Okwenziwa nguNapoleon Bonaparte: kusuka ku-consul kuya kumbusi owashintsha iYurophu

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Umuntu ohlonishwayo njengoba ephikisana, uNapoleon Bonaparte wayeyisosha kanye nesikhulu sikahulumeni okwathi, kusukela ekuqaleni okuthobekile eCorsica, wakhuphukela esicongweni samandla eFrance futhi washintsha imephu yase-Europe. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuhlanganisa ukunqoba okuyinganekwane, izinguquko ezihlala njalo, nezinqumo ezadala izingxabano ezinkulu; Ukuqonda lokho uNapoleon akwenza kusho ukudlula ezimpini, imithetho kanye nezinguquko zezombangazwe ezaphawula inkathi..

Igama lakhe lihlala likhona esikweni elidumile kanye nenkulumompikiswano yomlando. Muva nje, uvuselelwe ngenxa yokudayiswa kwesinye sezigqoko zakhe ezidumile ngemali engaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zamaRandi kanye nokukhishwa kwefilimu eyi-blockbuster, esebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi kungani isibalo sakhe sihluka kakhulu: Kwabanye wayengumgqugquzeli owenziwe amandla, kwabanye u-autocrat ononyaLolu hambo luchaza, ngokuningiliziwe nangendlela ehlelekile, lokho uNapoleon akwenzile nokuthi kungani ifa lakhe lisankeneneza.

Iminyaka yokuqala eCorsica nokuqeqeshwa

Wazalwa ngo-August 15, 1769, e-Ajaccio, esiqhingini saseCorsica, ngemva nje konyaka iGenoa idlulisele umbuso wayo eFrance. Indodana kaCharles Bonaparte noLetizia Ramolino, wakhulela emndenini wezicukuthwane ezincane ezinezifiso; Igama lakhe lokuzalwa kwakunguNapoleone di Buonaparte, eyenziwe isiNtaliyane, ngaphambi kokuthi kamuva iyenze isiFulentshi.

Ngenxa yokuqaphela kukayise imvelaphi yaseTuscan ngo-1771, wakwazi ukufinyelela imfundo egcinelwe izicukuthwane. Wafunda e-Autun nasesikoleni samasosha eBrienne-le-Château, lapho indlela yakhe yaseCorsican yamenza usulu, futhi kamuva e-École Militaire eParis. Waphumelela kakhulu ezibalweni futhi ngokushesha wabonisa isithakazelo kumasu nepolitiki..

Uthole iziqu ze-artillery lieutenant ngo-Okthoba 28, 1785, ekuqaleni esebenza eValence. Washintshana phakathi kweFrance neCorsica futhi wahileleka kwezombusazwe zendawo, waxabana noPasquale Paoli, umsekeli wokuzimela kwesiqhingi. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwagcina kumphushele ukuba amukele ngokuqinile imbangela yesiFulentshi..

French Revolution futhi uthole udumo

Lapho kugqashuka iNguquko ngo-1789, uNapoleon wayeneminyaka engu-19 ubudala. Ikhono lakhe lezempi ngokushesha lakhanga ukunaka: ngo-1793, ngesikhathi sokuvinjezelwa kweToulon, wayala izikhali ngempumelelo enkulu futhi walimala ekuhlaselweni kokugcina; Lapho eneminyaka engu-24 wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba u-brigadier general, egxumagxuma.

Waphinde wangenelela esimweni sezepolitiki esinesiyaluyalu: washicilela ipheshana likaJacobin elithi Le Souper de Beaucaire, elamvulela iminyango phakathi kwabaholi abanethonya. Ngemva kokuwa kwamaJacobins ngo-1794, waboshwa isikhashana, kodwa wabuyela ekukhanyeni ngo-1795 ngokucindezela kanzima ukuvukela umbuso eParis ngo-13th Grapevine, eyala i-grapeshot esixukwini; Ngemva kwalesi siqephu waqokwa njengoMajor General ngo-Okthoba 16, 1795.

Ukudlondlobala kwakhe kwaqhubeka ngokushesha. Ngo-March 2, 1796, wanikwa umyalo weButho Lase-Italy (Armée d'Italie). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, igama lakhe lahlotshaniswa nokunqoba okunamasu kanye nokuhamba ngesibindi. I-Italy yaba yilabhorethri yakhe yobuhlakani bobuhlakani nobuholi..

I-Italy, i-Egypt kanye ne-18 ye-Brumaire

Emkhankasweni wokuqala wase-Italy (1796-1797), wahlanganisa ibutho elibuthaka, waphula uMbuso waseSardinia ngamasonto, futhi wakhungathekisa i-Austria ngamagalelo alandelanayo: iCastiglione, ibhuloho i-Arcole, kanye neRivoli kwakuyingqophamlando eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba ekwindla yeMantua. Ngomhla ziyi-17 kuMfumfu we-1797, i-Austria yasayina iSivumelwano seCampo Formio, iqaphela ngempumelelo ukuphakama kwesiFulentshi; UNapoleon wasuka ekubeni ujenene othembisayo waba umuntu kazwelonke.

Ngemvume ye-Directory, waqala uhambo lokuya eGibhithe ngo-1798 ukuze ahlasele izithakazelo zaseBrithani. Wanqoba amaMamluk e-Battle of the Pyramids futhi wathatha iCairo, kodwa wehluleka ngokumelene nebutho lama-Anglo-Ottoman eSiege of Acre (1799) futhi wahluleka ukulawula ulwandle ngaphesheya kwe-Abukir; Isiqephu, nokho, sishiye ifa lesayensi elikhulu ngokutholwa kwetshe laseRosetta., owathuthukisa i-Egyptology.

Ebuyela eFrance ngo-Okthoba 1799, wajoyina uzungu lokuketula i-Directory. Phakathi kukaNovemba 9 no-10 (18-19 Brumaire), wahola ukuketulwa umbuso okwaqeda iNguquko futhi kwasungula i-Consulate; UNapoleon wazimisa njengeNxusa Lokuqala elinamandla amakhulu.

I-Consulate kanye nokwakhiwa kwamandla

Umthethosisekelo omusha, owasayinwa ngo-December 13, 1799, wamvumela ukuba aqoke ongqongqoshe, amanxusa, amajaji, namalungu oMkhandlu Wombuso, indikimba ebhekele ukuklanywa kwemithetho. Ngaphambili kwezempi, wavala igunya lakhe ngoMarengo (June 14, 1800), lapho aguqula khona isimo esibucayi saba ukunqoba; kuhlanganiswe ukuthula kwesikhashana neSivumelwano Sase-Amiens e 1802.

Izinguquko zakhe zangaphakathi zashintsha i-France: I-Concordat yango-1801 yalungisa ubudlelwano neBandla, futhi I-Civil Code (Ikhodi YeNapoleonic) yamisa izimiso ezifana nokulingana ngaphambi komthetho, ukuvikelwa kwempahla, kanye nokufaneleka njengendlela yokunquma ukukhushulwa. Uphinde wagqugquzela ukuphatha kanye nemfundo; Umsebenzi wakhe wezomthetho usabalale nakwamanye amazwe futhi usaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela..

NgoMeyi 12, 1802, iSenethi yammemezela njenge-consul for life, kwathi ngoMeyi 19, wamisa iLegion of Honor, evulekele abesilisa nabesifazane, ukuvuza ithalente nomsebenzi. Akuwona wonke umsebenzi wakhe owaphumelela: umkhankaso wokubuyisela iHaiti nokubuyisela ubugqila awuphumelelanga, futhi iHaiti yathola inkululeko ngo-1804. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ukudayiswa kweLouisiana e-United States kwalichaza kabusha ibalazwe laseNyakatho Melika. I-Pragmatism nokubala kwezepolitiki kwaqondisa izinqumo ezifinyelela kude.

Kusukela eMbusweni Wokuqala kuya kumadlelandawonye amakhulu

Ehlukunyezwa ngamacebo obukhosi, wayala ukuba kuboshwe umbusi owayesolwa ngozungu, owabulawa ngo-March 21, 1804. Phakathi nalokhu kushuba, kwagunyazwa umthetho-sisekelo omusha, futhi ngo-May 18, iSigele samemezela uMbuso; ngo-December 2, 1804, uNapoleon wazibeka njengombusi eNotre-Dame, futhi ngo-November 6, isinqumo seSigele saqinisekiswa ngokomthetho; kwazalwa uMbuso Wokuqala WaseFrance.

Ngokumelene ne-Third Coalition (1805-1806), iGrande Armée yakhe yasebenzisa ukuphakama okubalulekile: ukuthunjwa kwe-Ulm, ukuthunjwa kweVienna kanye nokunqoba okuphelele e-Austerlitz (Disemba 2, 1805) ngokumelene namaRusso-Austrians. Wahlela kabusha iJalimane neNhlangano YaseRhine futhi washeshisa ukuhlakazwa koMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma; Wabuye wabeka abafowabo ezihlalweni zobukhosi zaseYurophu ukuze aqinise isimiso sakhe..

I-Fourth Coalition (1806-1807) yaletha ukunqoba okusha: uJena-Auerstedt wachoboza iPrussia, kanti u-Eylau noFriedland baphoqa iRussia ukuthi ixoxisane. Izivumelwano zeTilsit (July 1807) zakha umfelandawonye weFranco-Russian futhi zabeka i-Continental Blockade ngokumelene neGreat Britain; IPrussia yalahlekelwa ingxenye yendawo yayo futhi kwazalwa iGrand Duchy yaseWarsaw..

ISpain, iPortugal kanye nenhlekelele ye-1808

Ecatshangelwe ngokuhlukanisa iGreat Britain, uNapoleon wasebenzisa ithuba lokusebenzisana kweFranco-Spanish kweSivumelwano SaseSan Ildefonso (1796). Ukucwila kwe-frigate Mercedes Ngo-1804, ukungezwani phakathi kweSpain namaBrithani kwaqina, futhi i-Continental Blockade yadinga ukudonsa ePortugal, umngane wendabuko waseLondon. Ngemvume kaCharles IV noManuel Godoy, amasosha aseFrance angena kule nhlonhlo enza sengathi ahlasela iPortugal; Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwaba ukuphoqa ukuthi uBayonne alahlwe futhi abeke umfowabo uJoseph I esihlalweni sobukhosi saseSpain..

Impendulo yaba yimbi kakhulu: ngoMeyi 2, 1808, iMadrid yasukuma, futhi ukucindezelwa kwakhipha iMpi Yenkululeko YasePeninsular. Ngokusekelwa kweBrithani, amaSpanishi namaPutukezi aphendula le nhlonhlo yaba isidleke sempi yabashokobezi eyavimba amasosha aseFrance angaphezu kuka-200 000; Impi yaseVitoria (June 21, 1813) yaphawula ukuqala kokuphela kokubusa kukaJosefa., okwadingeka ashiye isihlalo sobukhosi kuFerdinand VII.

Ukuqedwa kwenkosi esemthethweni kwabhidliza izinhlaka zikahulumeni eSpain, kwavela izikhulu zesifunda ezazithi ubukhosi ingekho inkosi. Le modeli, njengoba isazi-mlando uNatalia Sobrevilla sichazile, yasakazekela eLatin America futhi yabangela inkinga yomthethosisekelo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngisho nalapho kubhalwa uMthethosisekelo weCadiz, isisombululo sathathwa njengobukhosi obungokomthethosisekelo..

Ukuqamba okusha kwezempi kanye nezikhali zesikhathi sakho

Ezingeni lezobuchwepheshe nelenhlangano, uNapoleon washintsha indlela yokulwa impi: wandisa inkonzo eyimpoqo, wahlela amasosha aba yizindikimba zebutho ezizimele, futhi waphelelisa ukuhamba ngamakholomu ahambayo avumela ukugxila okusheshayo ukuthi kushaye lapho kubuhlungu khona; Ukusebenzisa kwakhe izikhali ngonya nokuguquguqukayo kwamenza wanquma ezinkundleni zempi eziningi.

Mayelana nezikhali ngazinye, i-musket yathatha indawo ye-arquebus futhi yandisa izinga nokunemba komlilo. I-bayonet, ehlanganiswe emfundisweni, yaguqula i-infantryman ibe yi-markerman kanye ne-hand-to-hand fighter ngezinguquko ezisheshayo zejubane; Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe nezimfundiso kwaqinisa ukunqoba kwabo okuningi.

Namuhla, ingxenye yalowo mhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo ingazwakala ngenxa yemibhalo engokomlando: amafemu akhethekile afana ne-DENIX afaka kukhathalogi yawo izingcezu eziyizifanekiselo ezihlobene nenkathi yamaNapoleon, kusukela kusibhamu esinemigoqo ephindwe kabili esihlotshaniswa namavolovolo e-Napoleon kanye ne-flintlock, kuya kumanono amancane nezivula zezinhlamvu eziphefumulelwe i-Briquet saber; izinto ezisiza ukusabalalisa isiko lezinto ezibonakalayo zenkathi engeyona impi.

Inhlekelele yaseRussia kanye nokuqala kokuphela

Ngo-1812 waqala ukuhlasela iRussia enamasosha angaba ngu-480 000 nangu-120 000 evalelwe, ewela iNiemen ngo-June 24. AmaRussia agwema ukungqubuzana okuwujuqu, asebenzisa umhlabathi oshile, futhi aguqa iGrande Armée; Ngemva kweBorodino enegazi (Septhemba 7), uNapoleon wangena endaweni engenalutho futhi ngokushesha evutha eMoscow.

Njengoba ayengasenaso ukuthula, wayala ukuba kuhlehliswe ngo-October 18. Phakathi kwendlala, amakhaza, nokuhlukunyezwa kwezitha, lolu hambo lwaphenduka inhlekelele: emakhulwini ezinkulungwane, izinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela ezabuya zilungele ukulwa; Kulinganiselwa ukuthi babalelwa ku-20.000 kuphela abawela i-Niemen babuya bephila.Inhlekelele yabangela iSixth Coalition (1813-1814) ngokumelene neFrance.

Ngo-Okthoba 1813, ukunqotshwa eLeipzig (16-19) - "Impi Yezizwe" - kwasheshisa ukuhlubuka kwabalingani baseJalimane futhi kwahlakaza i-Confederation of the Rhine. Ngo-1814, kuyilapho abaseBrithani bengena besuka eningizimu, amaPrussia, amaRussia namaAustria aqhubekela phambili eParis; Inhloko-dolobha yawa ngoMashi 31 kwathi iSenethi yasusa uNapoleon ngo-Ephreli 2..

Abdication, Elba, the Hundred Days and Waterloo

UNapoleon wahoxa esekela indodana yakhe, uNapoleon II, futhi wadingiselwa esiqhingini sase-Elba. Akugcinanga lapho: ngo-March 1, 1815, wafika ogwini oluseningizimu yeFrance futhi, ngo-March 20, waphinde wathatha iTuileries Palace. kwaqala Izinsuku Eziyikhulu.

Wagwema umfelandawonye omusha wama-Allied futhi wahlasela iBelgium namadoda angaba ngu-130.000, wazuza ukunqoba ngoJuni 16. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva ukuhlolwa okuphelele e-Waterloo, eningizimu yeBrussels; Inhlanganisela yamaphutha, ukuntuleka kokusebenzelana nabamashali bakhe, nempumelelo kaWellington noBlücher kwaqinisekisa ukunqotshwa kwakhe ngo-June 18..

NgoJuni 22, wahoxa okwesibili, kwathi ngoJulayi 14, wazinikela kwabaseBrithani. Ngo-October 17, 1815, wafika esiqhingini esikude saseSaint Helena, lapho ahlala khona esitokisini kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngoMeyi 5, 1821, eneminyaka engu-51 ubudala. Isizathu esisemthethweni kwakuwumdlavuza wesisu, nakuba ubuthi be-arsenic bucatshangelwe..

Idatha yomuntu siqu kanye nokulandelana kwezikhathi ezibalulekile

Igama lesiFulentshi: Napoleon Bonaparte. Indawo nosuku lokuzalwa: I-Ajaccio (Corsica), Agasti 15, 1769. Ukufa: I-Saint Helena, ngoMeyi 5, 1821. AbakwaPadres: U-Carlo Bonaparte no-Letizia Ramolino; Izihloko: I-Consul yokuqala (1799-1804) kanye noMbusi wamaFulentshi (1804-1814 no-1815).

Izinyathelo ezibalulekile: UMajor-general ngemuva kokucindezela ukuvukela umbuso (16 October 1795); umkhuzi omkhulu e-Italy (2 March 1796); Campo Formio (17 Okthoba 1797); uhambo oluya eGibhithe (1798–1799); ukuketulwa kuka-18 Brumaire (9-10 November 1799) kanye nomthethosisekelo omusha (13 December 1799); i-consul for life (12 May 1802) nokudalwa kweLegion of Honor (19 May 1802); ukumenyezelwa koMbuso (18 May 1804) kanye nokugcotshwa (2 December 1804); Third and Fourth Coalition (1805–1807), Tilsit (July 1807); I-Peninsular War (1808-1814) ne-Vitoria-Gasteiz (1813); Ukuhlasela kweRussia (1812); I-Leipzig (1813); Ukuwa kweParis (31 March 1814) kanye nokuthunjwa; Izinsuku Eziyikhulu (March-June 1815); I-Waterloo (18 Juni 1815) kanye nokudingiswa kokugcina; Ukufika eSanta Elena ngo-Okthoba 17, 1815.

Ukuba semthethweni, impikiswano kanye nesiko

Ithonya likaNapoleon lidlula ezempi. I-Civil Code Yakhe, ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekuphathweni okumaphakathi kanye ne-meritocracy, kanye nokugqugquzela kwakhe izikhungo ezifana noMkhandlu Wombuso kushiye uhlaka olwakhuthazela ngaphezu kokuhlulwa kwakhe; Izinqumo zakhe zenza izimiso zomthetho zibe zesimanje emazweni amaningi aseYurophu.

Ngokomfanekiso, uyaqhubeka nokuvusa izinkanuko ezingqubuzanayo. Kunenkulumo-mpikiswano ngokuthi ingabe wayengumguquli omkhulu owahlanganisa impumelelo yeNguquko noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, wayebonisa ukuthambekela kobushiqela nokwe-bellicose. Izindaba zamasiko zimgcina egxile: ifilimu yakamuva kanye nendali yempahla yakhe ebiza izigidi zamarandi ibonisa ukuthi isibalo sakhe sisaqhubeka sidala ilukuluku nempikiswano. Imbalwa imilando yokuphila kwabantu ebhaliwe futhi yafundwa kakhulu njengeyakhe..

Ngale kwenganekwane, umlando ogciniwe ubonisa uchwepheshe wamasu owalwa izimpi ezingaba ngu-60 futhi walahlekelwa ezimbalwa kakhulu, umbusi owahlanganisa umthetho womphakathi futhi wahlela kabusha zonke izifundazwe, kanye nomlingiswa oyinhloko owadalula izimpi ezibhubhisayo; Impumelelo nokwehluleka kwabo kuyaqhubeka kufundwa ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme nasemanyuvesi..

Konke lokhu okungenhla kupenda isithombe somlingiswa wokukhanya nesithunzi: iCorsican esencane eyagqama e-Italy, inxusa lokuqala elalungisa kabusha iFrance, umbusi onqobile wase-Austerlitz kanye nonqotshiwe waseWaterloo; ifa elikhulu futhi eliphikisanayo elithonya layo, elihle noma elibi, lisazwakala.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ubani owanqoba uNapoleon Bonaparte nokuthi kwanqunywa kanjani eWaterloo