Imakethe yeCaliphate Cordoba: ama-souks, ukuhweba kanye nefa eliphilayo

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E-Córdoba, igama elithi market selisho, isikhathi esingaphezu kwenkulungwane yeminyaka, lisho okungaphezu kwendawo yokuthenga nokudayisa. Edolobheni le-Caliphate, ama-souks ayeyinhliziyo yezomnotho, yezenhlalakahle, nezamasiko.Futhi namuhla, lokho kushaya kwenhliziyo kuvuselelwa ngezehlakalo ezinetimu eziguqula usebe lwe-Guadalquivir lube yisiteji somlando esihle. Lesi sihloko sikuqondisa kulowo mhlaba wama-souks nezohwebo, inhlangano yawo kanye nezindawo zamangcweti, kanye nendlela leyo nkumbulo esasebenza ngayo edolobheni.

Kude nezithombe zama-knights nezinkemba esivame ukuzihlanganisa neNkathi Ephakathi, I-Cordoba ye-Caliphate Yagqama ngokuxuba kwayo amasiko namandla ayo okuhwebaLeyo modeli yasemadolobheni, enemigwaqo ewumngcingo, izindawo zokugeza, izindawo zokukhulekela zamaSulumane nezikwele ezijabulisayo, yahlanganisa uxhaxha lwezimakethe nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla okwenza inhloko-dolobha yase-Umayyad yaba uphawu oluqhathaniswa neBaghdad. Futhi namuhla, njalo ngoMasingana, imakethe enetimu ikhumbula lobo bukhazikhazi ngama-parade, ama-artisan, umculo, i-gastronomy, kanye nokuvuma ngekhanda njalo emlandweni wendawo.

I-Caliphate Cordoba: amandla, imali nezimpahla

Ngo-929, u-Abderramán III wazibiza nge-caliph futhi wabeka u-al-Andalus esigabeni sokuqala samandla ekhulu le-10. Umnotho waseCordoba waqina futhi uhwebo lwangaphandle lwaba lubalulekilengaphandle kokudebeselela ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya okuchumayo emasimini amawolintshi amakhulu eningizimu, umoba kanye nemithombo yezimayini yethusi, insimbi, isiliva negolide.

Imikhiqizo edume kakhulu enhlonhlweni yabe isiqhamuka ezindaweni zokucobelelana ngolwazi nezinkambu: E-Almería, kwakulukwe usilika omuhle kakhulu.IMalaga yanikela ngelineni elingenakuqhathaniswa, iValencia yahlinzeka ngesafroni ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni owaziwayo, futhi iZaragoza yaxhaphaza imayini kasawoti enkulu kunazo zonke e-al-Andalus.

Ezingeni lemali, ingqopha-mlando yenzeka ngokuphinda kwethulwe kabusha i-dinar yegolide ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amabili ngaphandle kokwenziwa kwayo ohlangothini lwe-Umayyad. Lawa ma-dinar, abekelwe izinkokhelo ezinkulu nezipho zobunxusa, afanekisela inkathi yokunethezeka.kusekelwa inqubomgomo yezomnotho ekwazi ukudambisa izinkinga zokuhlinzeka ngenxa yezinqolobane: izinqolobane ezinkulu eziqinile ezilinganisa amanani kanye nokusanhlamvu okuqinisekisiwe.

Imilando ikhumbula isomiso sango-935-936, esanqoba ngaphandle kwendlala ngenxa yaleso simiso, ngenkathi uhlelo lwentela luhlala lusebenza ngezintela ezifana ne-sadaqa ne-jizyaeyayikhuluma ngezombangazwe nezenkolo zomphakathi wase-Andalusia. Lowo mfutho, uqhutshekwe ngu-al-Hakam II kanye nondunankulu u-Almanzor ngesikhathi sika-Hisham II, ukhuthaze ukwanda kwamadolobha kanye nemephu ye-mercantile eyinkimbinkimbi.

I-Souks, isitolo semakethe kanye nebhodi elikhulu lezohwebo

I-souk, i-nucleus yezohwebo zasemadolobheni yamaSulumane, yayilawulwa yisibalo se-almotacén noma inkosi ye-souk. E-Cordoba, izimakethe zasakazwa emigwaqweni ebanzi nasezigcawini, ngokuvamile eduze kwama-mosque namabhavu.Futhi imivubukulo yayo ayitholakali ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo eziningi zazishabalala: izitebele, izindawo zokusebenzela zokubaza, izimakethe ezivulekile.

Ngaphezu kwama-souks angomakhelwane ahlelwa ngabahwebi—abakhi bezihlalo, abaqholi, ababazi, abagqoki—, I-Zoco Grande yagqama, isebenza ngekhulu le-10 entshonalanga ye-Alcázar.Kwadayiswa khona ukudla, izindwangu, nezimpahla zikanokusho kwaze kwaqubuka umlilo ngo-936 wacekela phansi kakhulu indawo, nokunyamalala kwayo kwaqinisekiswa ku-fitna ka-1009-1010, ngesikhathi iphangiwe yashiswa.

Okubizwa ngokuthi izimakethe zothuli, ezisebenza ngemfuyo nemikhiqizo yezolimo, Ngokuvamile zazitholakala ngaphandle kwezindonga zedolobha, ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinomthamo owaneleKusuka kubo kwafika edolobheni ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwezilwane, okusanhlamvu kanye nempahla ukuze kuhlinzekelwe inani labantu imithombo elilinganisela ukuthi lifinyelele izibalo zokuvelela kakhulu cishe ngonyaka we-1000.

Ngesikhathi se-Almohad, ukugxila kwezohwebo kushintshele empumalanga yeMosque, Futhi ngemva kokunqotshwa kwamaCastilian, kwabhalwa imakethe ethengisa izinto zikanokusho. -izilikhi, amatshe ayigugu - emkhakheni ongagcina igama elidumile lezinhlangano zawo amakhulu eminyaka. Lezi zindlela zokuzilibazisa, eziphila emigwaqweni nasezikweleni kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19, zikhuluma ngesisindo sohwebo kwinkumbulo yasemadolobheni.

Ukuthenga, ukuhambahamba nokuxoxisana: impilo yansuku zonke ye-souk

Ukuya emakethe kwakuyisenzo sansuku zonke esasivame ukwenziwa ngezinyawo noma ngembongolo. Imigwaqo emincane namabhentshi okwakubekwe kuwo ukudla nemisebenzi yezandla kwenza kube nzima ngezinqola namahhashi ukudlula.Ngakho-ke izinto ezihamba phambili kwakuwukuhamba ngaphandle kwezikhwama eziningi futhi unake izimemezelo.

Ukuthutheleka kungase kube nzima. Kakhulu kangangokuthi ngo-972, U-al-Hakam II uyalele ukunwetshwa komgwaqo omkhulu we-souk, obugcwele izitolo zendwangu nezitolo zezidakamizwa., ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ezingase zithiye ukuhamba kwezimoto futhi zilimaze abathengisi namakhasimende.

Kwakukhona indawo yokusebenza ephawulwe kakhulu ngokusebenza nokuhlanzeka. Abadayisi, abangamaSulumane nabangamaKristu, babenezitolo zabo ngaseMfuleni iGuadalquivir.eduze kwezindawo zokushuga izikhumba, amadayi kanye nezihlalo zezihlalo. Lezi zimboni, nephunga lazo elinamandla namanzi amaningi, zazitholakala osebeni lomfula, nakuba izindawo zokusebenzela zaziba nezikhukhula nokukhukhuleka ngezikhathi ezithile.

Izinsizakalo ziphinde zalandela amaphethini anengqondo: Abashintshi bemali abangamaKristu namaJuda, kanye nabagundi bezinwele, babetholakala ezindlini eziseduze nezindawo zokugeza.lapho ukuhamba kwabantu kukhuthaze ukushintshaniswa njalo kwemali, izindaba, iseluleko esisheshayo, nokulungiswa kwezithombe.

Ngaphandle kwezindonga, kwavela amanye amasokisi, ikakhulukazi eduze kwamasango. Kulezo zindawo, ezinye izindawo zathatha amagama azo entendeni yezandla., okwenza kucace ukuthi omakhelwane babo babeziphilisa ngani nokuthi wawuyini umkhiqizo wenkanyezi wakuleyo ndawo.

Izindawo ze-Artisan: izikhumba, amasilika kanye nokunethezeka kwamazwe ngamazwe

INingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-medina, indawo eyingqopha-mlando yabaMenzi Besikhumba—rabad al-Raqqaqin— Wayekhethekile ekwenzeni amaphepha esikhumba omtapo omkhulu wase-Alcázar.Babedingeka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-bibliophile al-Hakam II. Kwakuwumsebenzi omuhle, obalulekile ekuphileni kobuhlakani bobuCaliphate.

Enyakatho cishe kwakunesigodi saseTiraceros—rabad al-tiraz—, iqanjwe ngeshabhu enkulu yasebukhosini iDar al-TirazLapho, amasilika kanokusho ayekhishelwa izicukuthwane kanye nenkantolo yase-Umayyad; kwakungelona ibhizinisi elizimele, kodwa umkhiqizi olawulwa amandla kanye nenkonzo yombuso.

Kusukela ekuseni kakhulu, iCórdoba yaba umphakeli wezimpahla zikanokusho zesifunda samazwe ngamazwe. Usilika, izikhumba ezinamathuluzi, ubucwebe kanye namazinyo endlovu asakazwa enhloko-dolobha enophawu lwekhwalithiAmazinyo endlovu, angeniswe ngobuningi avela e-Afrika, aqhubekisela phambili ama-workshops edolobheni naseMedina Azahara, lapho izikebhe, izifuba namabhokisi acolisisiwe aqoshwa ukuze kugcinwe ubucwebe namakha empepho, i-musk, i-amber noma i-civet.

Lo mfutho okhiqizayo nowohwebo awugcinanga ngokucebisa ukuphatha kwe-caliphal. Abathengisi abacebile nezingcweti ekugcineni bakha i-oligarchy yasemadolobheni, ngamandla ezomnotho nodumo, okubonisa ukuchuma kweCordoba ngonyaka we-1000.

Ngaphambili kwezindlu, ukukhula kwakubonakala ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga, phakathi kwedolobha nesigodlo saseMedina Azaharalapho kwakhiwa khona zonke izindawo ukuze kuhlaliswe abantu abaningi. Lokhu kugxuma kwedolobha kuphinde kwasiza nezindawo ezintsha zokuhlala, amathaveni, nezindawo zokulala zabathengisi.

Ama-warehouses, logistics kanye nezindawo zokuhweba

Inethiwekhi ye-alhóndigas—izindlu zokulala zokuhweba—, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezindonga zedolobha, Yayivumela abahwebi ukuthi baphumule, bagcine isitoko, futhi bavale amadili. ngokuqiniseka okulinganiselwe. Inqolobane yenkathi ye-Caliphate isanda kubhalwa ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga kusukela ngekhulu le-10, ubufakazi obuphathekayo baleyo ngqalasizinda.

Ukuze uqonde inkimbinkimbi yosuku lwemakethe, kuyasiza ukucabanga ngaso sonke isithombe: abahloli abengamele izisindo, izilinganiso kanye nekhwalithi; indawo yabahlabeleli osebeni lomfula; izingcweti eziqoqwe ngemigwaqo; amasowu ezilwane ngaphandle kodonga; kanye nesikwele esikhulu sezentengiselwano esiphithizelayo ngezinto ezintsha ezivela kulo lonke elaseMedithera.

Le nqubo yemvelo yasekelwa abaphathi abatshale imali edolobheni ukuze bathole ukwesekwa. Ngaphansi kwe-Almanzor, isamba esikhulu sachithwa emisebenzini yomphakathi nasekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha., okuhlanganisa ukunwetshwa kwe-Great Mosque kanye nezenzo ezenza impilo yezomnotho ibe lula.

Ukuthembela kwelinye phakathi kwamandla, intela, imisebenzi yomphakathi, nohwebo kwakuphelele. Ngaphandle kokuphepha, imithetho, kanye nezindlela ezicacile, imakethe ibingeke ifinyelele esikalini eyasizuzile.Leso ngesinye sezifundo ezicace kakhulu ezinikezwa yimithombo ebhaliwe kanye nokutholwe ngemivubukulo.

Imakethe enetimu yanamuhla: uhlelo, izindawo nemisebenzi

Idolobha livuselela leyo nkumbulo njalo ngoJanuwari ngemakethe enkulu enetimu osebeni lomfula iGuadalquivir. eduze kweCalahorra Tower, iBhuloho laseRoma kanye neMiraflores ParkUmcimbi uphawula ukuqala kwemikhosi yonyaka futhi uyintandokazi kuma-artisan, izinkampani zeshashalazi, nemindeni.

Inhlangano ibeka imakethe ezindaweni ezifana ne-Miraflores Park, José Luis Villegas Street, indawo engemuva, i-Mira al Río Sidewalk, i-Rocío Gardens kanye ne-Fray Albino Avenue. Kudalwe izindawo ezinetimu ezintathu: ubuKristu, isi-Arabhu, nesiHebheru.namakamu okufundisa avulwa ekuseni nantambama, anikeze izinkulumo, imibukiso yempi, ama-salute, imidlalo yezingane nokunye.

Impelasonto iqala ngombukiso wokuvula emini, okulandelwa amanye ama-parade ezinsukwini ezilandelayoUmculo wezigubhu nama-bagpipes, umdanso—onezimpande zasendulo nezasempumalanga—nemibukiso ye-falconry ibeka ithoni yomcimbi lowo, kuye ngohlelo, obonise imisebenzi engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.

Ohlangothini lwezobuciko, ukubamba iqhaza kwezinkampani ezine zeshashalazi zasemgwaqweni kanye nezinkampani zomdanso eziyisikhombisa kuvamile. Ubusuku ngabunye ikhonsathi yomgwaqo ivamise ukuhlelwa ngokuvuma ngekhanda ku-Abderramán IIIFuthi upopayi uqiniswa ngezinhlelo ezihambayo kanye nendawo ethulile eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze kube lula ukufakwa kwabantu abane ASD.

Eceleni kwezigaba, imakethe isingatha abantu abangaba ngu-150 nabakhangisi, kufaka phakathi okuthunyelwe okuvela ePortugal, Hungary noma Czech Republic Kwezinye izinhlelo, imisebenzi yezandla-i-ceramics, isikhumba, ubucwebe, izindwangu eziphefumulelwe zase-Andalusi-zihlanganiswa nezikhala ze-gastronomic kanye nokunambitha. Kukhona nemibukiso enetimu (izikhali zakudala, i-falconry, utshani be-esparto, imisebenzi yezandla yesintu), imincintiswano—ukudweba kwezingane, ukuboniswa kwamafasitela, imihlobiso kuvulandi, umhlangano wezithombe—nendawo enemidlalo elungiselelwe izingane ezingaboni kahle nezingezwa.

Umkhosi, obugujwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka, uguqule ingqikithi yawo ukuze ugweme ukuphindaphinda: Bekukhona izinhlelo zenkathi ephakathi, iMakethe YaseRoma, umcimbi we-Three Cultures, iMakethe yeRenaissance, kanye neMakethe yase-Iberia-yamaRoma.Kwezinye izikhathi, ugqozi luvela kwezothando zasendulo ezixhumene nedolobha. Njengamanje, isiphakamiso sase-Andalusi esivela ku-Umayyad Caliphate yekhulu le-10 sesizuze ukuvelela.

Amashejuli, ama-parade nezinkonzo ezingokoqobo

Amahora okuvula ngokuvamile ayanyakaziswa, kuvulwa ngoLwesihlanu emini kanye nezinsuku ezigcwele ngoMgqibelo nangeSonto. ezindaweni ezibanzi ezidlulela ebusukuAmakamu obuKristu nama-Arab avuliwe ekuseni nantambama, futhi umbukiso we-falconry ushintsha phakathi kuka-11 no-15 futhi usuka ku-17 uye ku-20.

Mayelana nama-parade emgwaqeni, Ukuhamba emini kwasemini endaweni ezungeze i-Arc de Triomphe sekutholakeleNgokugingqika kwezigubhu, imibhobho, namaqembu ahamba ebheke ekwehleni kombhoshongo waseCalahorra kanye nosebe lomfula. Kwezinye izinsuku, udwendwe luqale ePlaza de las Tendillas noma iCapitulares, luwela iCorredera kanye nePotro lubheke emakethe.

Kulabo abafika ngemoto, i-logistics ilula: Kunezindawo zokupaka ezizimele eduze—La Mezquita, La Ribera kanye ne-Centro Histórico—Ngaphezu kokupaka mahhala, okunesikhathi esinqunyelwe kwezokuphatha ngezimpelasonto, le ndawo iphinde ibe nendawo elungele izilwane ezifuywayo enemithombo yamanzi nemibhede yezilwane ezifuywayo.

Imakethe iyibhizinisi eliphilayo nelisezingeni eliphezulu. Omakadebona bezandla babuya minyaka yonke nezinto ezintshaAbasebenzi bezindawo zokudlela balungisa amamenyu anetimu, futhi abadlali basemgwaqweni bengeza izigcawu endaweni yokuvakasha. Kukhona futhi ukuvuma ngekhanda ukuhlakanipha kwesintu sase-Cordoban, njengesisho esidumile sasendulo mayelana nomlingiswa wendawo, manje esidluliswa phakathi kwezitolo njenge-anecdote ehlonishwa isikhathi.

Izinkampani eziningana ziye zahola inhlangano yayo phakathi neminyaka edlule, amaphayona ezenzweni zomlando. Uhlelo lwamanje lubandakanya imvume eqinisekisa isilungiselelo sesi-AndalusianFuthi esikhathini esidlule, abanye abagqugquzeli base bevele baguqule usebe lomfula lwaba umbukiso wobuciko, imisebenzi yezandla, nezinambitheka.

Izimakethe zokudla: ifa elingashabalali

I-pulse yezohwebo ye-Cordoba yandulela futhi yadlula i-Caliphate. Ngezikhathi zamaRoma, i-macella yakhiwa, izakhiwo ezimboziwe zenyama, izinhlanzi, izinongo nemifinoEseTorreparedones, eduze kwaseBaena, ingesinye sezibonelo zamaHispanic ezithakazelisa kakhulu, esinegceke elimaphakathi nezitolo—itabernae—esizungezile, indlalifa ye-agoras yamaGreki.

Izinsalela ezitholakala lapho zihlanganisa izinhlanzi eziningi, ezaziswa kakhulu amaRoma ngokusho kukaPlautus noma iSeneca, ngaphezu kwezilwane zasemhlabeni njengezimvu nezinkomoLelo siko lezimakethe ezimboziwe lavela ezikhathini zamaVisigothic nama-Arab ukuya ezinhlotsheni ezixubile zezakhiwo nezitolo zemigwaqo, lapho ama-Andalusian souks agqama kakhulu.

Ngemva kokunqoba kwamaKristu, izimakethe zalondoloza umoya wazo wasemgwaqweni amakhulu eminyaka. kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-19 lapho utshalomali lwenziwa ezikweleni ezivalekile ezihlanzekile nezinethezekileIcala eliyizifanekiselo yimakethe esePlaza de la Corredera, eyavulwa ngo-1896 enesakhiwo sensimbi ngesitayela saseFrance, esasinda kwaze kwaba seminyakeni yamashumi amahlanu.

Leso sakhiwo sabhidlizwa ukuze kubuyiselwe ukubukeka kwasekuqaleni kwesikwele kanye Imakethe yathuthelwa ngaphansi komhlaba. —phakathi nomsebenzi wawo wokwakha kwavubukulwa imifanekiso emikhulu yamaRoma—futhi kamuva yathuthelwa endaweni okuyo manje, esakhiweni sangekhulu le-16 esasisebenza njengejele nehholo ledolobha. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ixhaswe yimakethe yasemgwaqweni eCorredera uqobo nasePlaza de las Cañas.

Ngesikhathi sombuso kaFranco, phakathi kweminyaka yamashumi amahlanu namashumi ayisithupha, inethiwekhi kamasipala yathatha igxathu elikhulu lokugcina. Izindawo ezinjengeMarrubial Market—La Mosca—, eyavulwa ngo-1963, zazalwa noma zahlanganiswa.EseMkhakheni waseNingizimu ePlaza del Mediodía, oseHuerta de la Reina—eyathuthwa ngo-2010—, oseNaranjo noma oseCiudad Jardín. Ezinye zawa eceleni kwendlela, njengaleyo ese-Alcázar, eyavalwa ngo-2006 futhi namuhla ihlose ukuguqulwa ibe isikhungo somphakathi.

Kwakuthengiwe ubani owayebuka, baphila kanjani abantu

Ukuze uthole umbono walowo mhlaba we-caliphal, kuyasiza ukubukeza, njenge-inventory, izigaba ezinkulu kanye nezindlela zabo zokulawula, ezichaza impumelelo yemakethe yaseCordoba:

• Izinto zokwakha kanye nempahla ekhiqiziwe: usilika waseDar al-Tiraz, izikhumba, amagugu, amazinyo endlovu aqoshiwe, amalineni avela eMalaga, isafroni yaseValencia, usawoti waseZaragoza, izithelo ezisawolintshi ezivela emathafeni aseningizimu.
• Izinkonzo nohweboAbashintshi bemali nabagundi bezinwele eduze nezindawo zokugeza, abadayisi osebeni lomfula, abadayi nabashuki lapho okwakunamanzi khona, nabakhi besikhumba nabadubuli ezindaweni ezikhethekile.
• Souk Authority: i-almotacén ephethe izisindo, izilinganiso kanye nekhwalithi, enemithetho ebekwe ezivumelwaneni ze-hisba ezasungula imikhuba emihle.
• Ingqalasizinda: izinqolobane zangaphakathi nangaphandle kwezindonga, izintuli zothuli lwemfuyo ngaphandle kwezindonga, izimbazo zinwetshiwe njengomgwaqo omkhulu we-souk ngemva kwe-oda lika-972.

Ukufundwa kanye nezinsiza zokuqhubeka nokufunda

Uma ungathanda ukuqhubekela phambili, kunezincwadi zereferensi ezisiza ukuhlanganisa izingcezu. Okuphawuleka kakhulu yizifundo zenkosi ye-souk, i-hisba, kanye ne-Andalusian commercial topography., kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemivubukulo yezindawo ezingaphansi kwedolobha nezakhiwo ezihlobene nohwebo.

• U-Chalmeta Gendrón, uPedro: INkosi yaseSouk eSpain. Inkathi Ephakathi Nesimanje.
• U-Chalmeta Gendrón, Pedro: Uhlelo nokufundwa kwe-Kitab fi adab al-hisba yase-al-Saqati.
• Clapés Salmoral, R.: Umsebenzi wezohwebo wase-Córdoba esikhathini se-Caliphate endaweni engasentshonalanga.
• U-Clément, F.: Izigaba zezenhlalakahle nezohwebo zasemadolobheni e-Muslim Spain.
• Jiménez Castillo, Navarro Palazón, Sánchez González: Ekubunjweni kwe-souk (Murcia).
• Torres Balbás, L.: Plazas, souks kanye nezitolo ze-Hispano-Muslim.
• Zanón, J.: I-Topography ye-Almohad Cordoba ngemithombo yama-Arab.

Ungakwazi futhi ukufinyelela insiza yolwazi eyengeziwe ngalesi sixhumanisi esiqondile. Ihlinzeka ngengqikithi yokufundisa nezibonelo ezisiza ukuhumusha imithombo.: Landa i-PDF.

Ukubuka izitebele zengcweti zemakethe enetimu namuhla noma ukuhamba eduze kwe-Corredera ngamehlo aqaphelayo kuvumela umuntu ukuthi aqonde kangcono intambo ehlanganisa okwedlule nesimanje. Lezo zindawo zenkathi ye-Caliphate zaziyisikole esikhulu sezohwebo sedolobha.Nezindawo ezikhethekile, izimboni zasebukhosini, izimali ezikhazimulayo kanye nabaphathi abaqaphele ukuhlinzeka; nokuthi amagugu, phakathi kwe-awnings, izibhengezo zasemgwaqweni namaphunga eziqholo, ayaqhubeka nokushaya e-Cordoba engakhohliwe ukuthi imakethe nayo iyisiko.