Imitapo Yolwazi Elahlekile: Lapho Inkumbulo Isha

Ikhaya » Isiko » Imitapo Yolwazi Elahlekile Yomlando: Lapho Inkumbulo Isha

Amalayibhrari awagcini nje ngesakhiwo esinamashalofu ezincwadi: angabalindi benkumbulo ehlangene , izindawo zokukhosela zemibono, kanye namalebhu lapho ikusasa livivinywa khona. Noma kunjalo, umlando ugcwele imililo, ukuphanga, kanye nezenzo zokunganaki ezisuse wonke amaqoqo, kanye nawo, amazwi angenakufakwa esikhundleni sawo. Ukulahlekelwa umtapo wolwazi akukhona nje ukulahlekelwa izincwadi; kuqeda amakhulu eminyaka olwazi kanye namasiko ahlukile.

Isifiso sokubhubhisa ulwazi sinezimpande zasendulo. Kuthiwa uHerostratus, umalusi wase-Efesu , washisa iThempeli lika-Arthemisi ukuze nje akhunjulwe; isijeziso sakhe kwakuyi-damnatio memoriae, ukukhohlwa ngamabomu. Indida iyababa: bazama ukususa igama lakhe, kodwa isenzo sakhe siyaqhubeka nokuzwakala. Njengoba uHeinrich Heine axwayisa, "lapho beshisa khona izincwadi, ekugcineni bazoshisa abantu"; kusukela e-Alexandria kuya eSarajevo , ubudlova buhlasele ngokuphindaphindiwe lezo zindawo ezifihla amazwi.

Kungani imitapo yolwazi inyamalala?

Izimbangela ziphindaphindwa njalo ngokwesabekayo: izimpi, imililo, ukuphanga, ukunganaki, kanye nokushisekela izwe . Ngezinye izikhathi izinhlekelele ziba ngengozi; ngezinye izikhathi, zihlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kusulwe ubuwena futhi kudalwe ukuthula. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba umswakama noma isikhathi; ngezinye izikhathi, ukubalwa okubandayo kwalabo ababona izincwadi njengosongo ekulawuleni kwabo umhlaba.

Izinto zokwakha nazo zidlala indima: i-papyrus kanye ne-parchment kuyaphuka, amaphilisi amelana kakhulu, kodwa akukho okungenakunqotshwa. Futhi lapho amandla eshintshana ngezandla, umnakekeli omusha angase akhethe ukubhala kabusha umlando kunokuwugcina. Lena indaba yemitapo eminingi emikhulu, ngisho nalapho isinda enhlekeleleni eyodwa, kamuva yancishiswa eminye, yaze yaba yinganekwane nje.

Esikhathini sethu, ukuqoqwa kwezinto akuphephile. Indawo yokugcina izinto ingasha, ugesi ungacima, ingxabano ingadlula umugqa obomvu , futhi okwedlule kungaphenduka intuthu futhi. Yingakho ukulondolozwa kanye nokuguqulwa kwedijithali kubalulekile, kodwa nokuzibophezela komphakathi ekuvikeleni izindawo lapho ulwazi lwethu luvikelwe khona.

Kuze kwavela ngisho nemodeli yemitapo yolwazi yedijithali ngokuphelele, njenge- Florida Polytechnic Library , lapho lonke iqoqo libhekwa khona ngaphandle kwephepha elibonakalayo: isikhumbuzo sokuthi ubuthakathaka buthatha izinhlobo ezintsha nokuthi ukulondolozwa kumele kuphinde kusungulwe.

Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-Alexandria

I-Library yase-Alexandria, uphawu oluphelele lwenkumbulo elahlekile, yazalwa ngemuva nje kokusungulwa kwedolobha ngu-Alexander Omkhulu, ngephupho lokuqoqa bonke ubuhlakani bomuntu , okuhlanganisa nemisebenzi evelele ye-Antiquity , ngaphandle kwezithiyo zolimi noma zesikhathi. UCallimachus waseKhurene waqoqa ikhathalogi yokuqala enkulu emhlabeni, futhi ngokusho kwemithombo yasendulo, waqoqa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemiqulu - izibalo ezifana nezingu-490.000 noma ngisho nezingu-700.000 ziyacashunwa, yize zihlala ziphikisana.

Ukubhujiswa kwayo kwakungeyona into eyodwa eshaqisayo. Isiqephu esidumile kakhulu umlilo ka-48 BC , lapho amalangabi avela emikhunjini kaJulius Caesar asakazeka. USeneca wehlisa izinga lokulahlekelwa kwaba yimiqulu engu-40.000; abanye bandisa inhlekelele yaba yizibalo ezinkulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinxushunxushu zezombusazwe, i- Antonine Plague , kanye nezinguquko zenkolo kwaba nomthelela omkhulu. Inganekwane ithi uMark Antony wakhokhela uCleopatra ngamavolumu avela ePergamon. Ekugcineni, ukunqotshwa kwama-Arabhu kwekhulu lesi-7 kuthiwa kwaletha isishayo sokugcina, yize ukulandelana okuqondile kusalokhu kufihliwe.

I-Alexandria iyindaba yamaphupho nezingxoxo. UBorges wayephupha ngayo impilo yakhe yonke; u-Umberto Eco wayenza yaba yindawo yezimfihlakalo zezincwadi; kanti, okwamanje, isifiso sokwazi ukuthi yini elahlekile simane sakhulisa ukukhanga kwayo.

INineve kanye neLabhulali yase-Ashurbanipal

Enhloko-dolobha yase-Asiriya, iNineve, kwaqoqwa enye yamaqoqo angavamile kakhulu emhlabeni wasendulo. INkosi u -Ashurbanipal yayala ukuba kwandiswe indawo yokugcina izibhebhe zobumba, ekugcineni kwaqoqwa izingcezu ze-cuneiform ezingaphezu kuka-22.000 ngohlelo lolimi, inkolo, umlingo, isayensi, umlando, kanye nezincwadi. Phakathi kwazo kugqama i -Epic kaGilgamesh kanye nezindaba ezidumile ezifana neyomuntu "ompofu waseNippur."

Lapho iNineve liwa phansi komuzi ngo-612 BC, umtapo wolwazi wabhidlika. Ngokumangalisayo, umlilo washisa amanye amathebulethi, okwenza kwaba lula ukulondolozwa kwawo kancane. Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, ukumba kwavula ifasitela eliyigugu empucukweni yaseMesopotamiya , kwabuyisela amazwi okwakucatshangwa ukuthi abengakhulumi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane.

Umtapo wezincwadi waseConstantinople

Enhliziyweni yoMbuso WaseByzantine, kwakukhona indlu yokufunda amakhulu eminyaka, isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwe-Antiquity ne-Middle Ages . Yasungulwa nguConstantius II, yasungula indawo yokukopisha imisebenzi yesiGreki ku-parchment njengoba i-papyrus yonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi walaba bakopishi, izincwadi eziningi zakudala zisindile kuze kube namuhla.

Noma kunjalo, umtapo wolwazi washa futhi waphangwa. IMpi Yenkolo Yesine (1204) yabhubhisa ingcebo, futhi ukuwa komuzi ngo-1453 kwahlakaza okwakusele. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi iqoqo lawo kungenzeka ukuthi lalingaphezu kwezincwadi eziyi-100.000 ngesikhathi salo esiphezulu, inani elikhulu kakhulu ngesikhathi salo.

IPergamoni, imbangi yamaGreki

E-Asia Minor, iPhergamon yaqala ukuncintisana ubuso nobuso ne-Alexandria. Ngaphansi kuka-Attalus I no -Eumenes II , yaqoqa iqoqo elalidumile ngenxa yobuciko bayo bokubhala kanye nefilosofi, lafinyelela cishe imiqulu engu-200.000 , kanye ne-parchment (i-pergamenum) njengento eyinhloko yokubhala. Udumo lwayo lwakhuthaza isikole sokucabanga, ikakhulukazi ezifundweni zohlelo lolimi kanye nezamaStoyiki.

Isiko lithi uMark Antony wapha uCleopatra ingxenye yePhergamon ngemva kokubhujiswa kwe-Alexandria, indaba ethakazelisayo njengoba kuxoxwa ngayo. Okuqinisekile ukuthi, ngenxa yezizathu zezombusazwe kanye nezimpi, ukukhanya kwePhergamon kwanyamalala kancane kancane phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

Ulpia, kuTrajan's Forum

IRoma kaTrajan yakha enye yemitapo yolwazi eyayithandwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo, i- Ulpia , enamahholo amabili afanayo: elilodwa lemibhalo yesiLatini kanti elinye lesiGreki. Imithetho, amarekhodi, kanye nemisebenzi yezincwadi kwakubhekwana nayo lapho. Ingobo yomlando yomphakathi yayidlula imiqulu engu-20.000 futhi yaqhubeka isebenza ngisho nasezikhathini zesiyaluyalu, kwaze kwaba yilapho uMbuso WaseRoma uwela.

Nalanda, inyuvesi enkulu yamaBuddha

ENdiya, iNalanda monastery-yunivesithi yayiyisibani esikhulu sezemfundo sase-Asia amakhulu eminyaka. Umtapo wayo wawugcina amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemibhalo ngefilosofi, imithi, izinkanyezi, ubuciko, nezilimi. Ngo-1193, ukuhlasela kwabahlaseli baseTurkey kwayibhubhisa; kuthiwa izindawo zokugcina imibhalo yesandla zasha izinyanga , uphawu lokushaywa okungenakulungiswa ezweni lamaBuddha.

Amakhodi wamaMaya

Ukuthathwa kweMesoamerica yiYurophu kwaholela ekubhujisweni okuhleliwe kwama-codex amaMaya . Kusele amane kuphela, okushiya izikhala ezinkulu ekuqondeni kwethu isayensi yawo, inkolo, nomlando. I-codex ngayinye elahlekile yasuswa, ngesikhathi esisodwa, amakhulu eminyaka okubukwa kwezinkanyezi kanye nendlela yokuqonda umhlaba.

Indlu Yokuhlakanipha kanye neBaghdad

Ngo-1258, ukuthunjwa kwamaMongol aseBaghdad kwahlasela iNdlu Yokuhlakanipha edumile , lapho imibhalo emikhulu yesiGreki, yasePheresiya, neyaseNdiya yayihunyushwe futhi yabhalwa khona. Isithombe semifula emnyama ngoyinki sesiyinto evamile, kodwa sibamba kahle umuzwa wolwandle lolwazi oluphuma emahoreni ambalwa.

Ekhulwini lama-21, izwe laphinde lakhala izincwadi zalo. Ngo-2003, ngesikhathi sokuhlasela i-Iraq, iNational Library kanye ne-Archives kwashiswa futhi kwaphangwa: cishe imisebenzi eyisigidi yanyamalala. Amamephu, imibhalo yesandla, yonke imibhalo yesandla; namuhla, kuyaqhubeka imizamo yokwakha kabusha nokwenza kube yidijithali lokho okungase kusindiswe.

Ubusuku baseSarajevo

Ngobusuku buka- Agasti 25-26, 1992 , izikhali zaseSerbia zaseBosnia zashisa umtapo wezincwadi waseSarajevo. Izigidi zamakhasi zashiswa amalangabi njengoba ababhali bemilando abanjengo-Arturo Pérez-Reverte bechaza ukungabi namandla lapho bebhekene nokubhujiswa kwenkumbulo . Izakhamuzi eziningi zakha izintambo zabantu ukuze zisindise lokho ezazingakwenza, kodwa lesi sibhicongo sasibhubhisa kakhulu futhi sihlose ukususa uphawu lokuhlala ndawonye.

Njengoba umthwebuli wezithombe uGervasio Sánchez esikhumbuze, ezimpini zombango, abashisekeli benkolo balandela " amabhuloho okuhlalisana ." Futhi zimbalwa izinto ezixhumanisa idolobha nesikhathi salo esidlule kunengobo yomlando yalo enkulu yamagama.

I-National Library yasePeru

Umlando weNational Library yasePeru uchungechunge lwamanxeba. Ngo-1823-1824, ngesikhathi seMpi Yokuzimela, yayihlalwa amabutho aseSpain ashisa futhi afihla amaqoqo ayo ukuze awavimbele ukuthi awele ezandleni zezwe. Ngo-1881, ngesikhathi seMpi yasePacific, amabutho aseChile ayiphanga futhi ayishisa. Futhi ngo-1943, umlilo obhubhisayo waphinde wabhubhisa lesi sikhungo. Noma kunjalo, siphinde sazalwa kabusha kaninginingi.

I-Madrasa yaseGranada

Yasungulwa ngo-1349 nguYusuf I, iMadrasa kwakuyiyona kuphela inyuvesi yomphakathi e-Al-Andalus lapho ingxenye yesakhiwo isindile khona. Cishe ngo-1499, ezigabeni zokugcina zeReconquista, amabutho kaCardinal Cisneros ahlasela umtapo wawo wezincwadi; izincwadi zayiswa eBib-Rambla Square futhi zashiswa obala . Isenzo esingenakuphikwa sokuqhekeka kwamasiko.

U-Hanlin Yuan, umcebo waseChina

Ngesikhathi seMpi Yokuvukela Kwama-Boxer (1900), iHanlin Yuan Library eBeijing yashaqeka kakhulu. Izinkulungwane zezincwadi, ezazineminyaka ethile, zalahleka. Ezinye izincwadi zavela kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emaqoqweni akwamanye amazwe, kodwa inxeba elifeni lezincwadi laseShayina lisavuliwe.

Institut für Sexualwissenschaft Berlin

Ngo-1933, amaNazi aphanga lesi sikhungo esasungulwa nguMagnus Hirschfeld , iphayona ezifundweni zobulili nobulili. Umtapo wolwazi waso kanye nezingobo zomlando kwashiswa, futhi amarekhodi asetshenziswa ukushushisa izinkulungwane zabantu. Indawo lapho amabutho ezempi ephonsa izincwadi emlilweni ingenye yezithombe ezimnyama kakhulu zekhulu lama-20.

Umtapo wezincwadi weDuchess Anne Amalia

Ngo-2004, umlilo owenzeka ngengozi wabhubhisa ingxenye yoMtapo Wezincwadi waseWeimar, igugu lobuciko baseJalimane. Nakuba ungowesimanje kakhulu kunabanye abakulolu hlu, inhlekelele yawo yasebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi ngisho nasezinhlelweni ezithuthukile, ubuthakathaka buyaqhubeka futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo ekulondolozweni nasekuvinjweni kubalulekile.

I-Library of Congress yase-United States

Empini phakathi kweNgilandi nesizwe saseMelika esisha , uMlilo Omkhulu wango-1814 wafika eWashington, D.C., kanti iLabhulali yeCongress yabhujiswa kakhulu. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ukuthengwa komtapo wolwazi nguThomas Jefferson kwavumela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesikhungo.

I-Herculaneum kanye ne-carbonized papyri

Ukuqhuma kweVesuvius ngo-79 AD kwangcwaba iPompeii neHerculaneum, kodwa endlini ekwesibili, kwatholakala ama-papyri ashisiwe atholakala ukuthi isayensi yanamuhla isiqala ukuwaqonda kusetshenziswa amasu okuthwebula izithombe. Akuyona ilabhulali yomphakathi evamile, kodwa kuyisimangaliso esincane sokusinda phakathi komlotha nokuthula.

Umtapo Wezincwadi Olahlekile we-Ivan the Terrible

Inganekwane ithi u-Ivan III, umkhulu ka -Ivan IV , waqoqa imibhalo yesandla yaseByzantine lapho eshada noSophia Palaiologina, nokuthi leli qoqo layiswa eMoscow kamuva. Umvubukuli u-Ignatius Stelletskii wachitha ingxenye yempilo yakhe efuna lo mtapo wolwazi, emba ngaphansi kweKremlin , kodwa yena noPeter Omkhulu ababengaphambi kwakhe, noma izithunywa zaseVatican, abazange bathole mkhondo wawo. Kwakukhona ukukhuluma ngoDyakovo no-Alexandrov; kuze kube namuhla, kuseyimfihlakalo enamandla.

Indawo eyimfihlo ye-Mont Sainte-Odile

E-Alsace, imfihlakalo yesimanje yadida wonke umuntu lapho imibhalo iqala ukunyamalala emtatsheni wezincwadi zezindela. Umsolwa, uStanislas Gosse , wasebenzisa indlela eyimfihlo ukungena engabonwa. Kwakungekho mlilo omkhulu, kodwa kwakukhona isifundo: ngisho nangezikhathi zama-alamu nezingidi, ubuhlakani buthola indlela yokuzigwema.

Umtapo wolwazi ka-Himmler

Umholi wamaNazi uHeinrich Himmler, owayethanda kakhulu imilingo, waqoqa iqoqo lobuthakathi kanye nobuqambi , ingxenye yalo eyaphelela ePrague. Okubaluleke kakhulu kunokubaluleka kwayo kwezemfundo uphawu: amandla asebenzisa izincwadi ukuze athethelele ukushushiswa kanye nokuphakama kwemibono.

I-Aristotle kanye neLyceum

E-Athene, u-Aristotle wasungula lokho okubhekwa njengomtapo wolwazi wokuqala omkhulu wangasese eYurophu, eLyceum. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umfundi wakhe uTheophrastus wathola leli qoqo, elasakazwa kamuva . Isiphetho sokugcina semibhalo eminingi yesandla asicaci; isiko likholelwa ukuthi eminye imibhalo yahlala ifihliwe iminyaka eyikhulu, nokuthi kwakuseRoma, ngenxa yemizamo kaCicero , lapho yagcina ivele khona.

U-Petrarch noCharles V baseFrance

Imbongi uPetrarch waqoqa iqoqo elimangalisayo ngenhloso yokulinikela eVenice; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imiqulu eminingi yalahleka noma yahlakazeka , yize eminye igcinwe eFrance. UCharles V waseFrance , yena, waqoqa imibhalo yesandla engu-917: ekufeni kwakhe, ukudluliselwa kanye nokuthengiswa kwaholela ekusakazweni kwezingcezu eziyingqayizivele.

ICorviniana yaseHungary

INkosi uMathias Corvinus yasungula umtapo wolwazi olusekelwe kubantu eHungary, onezincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-2.000 ezihlanganisiwe kahle. Ngemva kokunqotshwa eMohács ngo-1526, iqoqo laphangwa; namuhla, sekutholakale amakhulu ambalwa kuphela ezincwadi. Ezinye zanyamalala phakathi kwezimpi, ukuthengiswa kanye nokuphangwa.

I-Occupy Wall Street kanye nomtapo wolwazi wothukuthele

Ngo-2011, inhlangano i-Occupy Wall Street yasungula umtapo wolwazi womphakathi owaqoqa izincwadi ezingaba ngu-12.000 ezanikelwa ngabafundi nababhali. Ukuxoshwa kwekamu kwaholela ekubhujisweni kweqoqo elikhulu; kwasinda izincwadi ezingamakhulu ambalwa kuphela , okuyisikhumbuzo esibuthakathaka sesikhathi sezombusazwe esinzima.

Ukulahlekelwa kweMpi Yombango YaseSpain

ESpain, impi yacekela phansi amashalofu ezincwadi azimele nawomphakathi. Imitapo yolwazi kaPío Baroja, uJuan Chabás, noPedro Salinas , phakathi kwabanye, yabhujiswa. Imbongi uVicente Aleixandre, owayegula, wabuyela ekhaya noMiguel Hernández enqoleni yezithelo ukuyohlola ukuthi umtapo wakhe wolwazi wawusindile yini. Akukho lutho olwalusele ngaphandle kwenqwaba yomlotha.

Ababhali nemitapo yolwazi ecatshangelwayo

Ukuthakaselwa yimitapo yolwazi elahlekile kungene ezincwadini. UBorges waphupha nge-Alexandria kanye neThala Lezincwadi LaseBabele elingenamkhawulo; U-Umberto Eco wadlala ngezimfihlakalo zezincwadi; UJules Verne wanikeza uKaputeni uNemo iqoqo lakhe; UJ.K. Rowling wacabanga ngamashalofu ezincwadi anomlingo; kanti uCarlos Ruiz Zafón wabiza ngokuthi "iThuna Lezincwadi Ezikhohliwe." Inganekwane ibilokhu iyisiphephelo lapho okungabuyiselwa khona.

Icala lomtapo wezincwadi waseConstantinople ngokwesiko

Uma sibuyela eByzantium, enye inkolelo-mbono ithi ngaphambi kokuwa kwayo, imiqulu ebalulekile yashiya idolobha yaya eNtshonalanga. Le nganekwane iyixhumanisa nomtapo wolwazi ka-Ivan the Terrible kanye nomqondo wezandla eziyimfihlo ezasindisa izingcezu zase-Alexandria. Phakathi komlando nenganekwane, okusaqhubeka yisifiso sokukholelwa ukuthi akuzona zonke izinto ezishile.

Ngale kwenganekwane: izibalo, izinto zokwakha kanye nohwebo

Uma sikhuluma ngamavolumu angu-400.000, 700.000, noma angu-100.000 ukusebenzisa izibalo eziphikiswana ngazo . Esikwaziyo ukuthi ukuhleleka—amakhathalogi afana nelikaCallimachus — kwakuyisihluthulelo, nokuthi ukushintsha kusuka ku-papyrus kuya ku-parchment kwasindisa izinkulungwane zemisebenzi eyayizobhujiswa. Ababhali, labo basebenzi abangaziwa ku-scriptoria, bagcina imibhalo iphila amakhulu eminyaka.

Amalabhulali asifundisa okuningi ngalokho abakulondolozayo nalokho abakulahlekelwayo. Ukuhlola okuqaphayo, imililo eshiswa ngabashisekeli noma abahlaseli , kanye nokunganakwa nje kwembula iphethini: lapho umphakathi ubheka ngakolunye uhlangothi, umlilo uyasakazeka. Yingakho yonke icebo lokulondoloza kanye nayo yonke insindiso yedijithali kubalulekile.

Akunakugwenywa ukubuza ukuthi kukhona yini esikufundile. Siyabona ukuthi asikufundanga. Amanye amalabhulali anezinhlelo nezinqubo zokuphepha emlilweni eziyisibonelo, kanti amanye antula ngisho nezidingo eziyisisekelo. Ikusasa lefa lethu lincike kwisabelomali, ubuchwepheshe, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izakhamuzi eziqondayo ukuthi umtapo wolwazi oshisiwe uyingxenye ehlukanisiwe yobuntu bethu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuse-Alexandria, eNineve, noma e-New York plaza, umyalezo uyafana: njalo lapho ishalofu lisha noma lihlakazeka, umhlaba uba mpofu kancane futhi inkumbulo yawo iyafinyela . Mhlawumbe yingakho lezi zindaba zisithinta ngokujulile: ngoba zisiveza, singahlungiwe, njengohlobo olukhohlwayo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengohlobo olunamathela ngenkani ekukhumbuleni.