Umuthi kalamula: isifinyezo esiphelele sokutadisha nokuqonda lesi sithelo se-citrus

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El ulamula Isihlahla Ingenye yalezo zihlahla ezibonakala zilula ekuqaleni, kodwa zifihla umlando omkhulu wezitshalo, ezolimo, kanye namasiko. Uma udinga isifinyezo esiphelele sokufundaLapha uzothola zonke izinto ezibalulekile zihlelwe kahle: kusukela emvelaphi yazo kanye nezici zayo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwayo, ukunakekelwa kwayo kanye nezinkinga zayo eziyinhloko.

Kuwo wonke lo mbhalo uzobona ukuthi umuthi kalamula awusiwo nje “umuthi oveza ulamula”, kodwa i-hybrid eyinkimbinkimbiIyazwela kakhulu emakhazeni, inezinhlobo eziningi, futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekudleni, emithini yendabuko, ngisho nasekuzulazuleni komlando. Umqondo uwukukunikeza incazelo ecacile, kusetshenziswa ulimi olufinyeleleka kalula, kodwa eqinile ngokwanele njengokulungiselela ukuhlolwa noma umsebenzi wesikole ngaphandle kokukhohlwa lutho olubalulekile.

Umsuka kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesihlahla sikalamula

Ngaphakathi kwezitshalo, umuthi kalamula uwela umbuso PlantaeIngaphansi kwesigaba se-Magnoliophyta (izitshalo eziqhakazayo), isigaba se-Magnoliopsida, isigaba esincane se-Rosidae, i-oda le-Sapindales, kanye nomndeni we-Rutaceae. Ngaphakathi kwalo mndeni, uyingxenye yomndeni ongaphansi we-Citroideae kanye nesizwe se-Citreae, esihlanganisa izithelo ze-citrus ezaziwayo kakhulu.

Igama layo lesayensi elamukelwayo namuhla lithi I-Citrus × ilamulalapho u-“×” ebonisa ukuthi iyinhlanganisela. Kuwo wonke umlando, kuye kwasetshenziswa amanye amagama esayensi (amagama afanayo ezitshalo), njenge I-Citrus × i-limonium, I-Citrus × limonia, I-Citrus medica var. limonum o I-Citrus medica subsp. limonumkodwa zonke zibhekisela kulo muthi ofanayo wezithelo.

Ngokuphathelene nomsuka wawo, izifundo eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi umuthi kalamula uvela ku- isiphambano phakathi kwe-citron (I-citrus medica) kanye i-orange ebabayo (I-Citrus × i-aurantium). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuthi wewolintshi obabayo uyinhlanganisela phakathi kwe-pomelo noma i-grapefruit yangempela (ICitrus maxima) kanye ne-mandarin (I-citrus reticulataAbanye ababhali bathi kube khona nezingxabano ezingemuva I-Citrus × aurantifolia (lima), okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu "isihlahla somndeni" wakhe.

Ngokwendawo, umsuka womuthi kalamula utholakala e- Isifunda saseHimalaya kanye nezifunda eziseduze: enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya (e-Assam), enyakatho yeBurma, kanye nezingxenye zeShayina. Ukusuka lapho, ukulinywa kwayo kwasakazekela ePheresiya, e-Iraq naseGibhithe cishe ngekhulu lesi-7, futhi kamuva kwaya eMedithera nakwamanye amazwe omhlaba.

Umlando kanye nokwanda kokutshalwa kwelamula

Ezikhathini zasendulo, amaGreki namaRoma Babengazi lutho ngomuthi kalamula, noma okungenani babengawulimi kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, eNingizimu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwase kuqalwa ngokugcwele. izakhiwo ze-antiseptic futhi yayisetshenziswa ngisho nanjengekhambi lokulwa nobuthi obuthile.

Umuthi kalamula wafika ePheresiya nasemhlabeni wama-Arabhu cishe ngekhulu lesi-7. Kusukela lapho wasakazekela I-Iraq neGibhitheKamuva, ngokwanda kwamaSulumane, yangena eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ukutshalwa kwayo kwaqala ukuhlangana ogwini lwaseMedithera, lapho isimo sezulu esithambile sakuvumela ukuthi itshalwe kokubili ukuze isetshenziswe endaweni kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

ENtshonalanga Yurophu, enye yezindawo zokuqala ezinkulu zokulima ulamula yasungulwa e IGenoa cishe maphakathi nekhulu le-15. Ngemva nje kwalokho, amaSpain aletha imbewu nezithombo eMelika: ngo-1493, uChristopher Columbus wayesevele ethwala ulamula ohambweni lwakhe oluya esiqhingini saseHispaniola, futhi umuthi wasakazeka kanye nokunqotshwa kwezwekazi laseMelika.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, ukutshalwa kukalamula kwakhula kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana ne- eFlorida naseCaliforniaIqhutshwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okwandayo ekuphekeni, ekubhakeni nasekukhiqizeni amakha. Maphakathi nekhulu le-18, udokotela uJames Lind wabonisa ukuthi ijusi likalamula lalivimbela is scurvy phakathi kwamatilosi, okwenza isihlahla sikalamula saba umsizi oyisisekelo ohambweni olude.

Njengamanje, umuthi kalamula ungomunye wemithi izihlahla zezithelo ezibaluleke kakhulu Amalamula atshalwa kuwo wonke amazwekazi amahlanu lapho isimo sezulu singabanda khona kakhulu. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili emhlabeni bamalamula namalamula bahlanganisa iMexico, iNdiya, iShayina, i-Argentina, iBrazil, iTurkey, iSpain, i-United States, iNingizimu Afrika kanye ne-Iran, ngokukhiqiza okuhlangene okungaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-19 ngonyaka.

Incazelo yezitshalo zomuthi kalamula

Isihlahla sikalamula a isihlahla esihlala siluhlazaKuyisihlahla esiphakathi nendawo esingafinyelela ukuphakama okuphakathi kwamamitha amathathu kuya kwangu-8 (eminye imithombo ikhomba amamitha ayi-12 ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile). Sinomqhele ovulekile futhi onamagatsha amaningi, futhi izinhlobo eziningi ziyakhula ameva emagatsheni, ikakhulukazi uma umuthi usemncane.

Amaqabunga ilula futhi iyashintshanaAmaqabunga anesikhumba esifana nesikhumba, ane-elliptical blade engaba ngu-5 kuya ku-10 cm ubude. Umngcele uvame ukuba wonke noma ube namagagasi kancane futhi uqukethe izindlala eziningi ezinamafutha abalulekile. I-petiole imfushane, iyindilinga, futhi inamaphiko amancane kuphela, ngokungafani nezinye izithelo ze-citrus ezinamaphiko avelele kakhulu. Amaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani noma aluhlaza okotshani okucwebezelayo; uma echotshoziwe, akhipha amafutha aqinile. iphunga likalamula.

Izimbali zesihlahla sikalamula zaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi Imbali esawolintshiZingaba zodwa noma ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo amancane e-axillary. I-calyx ivame ukwakheka ngama-sepals ama-5 ahlanganisiwe, kanti i-corolla inamacembe ama-5 amade, amhlophe ngaphakathi futhi anemibala epinki noma e-violet ngaphansi. I-androecium yakhiwe ngama-stamens amaningi (aphakathi kuka-20 no-100), kanti i-gynoecium ine-ovary engcono kakhulu ezoveza isithelo sikalamula esivamile.

Isithelo a i-hesperidium (uhlobo lwejikijolo oluyisici sezithelo ze-citrus), oluphuzi uma luvuthiwe, ngokuvamile luyi-ellipsoidal ngesimo futhi lune-pulp enamanzi kakhulu futhi ene-asidi kakhulu. Lungaba nezingxenye noma ama-locules afinyelela ku-18, kanti imbewu, efana ne-ovoid, ingase ivele noma ingaveli (ezinye izinhlobo zikhiqiza ulamula cishe ngaphandle kwembewu).

Izindawo zokusabalalisa zamanje kanye nezindawo ezikhiqiza kakhulu

Izihlahla zikalamula ziyatshalwa namuhla cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ane- isimo sezulu esingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo noma saseMeditheraIngenye yezithelo ze-citrus ezithengiswayo ezizwela kakhulu ekubandeni. Ayibekezeleli kahle amaqhwa anzima futhi ikhetha ubusika obuthambile kanye nehlobo elifudumele noma elishisayo, ngaphandle kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme.

Nakuba izihlahla zikalamula ezihlukanisiwe zingatholakala ezingadini ezindaweni eziningi ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, amasimu amakhulu ebhizinisi agxile ezindaweni ezimbalwa. Phakathi kwamazwe ahola umhlaba ekukhiqizeni ulamula nelamula kukhona: Mexico, India, China, Argentina, Brazil nase Türkiyeokuhlangene okumelela cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zesivuno somhlaba wonke.

EYurophu, España ISpain ingenye yabakhiqizi abakhulu, enamasimu amakhulu ezindaweni zaseMedithera njengeSifunda saseMurcia (isibonelo, iRicote Valley kanye nedolobha laseBlanca), iValencian Community, kanye ne-Andalusia. ENingizimu Yenkabazwe, i-Argentina, iChile, kanye neNingizimu Afrika zivelele, zithumela ngaphandle inani elikhulu lazo ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke.

Ngaphandle kokutshala kakhulu, umuthi kalamula usube umuthi wokuhlobisa ovame kakhulu ezivandeni zezithelo zomndeni, ezingadini nasemagcekeni, ngisho nase- izimbiza ezinkulu zezimbali ema-terraces kanye nama-balcony, ngenxa yamaqabunga awo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izimbali zawo ezinephunga elimnandi kanye nezithelo zawo.

Izinhlobo zesihlahla sikalamula kanye nesihlahla sikalamula esimfushane izinkathi ezi-4

Kukhona eziningi izinhlobo zesihlahla sikalamulazivumelaniswe nezimo zezulu ezahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Eziningi zazo zikhethiwe ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwazo okuqhubekayo, ikhwalithi yejusi, ukumelana nokubanda, noma ukuma nobukhulu bezithelo.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kukhona izihlahla zikalamula zohlobo Eureka y LisboaLezi zinhlobo zivame kakhulu ezitolo ezinkulu ngenxa yesivuno sazo esiphezulu kanye nokuqukethwe kwejusi. Uhlobo lwe-Eureka luthandwa kakhulu ngokuthela kwalo cishe njalo unyaka wonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iLisboa inikeza izithelo zekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nejusi eningi kanye ne-asidi ephawulekayo, yize izihlahla zingaba nameva kakhulu lapho zisencane.

Okunhlobonhlobo Meyer Kuyinhlanganisela phakathi kwesihlahla sikalamula kanye ne-orange noma i-clementine. Amalamula aso amnandi kancane, anesikhumba esincane kanye nombala ongaphenduka ophuzi-orenji uma sesivuthiwe. Sibekezelela kancane ukubanda, kodwa ikhasi laso elincane lenza kube mnene ukulithutha.

Ezinye izinhlobo ezithakazelisayo yilezi: ponderosa, ekhiqiza ulamula omkhulu futhi ekwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa kakhulu; I-Pink Ehlukahlukene, enamaqabunga anombala ohlukahlukene kanye ne-pulp epinki; I-Verna, uhlobo lwaseSpain oluvela kulo olungaqinisekile, olubaluleke kakhulu ekulimeni kwezithelo ze-citrus kuzwelonke; noma izinhlobo zendawo nezesifunda ezifana neVillafranca noma iYen Ben (yase-Australia).

Ezingadini nasemafulethini asemadolobheni, sekuyinto ethandwayo kakhulu Isihlahla sikalamula esincane esinezinkathi ezi-4Lolu hlobo oluncane, olungavamile ukudlula imitha elilodwa ukuphakama, lufaneleka kahle ekutshalweni kwezitsha. Lungaqhakaza futhi luthele izikhathi eziningana unyaka wonke, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa. izimbali, izithelo eziluhlaza kanye nolamula ovuthiwe esitezi esifanayo. Ilungele ama-terrace anelanga kanye nama-balcony anokukhanya okuhle, futhi ihlanganisa inani lokuhlobisa nokukhiqizwa kwezithelo.

Izidingo zesimo sezulu, inhlabathi kanye nokunisela

Ngokuphathelene nesimo sezulu, umuthi kalamula uvelele njengomunye wemithi izithelo ze-citrus zithambile kakhulu uma zibekwe emakhazeniNgaphansi kuka-0°C kungase kube nomonakalo kakade, futhi ukuqina kwenkinga kuyanda njengoba izinga lokushisa lehla futhi isithwathwa sihlala isikhathi eside.

Njengesiqondiso, cishe -3 C Umuthi umane ungena esimweni sokungakhuli futhi uyeke ukukhula, okungakhuthaza ngisho nombala wezithelo ongcono kanye nokuhlushwa okuphezulu koshukela. Phakathi kuka--4°C no--6°C, amahlumela amasha ayabuna, kodwa ngokuvamile ayalulama uma ukubanda kungapheli isikhathi eside. Ngaphansi kuka--7°C, la mahlumela ngokuvamile ayafa.

Uma amazinga okushisa ephakathi -8 ºC kanye -10 ºCAmaqabunga avuthiwe ayoma futhi awe kanye namahlumela amasha; uma umuthi ululama, uzokwenza lokho emagatsheni amadala futhi kungathatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Ngaphansi kuka-11°C, izingxenye zesihlahla sikalamula ezingenhla komhlaba zivame ukufa cishe ngokuphelele, futhi kwezinye izimo kuphela lapho ziyohluma khona kusukela phansi.

Ngokuphathelene nomhlabathi, umuthi kalamula uthanda inhlabathi ekhanyayo kancaneInhlabathi enomoya omuhle, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo, ene-pH engathathi hlangothi noma ene-asidi encane kanye nomthamo omuhle wokukhipha amanzi ilungele kakhulu. Inhlabathi encane kakhulu noma egcwele amanzi ikhuthaza ukuminyana kwezimpande nokufa. I-iron chlorosis ingenzeka nasenhlabathini ene-calcareous kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi idinga ukufakwa kwe-chelated iron.

Izimpande zaso azijulile kakhulu futhi azibekezeleli ukuncintisana kahle notshani noma ezinye izitshalo ezimunca amanzi endaweni efanayo. Njengoba kuyisihlahla esidabuka ezindaweni ezinemvula yaminyaka yonke ephakathi kuka-1000 no-2000 mm, sidinga umswakama wenhlabathi oqhubekayoKodwa gwema ukugcwala kwamanzi. Ukunisela ngokweqile noma okunganele kubonakala ngokucacile emaqabungeni: uma ebheke phezulu ehlobo, ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuntuleka kwamanzi; uma ewela phansi, kuwuphawu lokunisela ngokweqile.

Izidingo ezilula, umanyolo kanye nokuthena

Umuthi kalamula umuthi othanda ilanga eliqondileIthanda indawo ebheke kahle, ngisho noma ibheke eningizimu, uma nje ithola ukunisela okwanele ngesikhathi sokushisa. Kodwa-ke, imimoya enamandla iyingozi kakhulu, njengoba ingomisa amaqabunga, ilimaze amahlumela athambile, futhi ibangele ukuthi izimbali nezithelo ezincane ziwe.

Ngokuphathelene nokukhulelwa, umuthi kalamula udinga izakhamzimba eziningi, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen, i-potassium kanye ne-magnesiumKukhona umanyolo othize wezihlahla ze-citrus emakethe, kodwa umanyolo ojwayelekile onesilinganiso se-NPK esingu-2-1-2 kanye nokunikezwa okuhle kwe-magnesium nawo ungasetshenziswa. Kunconywa ukufaka umanyolo njalo, okungenani kanye ngekota, ngisho kanye ngenyanga ngezikhathi zokukhula okuphezulu.

Amaqabunga ayisibonakaliso esihle sesimo sokudla kanye nempilo yesihlahla: uma ephenduka abe mhlophe noma abe phuzi, ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuntuleka kokuvundisa noma ukuntuleka kwezakhamzimba (okuvamile enhlabathini ene-calcareous). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihlahla sikalamula esondlekile kahle siyakwazi ukumelana nezimo. amaqhwa alula kunomuntu obuthakathaka.

Amanzi okunisela nawo adlala indima ebalulekile. amanzi ane-chlorine eningi noma ngosawoti omningi kungalimaza uhlelo lwezimpande kanye nengxenye engaphandle, ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukugwema amanzi asezingeni eliphansi, ikakhulukazi ekutshalweni kwembiza (njengasezihlahleni zelamula ezimfushane ezinezinkathi ezine).

Ngokuphathelene nokuthena, kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kwezitshalo ezibukeka zibuthakathaka, lapho okulandelayo kwenziwa khona: ukuthena okuvamile nokulula (kufika ekutheneni okuhlanu ngemva kokuvuna ngakunye phakathi kukaMeyi noSepthemba, kufushaniswe iziqu zibe cishe amasentimitha angama-20), kanye nezitshalo ezinamandla, okwanele ukuthena kanye ngonyaka ekupheleni kobusika. Lokhu kuthena kufanele kususe amagatsha angaqondile kahle, awelayo, noma abheke ngaphakathi kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe isihlahla sinomoya omuhle futhi singene kahle ekukhanyeni.

I-Phenology: ukuhluma, ukuqhakaza kanye nokuthela izithelo

Umuthi kalamula uveza eziningana izigaba zokukhula kwezitshalo Unyaka wonke. Entwasahlobo, amagatsha amancane ayakhula futhi akhiqize amaqabunga amasha aluhlaza okotshani, ahluke kakhulu koluhlaza okotshani olumnyama lwamaqabunga avuthiwe. Amahlumela ezimbali ayakheka kula mahlumela athambile, azogcina eseyizimbali eziwolintshi.

Ehlobo, kuvela okunye ukukhula, nakuba ngokuvamile kuncane kakhulu kunasentwasahlobo. Ekwindla, igagasi lesithathu lamahlumela liqinisekisa ukuvuselelwa kwamaqabunga futhi lisiza ukugcina umuthi uqinile futhi usebenza. Ezimweni ezifanelekile, umuthi kalamula ungabonakala izimbali, izithelo ezikhulayo kanye nolamula ovuthiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo esihlahleni.

Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwesithelo side kakhulu: kusukela ekuqhakazeni kuya ekuvuthweni ngokugcwele kwelamula, phakathi Izinyanga ezi-10 nezineKuye ngohlobo kanye nezimo zemvelo, lokhu kuvumela ukuvuna okufika kathathu ngonyaka emapulazini aphethwe kahle, okuchaza ukubaluleka okukhulu kwezomnotho kwesihlahla sikalamula.

Ngemva kokuvunwa, ulamula ungagcinwa usesimweni esihle amasonto noma izinyanga eziningana uma ugcinwa amazinga okushisa angu-10 kuya ku-13 ºC kanye nomswakama olinganiselwe ongu-85-90%. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, isikhathi sokuphila kweshelufu singandiswa kusukela kunyanga eyodwa kuya kweziyisithupha. Amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu abangela ukulimala okubandayo kanye nokulahlekelwa ujusi.

Ulamula yisithelo non-climactericOkusho ukuthi, ayiqhubeki nokuvuthwa kakhulu uma isisusiwe esihlahleni. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwe-ethylene kuphansi, futhi izimo ezilawulwayo zinomthelela olinganiselwe ekugcinweni kwayo, ngaphandle kokugcina umbala wayo oluhlaza lapho imakethe iwufuna.

Izinambuzane, izifo kanye nezinkinga zamagciwane

Umuthi kalamula, njengemithi eminingi ye-citrus, ungahlaselwa yizinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. izinambuzane ezibangela izinambuzane kanye nezinambuzane ezibangela izinambuzaneEnye yezinto eziyinkinga kakhulu yintwala emhlophe (I-Aspidiotus nerii), isinambuzane se-cochineal esizinamathela esithelweni kusukela ekubunjweni kwaso futhi singadala ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho.

Ezinye izinambuzane ezivamile ezikhula emaqakaleni zihlanganisa ama-mealybug, izinambuzane ezikhula emaqakaleni, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikali, ngaphezu kwezikali ezikhula emaqakaleni, okukhona kuzo okulandelayo: uboya bekotini (I-Planococcus citri) kanye ne-woodlouse ene-flute (Icerya ukuthenga). Ezingeni lezentengiselwano, enye yezesatshwa kakhulu yi-Australian red mealybug (I-Aonidiella aurantii).

Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezimuncayo, izintwala zibaluleke kakhulu; isibonelo, i-black citrus aphid (I-Toxoptera auantiiKunganciphisa amahlumela athambile futhi kudlulisele izifo. I-citrus leafminer nayo ikhona (I-Phyllocnistis citrella), okudala imidwebo emaqabungeni amancane futhi kuvuleke umnyango wokutheleleka kwesibili, yize ezindaweni eziningi izitha zayo zemvelo ziyilawula.

Esinye inkathazo esingaba khona yi-whitefly, ikakhulukazi I-Aleurothrixus floccosusKwamanye amazwe aseMedithera, akusabangeli inkinga enkulu ngenxa isenzo sesitha saso semvelo, i-parasitoid Cales Noackiokugcina inani labantu lilawulwa. Ngokuvamile, kunconywa ukulawula izinto eziphilayo ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa okuhleliwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane.

Ngokuphathelene nezimpukane zezithelo, njengempukane yezithelo yaseMedithera (I-Ceratitis capitata) noma impukane yaseMelika (I-Anastrepha fraterculus), izinsikazi zazo zingabhoboza ikhasi likalamula ukuze zizame ukubeka amaqanda, kodwa izibungu zazo azivamile ukukhula ngenxa i-asidi enkulu yesitheloNgakho-ke, umthelela ungaphansi kwamawolintshi noma ama-tangerines.

Ezingeni legciwane, enye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu zomuthi kalamula yi- igciwane le-citrus tristezaUkuze kuncishiswe umthelela wayo, amazwe afana neSpain ayakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwe-orenji ebabayo njengesiqu sezimpande futhi ancoma isiqu sezimpande esiphephile njenge-Troyer citrange, i-Carrizo citrange, i-Cleopatra mandarin, noma I-Poncirus trifoliataNgaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokukhulisa izingane zisebenzisa amahlumela aqinisekisiwe angenawo amagciwane abaluleke kakhulu, okunciphisa kakhulu ingozi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwesihlahla sikalamula: ukudla, impilo kanye nokunye ukusetshenziswa

Ukusetshenziswa kwesihlahla sikalamula okwaziwa kakhulu, ngokusobala, ukusetshenziswa kwelamula Ekudleni. Ijusi layo lisetshenziswa kakhulu, elicebile kakhulu ku-vitamin C futhi linokunambitheka okunamandla nokune-asidi, okubalulekile ekwenzeni ama-lemonade nezinye iziphuzo eziqabulayo, ama-dressing, ama-marinade kanye nezindlela zokupheka eziningi zokupheka nokubhaka.

Ku-gastronomy, okulandelayo kuyasetshenziswa futhi: ikhasi likalamulaKokubili ingxenye engaphandle (i-flavedo, ecebile ngamafutha abalulekile) kanye nengxenye engaphakathi (i-albedo) kuyasetshenziswa. I-zest isetshenziselwa ukunambitha izitsha ezinongiwe, amasoso, ama-risotto, amaswidi, amakhekhe, nama-tarts (isibonelo, ama-mousse kalamula, ama-Swiss roll agcwele, okhilimu, ama-ayisikhilimu, njll.). Ngisho namaqabunga esihlahla sikalamula angadliwa athosiwe noma njengama-fritters kwezinye izindlela zokupheka zendabuko.

I-Los amafutha abalulekile Njengoba zikhishwe emagxolweni futhi, ngezinga elincane, emaqabungeni, le mikhiqizo ibaluleke kakhulu embonini yamakha, izimonyo, kanye neyokuhlanza indlu, ngenxa yephunga lazo elisha kanye nezakhiwo zokususa amafutha. Izinkuni zesihlahla sikalamula, nakuba zingewona osetshenziswa kakhulu, zingasetshenziswa emisebenzini ethile yokwenza amakhabethe.

Emithini yendabuko, ulamula usetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka njengoba isisu esikhipha amanzi emzimbeni, esicindezelayo kanye nesibulala-magciwaneOkuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwevithamini C kuqinisa amasosha omzimba futhi kusiza ekuvimbeleni izifo. Ezifweni zokuphefumula, kubhekwa njengokuwusizo ekunciphiseni umkhuhlane kanye nomkhuhlane, okuvame ukuhlanganiswa noju noma itiye lezitshalo ezishisayo.

Ngokuphathelene nohlelo lokugaya ukudla, ijusi likalamula lingasebenza njenge- umlawuli womsebenzi wesisuIvuselela ukukhishwa kokugaya ukudla futhi isize ekunciphiseni i-asidi esiswini kwezinye izimo, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuxoshwa kwezinambuzane zamathumbu. Iphinde isetshenziswe kakhulu ezinkingeni zomchamo, i-gout, i-rheumatism, i-cholesterol ephezulu, kanye ne-arthritis, ngenxa yemiphumela yayo yokuhlanza kanye ne-antioxidant.

Esimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi, kuthiwa kunemiphumela yokuqinisa imithambo yegazi, ngaphezu kokusiza nge ithrafikhi kanye nokuvimbela Kuyasiza ngezinkinga ezifana ne-angina, i-arteriosclerosis, kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Indima yayo ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazi iyenza ibe yisithasiselo sokudla esiwusizo se-anemia.

Ukusetshenziswa kwangaphandle, ulamula uvame ukusetshenziswa ukucasuka okuncaneAmanxeba amancane, ukulunywa yizinambuzane, izilonda zomkhuhlane, ama-acne, ukuphuma kwegazi ekhaleni, i-gingivitis, umlomo onuka kabi, isikhunta sezinzipho, kanye namabala esikhumba konke kuyalashwa. Ukuxubha ngejusi likalamula elixutshwe namanzi nakho kuyasetshenziswa ukuqeda i-pharyngitis kanye ne-tonsillitis, kanti ukugeza ngezinyawo noma ukucindezela kusetshenziselwa ukukhulula imisipha nokunciphisa ubuhlungu be-rheumatic.

Ngokomlando, indima yakhe ekuvimbeleni i-scurvy yamenza umngane obalulekile wamatilosi abachitha izinyanga eziningi bengenazo izithelo noma imifino emisha. Amandla kalamula okugcina isikhathi eside enze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthi abasebenzi bagweme isifo esasibulala ngaphambili.

Uma ubheka konke okuzungezile umuthi kalamula—imvelaphi yawo exubile, ukuzwela kwawo emakhazeni, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo, izidingo zawo zokutshala, izinambuzane eziningi eziwuhlaselayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezithelo zawo, amakhasi awo, namafutha—kuyacaca ukuthi uyisithako esibalulekile. umuthi oyinhloko kwezolimo kanye namasiko okudla emhlabeni wonke, futhi ukukwazi ngokujulile kusenza siqonde kangcono kokubili izinhlelo zokulima zaseMedithera kanye nengxenye enhle yendlela yethu yokudla nokuzinakekela.