I-baguette, i-baguette noma i-baguette? Ukusetshenziswa okulungile kanye nelukuluku

Ikhaya » Isiko » I-Baguette, i-baguet noma i-baguette? Ukusetshenziswa okufanele kanye nezinto ezimangalisayo

NgesiSpanishi, umbuzo wokuthi kufanele kubhalwe i-baguete, i-baguet, noma i-baguette uvela kaningi emithonjeni yezindaba, ezindaweni zokubhaka, nasezingxoxweni zansuku zonke. Uma uqala ukubona, abantu abaningi basebenzisa igama lesiFulentshi njengoba linjalo, kodwa isipelingi esifanele kanye nokusetshenziswa okunconywayo olimini lwethu kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi kufanelekile ukuzazi kahle ukuze ugweme ukwenza iphutha lapho ukhuluma ngalelo sinkwa eside nesinoqweqwe esidumile.

Izikhungo eziqondisa ukusetshenziswa okufanele kolimi zithuthukise izincomo zazo: i-Gallicism ingashintshwa ngokwemvelo njenge-* baguete* noma * baguet *, futhi, uma igama lokuqala likhethwa, liyigama elivela kwelinye izwe eliqondile okufanele limakwe ngokombhalo ngokuya ngomongo. Kule migqa, sibuyekeza ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhethwayo, ukuthi ziphinyiselwa kanjani, ubuningi bazo obuvamile kanye nobulili, futhi, ngenkathi sisekuwo, sihlola umlando, izinhlobo, kanye namagama alesi sinkwa emazweni ahlukene.

I-baguette, i-baguette noma i-baguette? Izincomo zokulawula

Uhlelo lwesibili lwe-Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts lubonisa ukuthi igama lesiFulentshi elithi *baguette* lingashintshwa futhi kufanele lihunyushwe ngesiSpanishi njenge- *baguete * noma *baguet *, kuye ngokuthi liphinyiselwa kanjani: /bagéte/ noma /bagét/. Ngamanye amazwi, zombili izixazululo zibhekwa njengezisebenzayo futhi zemvelo olimini lwethu, kuyilapho igama elingashintshwanga libizwa ngokuthi igama langaphandle elingajwayelekile.

Ngokuqondene nenombolo, ubuningi buqondile: vele ungeze u--s wokugcina bese uqedile. Ngakho-ke, sizothi ama-baguette uma sikhetha ifomu elino--e, kanye nama-baguet uma sikhetha uhlobo olungenalo lolo vowel lokugcina. Azikho ezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezinconywayo ngesiSpanishi esijwayelekile.

Ngokuphathelene nobulili, ifomu lesifazane livame kakhulu , ngokuhambisana nobulili obuvela esiFulentshini. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo zesilisa nazo ziyasetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zendawo noma ezivamile. Uma ufuna ukuba sohlangothini oluphephile, inketho yesifazane ivame ukuba yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu: "una baguete," "la baguet," "estas baguetes."

Emaphephandabeni nasezikhangisweni, ubona izihloko ezithi "Ungayitholaphi i-baguette yendabuko engcono kakhulu yonyaka," "I-baguette ye-entrecote ene-sauce eyimfihlo namazambane," noma "Iya esitolo esikhulu ukuze uthole i-baguette engenayo i-gluten futhi uzomangala ngentengo." Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, bekuzohambisana kakhulu nezincomo zezemfundo ukubhala "i-baguete " noma "i-baguet ." Isibonelo: "Ungayitholaphi i-baguette yendabuko engcono kakhulu yonyaka" noma "Iya esitolo esikhulu ukuze uthole i -baguette engenayo i-gluten ."

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lesi simo siyavumelana emithonjeni emikhulu yokubhekisela: i-Fundéu Foundation (Fundación del Español Urgente), ngokubambisana neRoyal Spanish Academy (RAE), ibuyekeze iziqondiso zayo futhi yashicilela inguqulo ebuyekeziwe ethatha indawo yesincomo sika-2011 sokufaka ngokucacile uhlobo "lwe-baguet," oluvunyelwe uhlelo lwakamuva lwe-Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts (DPD). Lo mehluko ubalulekile kwabezindaba nababhali abafisa ukuvumelanisa isitayela sabo kanye nesipelingi nezindinganiso zamanje.

Ngamafuphi, uma ubhala ngesiSpanishi futhi kungekho mingcele yomkhiqizo noma yesitayela, kungcono ukhethe ukupela okulungisiwe: i-baguete noma i-baguet ; gcina i-baguette njengefomu langaphandle futhi, uma isetshenziswa, yiphathe kanjalo. Futhi, qaphela indlela yokubiza: /bagéte/ ye-baguete kanye ne-/bagét/ ye-baguet, ukuze ukupela kubonise ngokunembile ukuthi kuzwakala kanjani.

Umlando kanye ne-etymology yesinkwa esibizwa ngokuthi i-baguette

Igama lesiFulentshi elithi baguette alizange liqale ebhikawozi, kodwa laqala endaweni yezinto ezinde: ekuqaleni lalisho induku, induku, noma induku , futhi kusukela lapho lasetshenziswa, ngokwengeziwe, "isinkwa sesinkwa" lapho umuntu ethi baguette de pain . Leli gama lesiFulentshi, nalo, livela ku- bacchetta yesiNtaliyane , enencazelo efanayo eyisisekelo, futhi lihlobene ngokwesisho ne-"báculo" yesiSpanishi (induku).

Kuye ngesifunda esikhuluma isiFulentshi, isinkwa esikhuluma ngaso sibizwa ngamanye amagama. EFrance, ungase usizwe sibizwa ngokuthi i-baguette de Paris noma i-parisienne (eLorraine), kanti eBelgium naseQuebec, saziwa ngokuthi i-pain français . Lawa magama abonisa amasiko endawo, kodwa empeleni abhekisela esinkweni esifanayo eside, esincane esinaso sonke engqondweni.

I-baguette ejwayelekile ivame ukuba ngamasentimitha amahlanu noma ayisithupha ububanzi ngamasentimitha amathathu noma amane ukuphakama, ubude obuphezulu obungaba amasentimitha angu-85 kanye nesisindo esilinganiselwa kumagremu angu-250 . Imvuthuluka yayo eyingqayizivele enezimbobo zomoya eziningi ayiyona ingozi: itholakala ngokuxova nokubilisa okukhuthaza lawa "mabhamuza" omoya, abangela ukuthungwa okulula kanye noqweqwe oluncane noluqinile.

Empilweni yansuku zonke, ikwazi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Izingcezu ezincane ziwusizo kakhulu kumasangweji futhi zaziwa ngokuthi ama-demi-baguette ; e-United States, kukhona namagama angavamile njenge -tiers noma ama-laboyries . Uma isikiwe futhi ithosiwe, isakazwa ngama-pâtés noshizi; ekudleni kwasekuseni kwaseFrance okuvamile, ivulwa ngobude, isakazwe ngebhotela nejamu noma uju, bese ifakwa, ngaphandle kokungabaza, ezinkomishini zekhofi noma ushokoledi oshisayo.

Akuzona zonke "izinkwa ezinde" eFrance ezingama-baguette. Kunezinhlobo ezifanayo ezifana ne- flûte kanye ne- ficelle (encane), kanye nesinkwa esijiyile kancane esibizwa ngokuthi i-bâtard . Umthetho wokudla waseFrance uphinde ucacise ukuthi yini eyakha i -baguette yendabuko : kumele iqukathe amanzi kuphela, ufulawa kakolweni, imvubelo, isiqalo se-sourdough, kanye nosawoti. Uma kunezinye izithako ezengeziwe, umkhiqizo ophumayo kumele ubizwe ngokuthi okunye.

Umlando wobuchwepheshe walo mkhiqizo ubuyela emuva eVienna, lapho phakathi nekhulu le-19 ama-oven asebenzisa umusi ayevumela izinqubo zokubhaka ezaholela ekubeni nezingcezu eziqinile nezimpukane ezilula nezinomoya. Lokhu kugxuma kobuchwepheshe kwakubalulekile ohlotsheni lwesinkwa esisihlanganisa neFrance manje.

Ingqophamlando yomthetho nayo yaphawula ukukhuphuka kwayo. Ngo-Okthoba 1920, umthetho owavimbela ababhaki ukuthi baqale usuku lwabo lokusebenza ngaphambi kwehora lesine ekuseni wawusho ukuthi izinkwa ezinkulu zendabuko zazingakulungele ngesikhathi sokudla kwasekuseni. I -baguette , encane futhi esheshayo ukuyilungisa nokubhaka, ifanelana kahle nesigqi esisha sansuku zonke, yingakho yathandwa ngokushesha.

Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ngoSepthemba 13, 1993, uhulumeni waseFrance waqaphela ngokusemthethweni i -baguette de tradition ngencazelo esemthethweni eyayiyala ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zakudala . Lo mkhankaso waholwa isazi-mlando uSteven Kaplan, isazi-mlando emlandweni wesinkwa saseFrance sekhulu le-18, owakhuthaza ukubuyiselwa kwama-flavour nama-aroma avelele, ahlobene nemikhuba efana nokuvumela imvubelo ukuba ilale ubusuku bonke ukuze kutholakale i-crumb ekhilimu kanye nephrofayili yokunambitheka eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukusetshenziswa, okuhlukile namagama emazweni ahlukene

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-baguette neFrance—ikakhulukazi iParis—abukho ukungabaza, kodwa ithonya layo lisemhlabeni wonke. E-Afrika Ekhuluma NgesiFulentshi, ifa lobukoloni, lesi sinkwa siyinto eyinhloko emazweni amaningi aseMaghreb nase-sub-Saharan Africa. Izibalo ze-FAO zikhomba i-Algeria njengomthengi omkhulu, lapho kudliwa khona amashumi ezigidi zamasaka nsuku zonke, yize le datha kufanele ibhekwe kahle ngenxa yezinkinga zokulawula isisindo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwesinkwa okubikwe kulelo zwe.

Ezweni elikhuluma iSpanishi, leli gama liyahlukahluka futhi libonisa umbala wendawo. E-Argentina naseChile libizwa ngokuthi i-pan flauta ; eColombia, libizwa ngokuthi "pan francés"; eCosta Rica, laziwa ngamagama anjengelithi "melcochón" (Alajuela) kanye nelithi "bollo de pan," ngaphezu kwegama elivamile elithi "baguette." Lokhu kuhlukahluka akulona into encane: la magama asitshela ukuthi ukudla kuhlanganiswa kanjani nesiko ngalinye.

ECuba, manje sekwenziwa futhi kudliwa ezindaweni ezimbalwa kuphela futhi kuvame ukubhakwa emathileyi anezimbobo, afakwe i-flute , okuphumela okungafani kakhulu nezinye izinkwa ezifanayo futhi iphuzu lazo elihle lifinyelelwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuphuma kuhhavini; lapho, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-pan flauta" kuthambile futhi kulandela iresiphi ehlukile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eVenezuela, inguqulo edumile yendawo, ethi "pan canilla" (noma nje "canilla"), yaqala ukumila, yavela njengendlela esheshayo yokukhiqiza, futhi ihambisana nezinkwa ezincane ezaziwa ngokuthi "pan francés" (isinkwa saseFrance).

Ithonya laseFrance e-Asia lashiya uphawu lwalo ezinkweni ezidumile kanye nokudla okulula. EVietnam, i-baguette yashintsha yaba i-bánh mì , uphawu lokudla kwasemgwaqweni okunempilo okuhlanganisa isinkwa esinama-crust nama-pickle, amakhambi, ama-pâtés, kanye nenyama. ECambodia, i-num pang isebenzisa ama-baguette endawo ukwenza ama-sandwich ashisayo athandwayo.

Uma sibheka eFrance, ukusetshenziswa kusalokhu kumangalisa. Isilinganiso sango-2015 sibeka inani lama -baguette angaba yizigidi ezingu-30 ngosuku ezweni. Lesi sibalo sibonisa kangcono kunanoma yisiphi esinye ukubaluleka kwalesi sinkwa ekudleni kwaseFrance nasekuqondeni kwesizwe.

Futhi eSpain? Lapha, i-baguette ihlukaniswa njengohlobo lwesinkwa esithambile , ngokungafani nezinkwa eziqinile ezivame ukugoqwa eCastile; futhi ukuyigcina ebhasikidini lesinkwa kuyingxenye yesiko lasekhaya. Ngolimi oluvamile, igama elithi "barra" (isinkwa) lisebenza njengegama eliyisisekelo lezinkwa ezinde ezahlukahlukene, kanti eMadrid, igama lesiteketiso elithi "pistola" (isibhamu) lisasetshenziswa uhlobo oluthile lwesinkwa. Kuyamangaza ukuthi maphakathi nawo-1990, i-baguette yayingaziwa eSpain, kodwa ngo-2015 yayisiwumkhiqizo webhaka othengiswa kakhulu ezweni lonke.

Lokhu kwanda kokuthandwa kuncike ekuhleleni izinto: eSpain, cishe wonke ama-baguette atholakala ezitolo ezinkulu kanye nasezindaweni eziningi zokubhaka abhakwa nge-par-baked futhi aqandisiwe, alungele ukubhaka kokugcina lapho kuthengiselwa khona. Le nqubo yenza kube lula ukutholakala komkhiqizo kanye nokuvumelana kwawo, yize abantu abasebenzisa isinkwa esinemvubelo ende bekhetha izinkwa ezenziwe ebhikawozi ezilungiselelwe ngezindlela zendabuko.

Uma kuxoxwa ngegama ngesiSpanishi, umgomo—futhi—ukwenza kube ngendlela efanayo izinhlobo eziguquliwe: i-baguete noma i-baguet . Nakuba i-baguette ivame ukubonwa kumalebula ezentengiselwano , emibhalweni yolwazi, izindlela zokupheka, noma kumamenyu ezindawo zokudlela ngesiSpanishi, ukwamukela ifomu eliguquliwe kunegalelo ekuhambisaneni kolimi ngaphandle kokudela ingcebo yokupheka emelelwa yilesi sinkwa.

Amathiphu okubhala nezisetshenziswa zokuxazulula ukungabaza

Esikhathini esibuswa ukushesha, ukunaka isipelingi kanye nokuhambisana kwemibhalo kusawenza umehluko omkhulu. Ukubhala kahle kuveza ubungcweti, ukwethembeka, kanye nenhlonipho kumfundi; amaphutha avamile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, angakwenza ubonakale unganaki noma ungakulungele, into engcono kakhulu egwenywa kokubili ezindaweni zobungcweti kanye nezezemfundo.

Ukwazi kahle isipelingi kudinga ukuzijwayeza nokujwayelana nesakhiwo solimi. Ukufunda njalo kwandisa ulwazimagama futhi kulola indlebe ukuze kutholakale izinhlobo ezingezona ezemvelo. Kulesi sigaba, ukuba nemithombo ethembekile kubalulekile ekususeni ukungabaza okuthile, njengokuthi kungcono yini ukubhala "baguete," "baguet," noma ukushiya i-Gallicism engakalungi njengoba injalo.

I-Royal Spanish Academy, eyasungulwa eMadrid ngo-1713 ngesinyathelo se-Marquis of Villena, ihola uhlaka lwezikhungo oluvikela ubunye bolimi lwesiSpanishi. Imithetho yayo ibeka njengomgomo wayo oyinhloko "ukuthi ulimi, ngokuzivumelanisa kwalo njalo nezidingo zabakhulumi balo, aluphuli ubunye balo obubalulekile ." Lo msebenzi uhlanganiswa nezinye izinkampani ezingu-22 ze-Association of Spanish Language Academies (ASALE), futhi namuhla i-RAE inabafundisi abangu-46 abanezigunyazo zesikhathi esinqunyiwe.

Ngokwezinga elisebenzayo, i-Fundéu (Urgent Spanish Foundation), ngokubambisana neRoyal Spanish Academy (RAE), isabalalisa izincomo eziwusizo zezintatheli kanye nabasebenzisi ngokujwayelekile. Phakathi kwala manothi, leyo ephathelene ne -baguete/baguet ichaza ngokucacile ukupela okuthandwayo, ukuphinyiselwa, kanye nokwakheka kobuningi. Lezi zinhlangano ziphakamisa izindlela ezivamile ukuze abezindaba bakwazi ukusebenzisa iSpanishi samanje, esinembile, nesiqondakalayo.

Akuzona zonke izinto ezinokuthula enqubomgomo yolimi: kunezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo—njengaleyo ephathelene nolimi oluhlanganisa wonke umuntu —kanye nokungezwani phakathi kokusetshenziswa okusha kanye nemigomo emisiwe. Ngendlela yokubuka nokuqopha, i-Observatory of Words yasungulwa ngo-2020, indawo yokugcina okwesikhashana eqoqa amagama angakafakwa kusichazamazwi (ama-neologism, amagama abolekiwe, amagama obuchwepheshe, noma ama-regionalalisms) futhi inikeza ulwazi olubonisayo olungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuthi avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwawo.

Kulabo abajabulela ukufunda amagama amasha, kukhona nephephandaba elibizwa ngokuthi "Izwi Losuku," elikuthumelela incazelo, imvelaphi, kanye nomlando othile ngemuva kwegama lesiSpanishi, kanye nezindaba zolimi ngokubambisana neSuperprof. Kuwebhusayithi yabo, ungabheka okuthunyelwe kwakamuva, uphequlule uhlu lwezinhlamvu, futhi ubhalise kalula noma ukhiphe ukubhalisa uma kudingeka.

Lezi zinsizakalo zivame ukuncoma ukwengeza ikheli koxhumana nabo ukuze ugweme izihlungi zogaxekile, futhi ukuze kube sobala, kukukhumbuze ukuthi ungayiphatha kanjani idatha yakho noma ushintshe izintandokazi. Le mininingwane ewusizo ivimbela ama-imeyili ukuthi agcine elahlekile kufolda engalungile.

Imiphakathi yokufunda ulimi nayo inikeza inani elikhulu uma isetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha. Kunezinkundla ezikhuthaza abasebenzisi ukuthi "bakhulume ngezilimi, babuze imibuzo, futhi babelane ngezinsiza," futhi lapho kugcizelelwa khona ukugxila kwesihloko: akukho okuqukethwe okungahleliwe okungase kuphazamise ingxoxo evela eSpanishi noma ezifundweni zolimi. Lolu hlaka lusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpendulo ziyashesha, ziyasiza kakhulu, futhi zicacile.

Elinye icebiso ledijithali: amanye amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana akhawulela lokho ongakubona uma uphequlula nge -JavaScript ekhutshaziwe , okukuqondisa eSikhungweni Sabo Sosizo, Imigomo Yesevisi, kanye Nezinqubomgomo Zobumfihlo noma Zamakhukhi. Akuvamile ukuhlangana nalezi zaziso zokusekela zobuchwepheshe nezomthetho, ezichaza indlela yokufinyelela okuqukethwe ngesiphequluli esihambisanayo.

Ekubhaleni kwakho, gxila ezintweni ezibalulekile: uma isihloko kuyisinkwa eside, esinoqweqwe, izinhlobo ezikhethwayo ngesiSpanishi yi -baguete kanye ne-baguet ; uma igama lesiFulentshi livela, liphathe njengokuboleka okuqondile. Khumbula ubuningi obulula (ama-baguete, ama-baguet), ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwesimo sowesifazane, futhi, uma uzizwa ufuna ukwandisa ububanzi bakho, jabulela umlando, amagama esifunda, kanye nokwehluka okuphefumulelwe yilesi sinkwa emhlabeni jikelele.