Umsuka wesayensi yezinkanyezi eMesopotamiya: kusukela emathempelini kuya emazulwini

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Phakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe kwachuma elinye lamasiko akudala ayebuka isibhakabhaka ngenjongo engokoqobo nengokomfanekiso. Lapho, okokuqala eSumer futhi kamuva eBabiloni, kwakhiwa indlela yokuqonda amazulu ehlanganisa ukubala, ukuqaphela, nezinganekwane. Kwaba, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ulwazi oluwusizo: lawula ikhalenda, ulindele izikhukhula, futhi ufunde amabika okwenkantolo kanye nempilo yezolimo.

Lowo mfutho wokuqala awuzange uhlale usendaweni: waqanjwa ubheke eGibhithe futhi, kamuva, waqonda eGreece, lapho wabuye wahunyushwa khona ngezifiso zethiyori. Kusukela ezibhebheni ze-cuneiform kuya ezincwadini zefilosofiIndaba yomsuka wesayensi yezinkanyezi eMesophothamiya futhi iyindaba yokuthi imiphakathi ihlela kanjani, iqinise, noma iguqule ulwazi lapho ishintsha imibono, izikhungo, namathuluzi.

Kusukela ku-cosmogony ye-Marduk kuya ekuhleleni kwesibhakabhaka

Umbono waseMesophothamiya womkhathi awuzange uhlukanise ngokuqinile izinganekwane nesayensi. Ku-Enuma Elish, inkondlo enkulu yokudala yaseBabiloni, kuyalandwa indlela uMarduk ehlula ngayo uTiamat futhi akha isibhakabhaka ngomzimba wakhe, ehlukanisa amanzi angenhla emanzini aphansiKuleyo ndaba efanayo, uMarduk ubeka unyaka, achaze izinyanga zawo, futhi ahlele imilaza namaplanethi: ngayinye yezinyanga eziyishumi nambili wabela izinkanyezi ezintathu, futhi usakaza izindawo zokuhlala zonkulunkulu abakhulu emkhathini.

Lesi senzakalo sasenganekwaneni sinomfanekiso wangempela ongokoqobo: abaseBhabhiloni bahlanganisa izinkanyezi, balungisa izibalo zonyaka nezigaba zenyanga, futhi bafunda ukubikezela ukusitheka kwelanga. Ukuxhumana phakathi kobuNkulunkulu nezulu kwakuqondileILanga lalihlotshaniswa noShamash; I-Mercury noNabu, inkosi yokubhala; IVenus eno-Ishtar; iMars neNergal; Jupiter noMarduk; kanye noSaturn noNinurta. Ngakho, ukufunda isibhakabhaka ngesikhathi esisodwa kwakuyikhalenda, isayensi yokuhlola izinkanyezi, nolimi lonkulunkulu.

Umpristi-izazi zezinkanyezi, iziqondiso kanye namarekhodi ezibhebheni

Ochwepheshe besibhakabhaka kwakungababhali bethempeli, ababizwa ngokuthi "ababhali bencwadi ethi When Anu, Enlil, and the Great Gods Created the Sky." Leyo manuwali, eyaziwa ngokuqala kwayo ngokuthi Enuma Anu Enlil, Yahlanganisa ndawonye ukuhlola kanye ne-omenology (izibikezelo), ukuxhuma izenzakalo zezinkanyezi nezenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo, ikakhulukazi lezo eziphathelene nenkosi.

Emakhulwini eminyaka, izikhundla nokuvela kwezindikimba zasemkhathini kwabhalwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Lolu chungechunge lokubhekwa ludale amaqoqo amathekisthi afana ne Ikhathalogi yokuphuma kwenkanyezi namaplanethi, the Almanacs of the Stars nabadumile Idayari yezinkanyezi. Imibono endala egcinwe eVenus Zisuka emuva ekubuseni kuka-Ammi-Saduqa (1646-1626 BC). Amakhathalogi anemininingwane aqala ukuhlanganiswa ngekhulu lesi-8 BC, kanti ama-Diaries asukela ekhulwini lesi-7 kuya kwele-1st BC, enikeza ukuqhubeka okumangalisayo.

Ngenxa yalokhu kuvumelana, amathebula anembe kakhulu nemijikelezo adaliwe. Ukujwayela kwamarekhodi ekugcineni kwagqama kwaba amasu okubikezela kanye namakhalenda acwengisiswayo okuthi, ngaphandle kokulahla uhlaka lwezenkolo, Basabela ezidingweni zokuphatha nezolimo.

Okushiwo amaGreki ngeBabiloni

UStrabo, isazi sokuma kwezwe esingumGreki nesazi-mlando sekhulu lokuqala AD, walandisa ukuthi eBhabhiloni kwakunengxenye yamaKaledi eyayigxile kwifilosofi futhi, ikakhulukazi, isayensi yezinkanyezi. Lapho, kwadwetshwa izinkanyezi futhi kwenziwa izibalo. Phakathi kwamagama awabalayo kukhona uCidenas, uNaburianus, noSudines, abantu esibazi ngemuva kwabo. izazi zezinkanyezi zaseBabiloni zasebukhosiniI-Cidenas iyi-Kidinnu yamaphilisi, kusukela ekhulwini lesi-4 BC; UNaburianus uhambisana noNabu-rimannu wenkathi efanayo. Leli siko lochwepheshe libonisa ukuthi, emehlweni amaGreki, isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaKhaledi kakade yayiyisiyalo ngendlela nedumela.

Ubalo lwezikhathi olubalulekile lwaseSumeri naseBabiloni

Umlando waseMesophothamiya wokubuka esibhakabhakeni ungalandelelwa ngezinye izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Ukusuka eSumer ukuya eBhabhiloniLokhu ukulandelana okuncane kokuziqondisa:

• 4000 BC C. Abantu abavela e-Asia Ephakathi bazinza esigodini esiphakathi kweTigris ne-Ewufrathe, basinikeza igama. I-Uri neBabiloni zaba izikhungo ezibalulekile zempucuko.
• 3500 BC C. Ubufakazi bokubhala ku izibhebhe zobumba noma zamatsheEBhabhiloni, isayensi yezinkanyezi yayiqhutshwa kusukela ku-3rd millennium BC, nge-boom ephawulekayo phakathi 600-500 BC.
• 3000 BC C. Ukuqanjwa kwezinkanyezi eduze kwe-ecliptic kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe i-zodiacImilaza eyakhiwe izinkanyezi ezikhanyayo nayo ibizwa ngokuthi.
• 3000 BC C. Ukuthuthuka kwasekuqaleni kwe-arithmetic yamaKaledi.
• 1700 BC C. Ukwamukelwa kwesistimu ocindzone kanye nokuhlukaniswa kosuku lube ngamahora alinganayo angama-24.
• 1700 BC C. Ukusetha ikhalenda elisuselwe ekuhambeni kweLanga kanye nezigaba zeNyanga, livumeleke kuze kube sekupheleni 500 BC C..
• 763 BC C. Irekhodi le-periodicity lokusitheka kwelanga; kuhlanganisa ukubhekwa kwe ukusitheka kwelanga ngoJuni 15.
• 721 BC C. Izazi zezinkanyezi esigodlweni saseNineve zibikezela a ukusitheka kwenyanga (Mashi 19).
• 607 BC C. Ukuwa kweNineve kuphawula inguquko: ukusuka kusayensi yezinkanyezi enesakhi esinamandla somlingo kuya endaweni ukurekhoda okuhlelekile yenkambo esobala yezinkanyezi.
• 340 BC C. I-Kidenas (Kidinnu) yenza ukucatshangelwa kokuqala nokwethiyori ku Ukuqala kwe-equinoxes.
• 270 BC C. UBerossus wafaka ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi ohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli; kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwahlala kuxhumene nesayensi yezinkanyezi njengoba Umsebenzi wombuso.
• Ikhulu lesi-2 BC Ukubalwa kwamaplanethi ama-synodic revolutions anokuchezuka okungaphansi kuka-0,01 kusuka kumanani amanje.
• Ikhalenda yenyanga wezinyanga ezingu-12 zezinsuku ezingu-30, kanye nenyanga eyengeziwe eyethulwa lapho kudingeka ukuze ihambisane nezinkathi zonyaka.

Izinyanga, iminyaka, kanye nobuciko bokuhlangana

Ngesikhathi sikaNabonassar (747–734 BC), abaseBabiloni bakubona lokho Izinyanga ezingama-235 zesinodikhi Baqondane cishe ncamashi neminyaka eyi-19 yelanga, nomehluko wamahora ambalwa kuphela. Kulokhu baphetha ngokuthi, emjikelezweni weminyaka engu-19, eyisikhombisa kumelwe kube iminyaka egxumayo ngokwenezela inyanga, ukuze unyaka wenyanga (cishe izinsuku ezingu-354) ngeke iphambuke ngokweqile zonyaka welanga (izinsuku ezingama-365).

NgoDariyu I (521-486 BC) imithetho yahlanganiswa: kusukela okungenani kuma-503 BC a inqubo ejwayelekile yokuxhumanisa: emjikelezweni ngamunye weminyaka eyi-19, kunezinyanga eziyisithupha ze-Addaru (uFebruary/March wethu) kanye nenyanga eyodwa ye-Ululu (August/September). Umgomo wawuwukugcina usuku lokuqala lukaNisannu, uNcibijane, lusondele intwasahlobo equinoxukuqondanisa amakhalenda nezinkathi zonyaka ukuze kuqondiswe imisebenzi yezolimo nemikhosi.

Kakade ngekhulu le-4 BC, indlela yesibili yokuxhumanisa yethulwa, ithatha umjikelezo oyisisekelo iminyaka 76 ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokunciphisa ukuchezuka. Lokhu kucwengisiswa kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi u-Kidinnu, ophinde wakala ubude benyanga ngokunemba okungavamile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umthetho odumile weminyaka engu-19, owaziwa eGreece ngokuthi umjikelezo weMetonic futhi wamukelwa ikhalenda lamaJuda, Yayibalwe ngaphambili eBhabhiloni.

I-Eclipses kanye nomjikelezo we-Saros

Ngokufiphala kwelanga, abaseBabiloni bahlonza inkathi ebalulekile: the Umjikelezo weSarosLokhu kulingana nezinyanga ezingama-223, noma iminyaka eyi-18 nezinsuku eziyi-11,3. Ngemva kwalesi sikhathi, ukufiphala kwelanga nenyanga kuphinda kunezici ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke, uma ukusitheka kwelanga kwenzeka ekuseni ngoMeyi 18, 603 BC, okulandelayo kwalolu hlobo kwakulindeleke ekushoneni kwelanga ngoMeyi 28, 585 BC. Inzuzo engokoqobo yalokhu kuvamile yayinkulu kakhuluikakhulukazi njengoba ukusitheka kwenyanga kwakubhekwa njengebika elibi kombusi enkantolo.

Ukuhlanganisa imibhalo egciniwe eqhubekayo nale mijikelezo kwavumela amaKaledi ukuba enze izibikezelo ezithembeke ngokwandayo. Idumela lesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseBabiloni emhlabeni wasendulo lalisekelwe kakhulu kulokhu. amandla okubikezela isekelwa izinombolo.

Ukunemba kweMesopotamiya: Inyanga, Ilanga namaplanethi

Izinga lokunemba elatholwa izazi zezinkanyezi zaseBabiloni lisamangalisa nanamuhla. Balinganisela ubude besikhathi inyanga yesinodi (isikhathi phakathi kwezinyanga ezigcwele) ngezinsuku ezingama-29,53 ngephutha lemizuzu embalwa, isibalo abasinciphisa saba ngaphansi kwesekhondi elilodwa. Ngekhulu lesi-3 BC, izibalo ezimbili ezihlukene zisondelene nenani lesimanje (izinsuku ezingama-29,530589): Nabur Annu okuhlongozwayo 29,530641 futhi Kidinnu 29,530594.

Ikhono labo aligcinanga eNyangeni. Ngekhulu lesi-2 BC, base bevele besebenza ngamanani wezinguquko ze-synodic zamaplanethi ahluke kulawo amanje ngaphezu kwalokho. kwekhuluNgaphezu kwalokho, ukulinganisa konyaka kwalungiswa, futhi umsebenzi wenziwa ngobudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi, njengokulingana okudumile kwaseBabiloni Izinyanga ezingama-251 zesinodikhi ilingana ncamashi nezinyanga ezingama-269 ngendlela exakileLesi sakamuva isikhathi esiphakathi kwamaphaseji amabili alandelanayo eNyanga ukuya endaweni eseduze kakhulu noMhlaba (i-perigee) futhi sithatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-27,55. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ibanga loMhlaba neNyanga liphakathi kuka-356.000 no-407.000 km futhi ububanzi benyanga obubonakalayo buhluka cishe ngo-11%, hlanganisa lezo zibalo ebudlelwaneni bezikhathi ezithile Kudinga izinga elimangalisayo lokuhlaziya.

Amamodeli okunyakaza kwenyanga: Amasistimu A no-B

Kudala ngekhulu lesi-5 BC, kwakwaziwa eBhabhiloni ukuthi iNyanga ayihambi ngomjikelezo wayo isivinini esingaguqukiNamuhla sithi lokhu kuhlukahluka kubangelwa ukuthi i-orbit i-elliptical, kodwa amaKaledi athuthukisa amamodeli e-arithmetic asebenzayo ukuze abikezele izigaba nezikhundla ngokunemba okuhle.

Ikholi Isistimu A Yayisekelwe ekucabangeni kweNyanga eshintshana phakathi kwezivinini ezimbili ezingaguquki (eyodwa esheshayo nenye ehamba kancane), okuthi, nakuba ingekho ncamashi ngokomzimba, yathuthukisa ukubikezela kokukhanya nokuphakama kwayo. Isistimu BNgokunokwenzeka kuxhunyaniswe ne-Kidinnu, lokhu kwethule ukuhluka okuqhubekayo: isivinini siyakhuphuka ekugxumeni kwansuku zonke siye kumkhawulo bese sehla ngendlela efanayo siye kokuncane, ngohlobo lwephethini ye-sawtooth. Ngalokhu, amabhodi athole inhlawulo futhi izigaba zingalungiswa ngokunembe kakhudlwana.

Dlulisela eGreece: ukusuka kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwethiyori

Isayensi yezinkanyezi zamaGreki yaqala ngokuncika kakhulu olwazini lwaseMesopotamiya nolwaseGibhithe. UHerodotus ulandisa ngohambo lwaseThales yaseMilethu EMpumalanga, kakade kuthiwa uphumelele njengokubikezela ukusitheka kwelanga. Lokhu akukona nje ukuqondana: i-gnomon, ithuluzi lokulinganisa ithunzi nesikhathi, inomsuka waseBhabhiloni, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi yayivezwa njengento esunguliwe yamaGreki.

Lapho amaGreki ayekhanya khona ngempela kwakungokwezibalo kanye nencazelo yejometri. U-Pythagoras kanye nesikole sakhe balwela indawo yonke eyakhiwe ngezinombolo kanye nokuphelela kombuthano; Plato, endaweni TimaeusWachaza ukulandisa kwe-cosmological okwakufuna ukuhlanganisa izenzakalo ku-a ukuvumelana kwezibaloI-Eudoxus yenza imodeli yokunyakaza ngezinhlelo zama-concentric sphere. Lo mfutho obheke ku-geometrization uguqule isayensi yezinkanyezi esizuzwe njengefa yaba ithiyori yezinkanyezi.

U-Aristotle wasungula indawo yonke enamazinga amabili: umhlaba i-sublunareziguquguqukayo nezikhohlakele, ezibhekene nezwe i-supralunarokuphakade nokuphelele, okwenziwe nge-ether. Okwakhe Ezulwini kanye nokuhlanganiswa okukhulu kukaPtolemy ku- I-Almagest Babeka indinganiso emakhulwini eminyaka. Kukho konke lokhu kwenezelwa i ukwakhiwa kolwazi neMuseum of Alexandria ngemva kokushona kuka-Alexander Omkhulu, owathuthela isikhungo sezengqondo kulelo dolobha.

Izinsimbi nazo zithuthukile: ama-armillary sphere, ama-astrolabes, nama-quadrants avunyelwe ukubhekwa nokumelwa kwesibhakabhaka ngenjongo ehlukile. U-Hipparchus wethula ukusetshenziswa okuhlelekile kwe- trigonometry ukuxazulula izinkinga zokulinganisa, ukuvula indlela isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaGreki eyayizoyisebenzisa kamuva. Nokho, wonke lawo mandla etiyetha akhule esisekelweni sedatha namasu azalwa emathempelini aseMesophothamiya.

Ukuzinzisa kwamasiko: inganekwane, amasu namandla

EGibhithe naseMesophothamiya, isayensi yezinkanyezi nokubhula ngezinkanyezi kwakha into ebumbene, evunyelwa inkolo kanye nomsebenzi wamandla. Abapristi babephethe izinsiza eziningi, ngakho-ke, bakhuthaza ukubhala ku... gcina ama-akhawunti Futhi namarekhodi asezulwini. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Egypt, ukuphakama kwe-Sirius kwe-heliacal kwaqondana nenkathi yehlobo futhi kwamemezela izikhukhula zeNayile, isenzakalo esibalulekile sokuhlela umsebenzi wezolimo.

EGreece, ukulingana kwamasiko kwashintshela embonweni wenkolelo-mbono. UPlato no-Aristotle bahlanganisa umqondo wokuthi uhlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lolwazi luwukucabangela, lwemvelo yefilosofi-yezibalo; ubuchwepheshe bebuvame ukwehliselwa ezingeni eliphansi. Lokhu kuzinza okuchazayo kuchaza ukuthi kungani izimpumelelo eziningi kangaka ezingokoqobo zemvelaphi yaseMpumalanga kamuva zethulwa njengefa lamaGreki, isenzakalo ukugxeka kwesimanje okuye kwabiza ngokuthi. I-HelenophiliaNgesikhathi esifanayo, amaSophists avikela ukufundiswa kobuhle kanye nendima ehamba phambili yabadwebi nabachwepheshe, kodwa ithonya labo lalahlekelwa iphrojekthi yefilosofi evelele.

Isayensi yezinkanyezi, ngenxa yalokho, yasuka ekubeni ubuchwepheshe bezwe—inamakhalenda, amabika, nezinkolo—yaya ekubeni isayensi ye-geometric efuna chaza futhi ubikezele ngamamodeli. Kwakungekho ukuphumula okuphelele: kunalokho, ukudluliselwa nokufunda kabusha okwahlanganisa ama-akhawunti ethempeli nemidwebo yejiyomethri yezikole.

Ifa elifinyelela yonke indlela eya eNyangeni

Ukuqashelwa kwanamuhla kwalelo siko kusobala. INyanga ine-crater engu-56 km ebizwa ngokuthi Kidinnu Ngokuhlonishwa kwesazi sezinkanyezi saseBabiloni; izixhumanisi zayo zingu-35,9º N kanye no-122,9º E. Lokhu kuqamba akukona nje ukuhlonishwa: kufanekisela indlela ubudlelwano bezikhathi ezithile, amathebula, nemijikelezo eyakhiwe ngayo enhliziyweni ye-Mesophothamiya. hlala uhlangene enkumbulweni yethu yesayensi. Futhi, ngendlela, lelo mephu yonkulunkulu namaplanethi ahlela isibhakabhaka saseBabiloni ashiye umdwebo wamasiko osabonakala emagameni amaningi nasezindabeni zezinkanyezi.

Ukulandelana okucacile kungabonakala: okokuqala, inganekwane eyala futhi esemthethweni; khona-ke, ukubonwa kwe-methodical ezandleni zababhali; ngokulandelayo, ukubala komjikelezo okubusa ukusitheka kwelanga namakhalenda; futhi, ekugcineni, i-geometry yesiGreki ehumusha izinombolo zibe ithiyori. Ukusuka eSumer ukuya e-AlexandriaI-astronomy yazalwa njenge-tapestry yemikhuba, izikhungo, nezimpawu ezingenakuqondwa uma zihlukaniswa. Lolu hlaka, olulukwe ngezibhebhe, izinsimbi, nefilosofi, luchaza ukuthi kungani sazi namuhla ukuthi ilanga lizositheka nini noma kungani iNyanga ihamba ngokushesha lapho isondela kithi: izwe lasendulo liphila ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sibheka phezulu futhi sibona, siyala, isibhakabhaka esifanayo esamangaza amaKaledi.