala ukuncintisana ikhanda nekhanda ne-Alexandria. Ngaphansi kuka-Attalus I kanye Eumenes IIWahlanganisa iqoqo eligujwa ngobuhle balo befilosofi nefilosofi, efinyelela ezindaweni ezizungezile Imiqulu engu-200.000ngesikhumba (i-pergamenum) njengenkanyezi yayo. Udumo lwayo lwakha isikole somcabango, ikakhulukazi ezifundweni zegrammatical and stoic.

Isiko lithi uMark Antony unikeze uCleopatra isipho ingxenye yasePhergamoni Ngemuva kokubhujiswa kwe-Alexandria, i-anecdote ethakazelisa njengoba kuphikiswana ngayo, iqiniso liwukuthi, ngenxa yezizathu zezepolitiki nezimpi, indlu yesibani yasePergamoni yafiphala kancane kancane phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

Ulpia, kuTrajan's Forum

I-Trajan's Rome yakha omunye wemitapo yolwazi ethandwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo, i UlpiaYayinamakamelo amabili afanayo: elinye lingelemibhalo yesiLatini elinye elesiGreki. Imithetho, imibhalo egciniwe, nezincwadi kwakubhekwana nazo lapho. Ingobo yayo yomlando esesidlangalaleni yeqe... 20.000 imiqulu futhi yahlala isebenza ngisho nasezikhathini ezineziyaluyalu, kwaze kwaba yilapho kuwa uMbuso WamaRoma.

Nalanda, inyuvesi enkulu yamaBuddha

E-India, i-monastery-University of Nalanda Kwakuyisibani esikhulu semfundo sase-Asia amakhulu eminyaka. Umtapo wawo wezincwadi wawuqukethe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemibhalo yefilosofi, imithi, isayensi yezinkanyezi, ezobuciko nezilimi. Ngo-1193, ukuhlasela kwabahlaseli baseTurkey kwayicekela phansi; kuthiwa izinqolobane zemibhalo yesandla Basha izinyanga, uphawu lwegalelo elingenakulungiseka ezweni lamaBuddha.

Amakhodi wamaMaya

Ikoloni yaseYurophu eMesoamerica yayisho ukubhujiswa okuhlelekile kwamakhodidi Amakhodi e-Mayan. Zine kuphela ezilondolozwe, okushiya igebe elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu isayensi, inkolo nomlando wabo. I-codex ngayinye elahlekile isuliwe, ngokuwa okukodwa, amakhulu eminyaka okuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nendlela yokutshela umhlaba.

Indlu Yokuhlakanipha kanye neBaghdad

Ngo-1258, isaka lamaMongol laseBaghdad lahlasela abadumile Indlu Yokuhlakaniphalapho imibhalo emikhulu yesiGreki, isiPheresiya, nesiNdiya yayihunyushwe futhi kwaphawulwa khona. Isithombe semifula efiphazwe yi-inki sesiphenduke inkomba, kodwa sifingqa kahle umuzwa we ulwandle lolwazi opha ngamahora.

Ngekhulu lama-21, izwe laphinde lazilela izincwadi zalo. Ngo-2003, ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwe-Iraq, i- Umtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke Nezinqolobane Yashiswa futhi yaphangwa: cishe imisebenzi eyisigidi yanyamalala. Amamephu, imibhalo yesandla, yonke inqolobane yomlando; namuhla, iyaqhubeka imizamo yokwakha kabusha kanye nokwenza idijithali lokho obekungagcinwa.

Ubusuku baseSarajevo

Ubusuku buka Agasti 25-26, 1992Izikhali zase-Bosnia Serb zashisa umtapo wezincwadi waseSarajevo. Izigidi zamakhasi zashiswa amalangabi njengoba ababhali bemilando abafana no-Arturo Pérez-Reverte bechaza ukungabi nakuzisiza lapho bebhekene nomonakalo. ukubhujiswa kwenkumbuloIzakhamuzi eziningi zakha amaketanga abantu ukuze zihlenge lokho ezingakwenza, kodwa igalelo lalishubile futhi lifuna ukucisha uphawu lokuhlalisana.

Njengoba umthwebuli wezithombe uGervasio Sánchez ekhumbula, ezimpini zombango abalandeli balandela "amabhuloho wokuhlalisanaFuthi zimbalwa izinto ezixhumanisa idolobha kakhulu nesikhathi salo esabiwe kunengobo yomlando yalo enkulu yamagama.

I-National Library yasePeru

Umlando weNational Library yasePeru uchungechunge lwamanxeba. Ngo-1823-1824, phakathi neMpi Yokuzimela, yayithathwe amabutho aseSpain. Basha bacasha izimali zokuthi bangaweli ezandleni zabashisekeli bezwe. Ngo-1881, phakathi neMpi YasePacific, amasosha aseChile aphanga futhi ayishisa. Futhi ngo-1943, a umlilo obhubhisayo Kwaphinde kwacekela phansi isikhungo. Noma kunjalo, yazalwa kabusha izikhathi eziningi.

I-Madrasa yaseGranada

Yasungulwa ngo-1349 nguYusuf I, iMadrasa yayiyi inyuvesi yomphakathi kuphela e-Al-Andalus iyiphi ingxenye yesakhiwo esisindile. Cishe ngo-1499, ezigabeni zokugcina zeReconquista, amabutho kaKhadinali Cisneros agasela umtapo wawo wolwazi; izincwadi zayiswa esigcawini se-Bib-Rambla futhi kushiswe obalaIsenzo esingaguquki sokuqhekeka kwamasiko.

U-Hanlin Yuan, umcebo waseChina

Ngesikhathi seBoxer Rebellion (1900), umtapo wezincwadi U-Hanlin Yuan Kwaqubuka umlilo omkhulu eBeijing. Izinkulungwane zemiqulu equkethe amakhulu eminyaka omlando zalahleka. Ezinye izincwadi baphinde bavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emaqoqweni angaphandle, kodwa isilonda esitholakala ezincwadini zamaShayina sihlala sivulekile.

Institut für Sexualwissenschaft Berlin

Ngo-1933, amaNazi abhubhisa isikhungo esasungulwa ngu UMagnus HirschfeldIngqalabutho ezifundweni zocansi nezobulili. Umtapo wakhe wezincwadi nezinqolobane zakhe kwashiswa, futhi amarekhodi asetshenziselwa ukushushisa izinkulungwane zabantu. Indawo yamasosha ajikijela izincwadi emlilweni ingenye ye ama-iconography amnyama Ikhulu lama-XNUMX.

Umtapo wezincwadi weDuchess Anne Amalia

Ngo-2004, umlilo ngephutha wacekela phansi ingxenye ye-Weimar Library, igugu le-German classicism. Nakuba kungokwesimanje kakhulu kunabanye abakulolu hlu, usizi lwalo lwaba isikhumbuzo sokuthi ngisho nasezinhlelweni ezithuthukile, ubuthakathaka buyaqhubeka Futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo ekulondolozeni nasekuvimbeleni kuyadingeka.

I-Library of Congress yase-United States

Esimweni sempi phakathi INgilandi kanye nesizwe esisha saseMelikaUmlilo Omkhulu ka-1814 wafinyelela eWashington, D.C., futhi uMtapo wezincwadi weCongress wabhujiswa kakhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka, ukuthenga kukaThomas Jefferson komtapo kwavunyelwa yakha kabusha inhliziyo wesikhungo.

I-Herculaneum kanye ne-carbonized papyri

Ukuqhuma kweVesuvius ngo-79 AD kwangcwaba iPompeii neHerculaneum, kodwa endlini yokugcina, kwavela izinsalela. i-carbonized papyri ukuthi isayensi yesimanje isiqala ukuhlaziywa ngokusebenzisa amasu ezithombe. Akuwona umtapo wolwazi ojwayelekile, kepha kuyisimangaliso esincane sokusinda phakathi umlotha nokuthula.

Umtapo Wezincwadi Olahlekile we-Ivan the Terrible

Inganekwane ithi u-Ivan III, umkhulu ka-Ivan U-Ivan IVKuthiwa waqongelela imibhalo yesandla yaseByzantine—lapho eshada noSophia Palaiologina—nokuthi kamuva iqoqo lathuthelwa eMoscow. Umvubukuli u-Ignatius Stelletskii wafuna lo mtapo ingxenye yokuphila kwakhe. kumbiwe ngaphansi kweKremlinYena noma uPetru Omkhulu ngaphambi kwakhe, noma izithunywa zeVatican, abazange bathole mkhondo ngaye. Kwakhulunywa ngoDyákovo no-Alexandrov; kuze kube namuhla, imfihlakalo kazibuthe.

Indawo eyimfihlo ye-Mont Sainte-Odile

E-Alsace, indida yesimanje yamangaza wonke umuntu lapho imibhalo inyamalala emtatsheni wezindela. Umlandu, UStanislas GosseWasebenzisa umzila oyimfihlo ukuze angene engabonakali. Kwakungekho mlilo, kodwa kwakukhona isifundo: ngisho nangezikhathi zama-alamu nezingidi, Ubuhlakani buthola izintuba.

Umtapo wolwazi ka-Himmler

Umholi wamaNazi uHeinrich Himmler, exakwe ukusebenzelana nemimoya, waqoqa iqoqo ubuthakathi kanye ne-esotericismIngxenye yayo yaphelela ePrague. Ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwayo kwezemfundo, okubalulekile uphawu: amandla afaka izincwadi kuwo thethelela ukushushiswa kanye nokuphakama kwemibono.

I-Aristotle kanye neLyceum

E-Athene, I-Aristotle Wasungula lokho okubhekwa njengomtapo wolwazi wokuqala omkhulu wangasese eYurophu, eLyceum. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umfundi wakhe uTheophrastus wazuza njengefa leqoqo, okwathi kamuva bahlakazekaIsiphetho sokugcina semibhalo yesandla eminingi asicacile; isiko lithi eminye imibhalo yahlala ifihliwe iminyaka eyikhulu, nokuthi kakade eRoma, ngenxa yemizamo UCiceroBagcine bekubona ukukhanya.

U-Petrarch noCharles V baseFrance

Imbongi Petrarch Wahlanganisa iqoqo elimangalisayo ngombono wokunikela ngalo eVenice; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imiqulu eminingi yalahleka noma bahlakazekanakuba ingxenye yalo ilondolozwe eFrance. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, UCharles V waseFrance Waqongelela imibhalo yesandla engu-917: ekufeni kwakhe, ukudluliselwa nokuthengisa kwaholela ekuhlakazweni kwezingcezu eziyingqayizivele.

ICorviniana yaseHungary

Inkosi Matías Corvino Wasungula umtapo wolwazi oyimodeli wobuntu eHungary, onemiqulu ehlanganiswe kahle kakhulu engaphezu kuka-2.000. Ngemva kokunqotshwa eMohács ngo-1526, iqoqo laphangwa; namuhla, izingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela ezitholiwe. amakhulu ambalwa ama-corvinos. Okunye kwanyamalala phakathi kwezimpi, ukuthengisa nokuphanga.

I-Occupy Wall Street kanye nomtapo wolwazi wothukuthele

Ngo-2011, inhlangano Thatha i-Wall Street Wasungula umtapo wolwazi womphakathi owagcina uqoqe izincwadi ezingaba ngu-12 000 ezinikelwe ngabafundi nababhali. Ukukhishwa kwekamu kubangele ukucekelwa phansi kweqoqo eliningi; Kwasinda amakhulu ambalwa kuphela, inkumbulo entekenteke yesikhathi sezombangazwe esithuthukayo.

Ukulahlekelwa kweMpi Yombango YaseSpain

ESpain, impi yacekela phansi amashalofu ezincwadi ezizimele nawomphakathi. Imitapo yolwazi yacekelwa phansi UPío Baroja, Juan Chabás noPedro SalinasPhakathi kwabanye. Imbongi uVicente Aleixandre, egula, yabuyela ekhaya noMiguel Hernández ngenqola yezithelo ukuze bahlole ukuthi umtapo wezincwadi wakhe ugciniwe yini. Kwasala lutho kodwa inqwaba yomlotha.

Ababhali nemitapo yolwazi ecatshangelwayo

Ukuthakasela ngemitapo yolwazi elahlekile kuye kwagcwala ezincwadini. UBorges waphupha nge-Alexandria kanye nomtapo wolwazi waseBabele ongapheli; U-Umberto Eco wadlala ngezimpicabadala zezincwadi; UJules Verne unikeze uKapteni Nemo iqoqo lakhe; J.K. Rowling wacabanga amashalofu ezincwadi omlingo; futhi uCarlos Ruiz Zafón wabhapathiza "Amathuna Ezincwadi Ezikhohliwe." Inganekwane bekuyisiphephelo lapho ukubuyisela okungalungiseki.

Icala lomtapo wezincwadi waseConstantinople ngokwesiko

Ukubuyela eByzantium, esinye isikole somcabango sigcizelela ukuthi ngaphambi kokuwa, imiqulu eyinhloko Baphuma edolobheni ngasentshonalanga. Inganekwane ixhumeka kumtapo wezincwadi ka-Ivan the Terrible kanye nomqondo wezandla eziyimfihlo ezigcine izingcezu ezivela e-Alexandria. Phakathi komlando nezinganekwane, okuphikelelayo yilokhu ukufisa ukukholwa ukuthi akusha yonke into.

Ngale kwenganekwane: izibalo, izinto zokwakha kanye nohwebo

Kusetshenziswa imiqulu engaba ngu-400.000, 700.000 noma engu-100.000. izibalo eziphikisanayoEsikwaziyo ukuthi inhlangano—ikhathalogi efana naleyo eku Callimachus- kwakuyisihluthulelo, futhi ukuguqulwa kwe-papyrus kuya esikhumbeni kwasindisa izinkulungwane zemisebenzi eyayingabhujiswa. Ababhali, lezo zisebenzi ezingaziwa ku-scriptoria, bagcina imibhalo iphila amakhulu eminyaka.

Imitapo yolwazi isifundisa okuningi ngalokho ezikulondolozayo njengalokho ezilahlekelwayo. Censor patrols, imililo ye abashisekeli noma abahlaseliFuthi ubudedengu obuphelele buveza iphethini: lapho umphakathi ubheka ngenye indlela, umlilo uyabhebhetheka. Yingakho lonke uhlelo lokongiwa kwemvelo nokunye khulula digital bala.

Akunakugwenywa ukuzibuza ukuthi kukhona yini esikufundile. Siyabona ukuthi asikaze. Eminye imitapo yolwazi inezinhlelo nezinqubo zokuphepha zomlilo eziyisibonelo, kuyilapho ezinye zintula ngisho nezidingo eziyisisekelo. Ikusasa lamagugu Kuncike kwisabelomali, ubuchwepheshe futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kusakhamuzi esiqonda ukuthi umtapo wolwazi oshisiwe uwubunikazi obunqanyuliwe.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuse-Alexandria, eNineve, noma esigcawini saseNew York, umyalezo uyaphindwa: njalo lapho ishalofu lisha noma lihlakazeka, umhlaba uba mncane. inkumbulo empofu nefushaneMhlawumbe yingakho lezi zindaba zisishukumisa kakhulu: ngoba zisiveza, ngaphandle kwezihlungi, njengezilwane ezikhohlwayo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengohlobo oluphikelela ngenkani ekukhumbuleni.