Umlando we-chess: Kusukela kumsuka wayo kuya enkathini yedijithali

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ukukhuluma nge umlando we-chess ukuzifaka ohambweni olujabulisayo ngokusebenzisa amasiko, izinganekwane, izinguquko zezombusazwe kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Lo mdlalo, namuhla oziqhenya ngomphakathi womhlaba wonke wezigidi zabalandeli nezingcweti, wazalwa ngenxa yokuhlangana komcabango womuntu kanye nesidingo sobuhlakani sokubhekana nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi. Emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, i-chess ibibhekwa njengento yonke kusukela ekuzijabuliseni nje kwamakhosi nezicukuthwane kuya emdlalweni wengqondo wangempela, ofundwa futhi wathakaselwa ososayensi, abadwebi, nosomaqhinga abakhulu.

Namuhla, i-chess ingaphezu komdlalo webhodi olula: kuyifasitela lesikhathi esedlule, ikamu lokuqeqesha enobuhlakani futhi, kwabaningi, indlela yokuphila. Umlando wayo ucwile ezindabeni zezinganekwane, izinguquko emithethweni yomdlalo, kanye nomthelela omkhulu esikweni nasemphakathini. Okulandelayo, sizocubungula isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ekuthuthukisweni kwalo mdlalo ongajwayelekile.

Imvelaphi eyinganekwane kanye nemibono mayelana nokuzalwa kwe-chess

Ukukhuluma ngemvelaphi ye-chess ukuvula umnyango wemfihlakalo, kuze kube yilolu suku, iqhubeka idala inkulumo-mpikiswano futhi imangaze abangaphakathi nabangaphandle. Inguqulo esakazeke kakhulu neyamukelwa izazi eziningi ibonisa lokho wazalelwa eNdiya cishe ngekhulu lesi-6, ngesikhathi soMbuso wakwaGupta. Lapho kwakwaziwa ngokuthi chaturanga, okusho ngesiSanskrit ukuthi “izigaba ezine zempi”: amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo, abagibeli bamahhashi, izindlovu nezinqola. Ngalinye kulawa mayunithi lisamelwe nanamuhla eziqephini ebhodini, okubonisa ubudlelwano obujulile begeyimu necebo lezempi langaleso sikhathi.

Kodwa-ke, kuneminye imibono ehlukile ebeka umsuka wayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njenge China, I-Iran noma ngisho Afghanistan. Ezinye izazi-mlando zithole ukufana phakathi kwe-chaturanga nemidlalo yamaShayina njenge xiangqi, okuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka kube namathonya afanayo ngoSilk Road. Kunoma yikuphi, ukuhlaziya kwe-philological kanye ne-etymological kwamagama nokunyakaza kwezingcezu kuqinisa i-hypothesis yaseNdiya njengendawo yokuqala ye-chess.

Phakathi kwezindaba eziyinganekwane, inkondlo yasePheresiya igqama Shahnameh noma "Incwadi Yamakhosi", ekhuluma ngokuthunyelwa kwe-chessboard isuka eNdiya iyiswa enkantolo yasePheresiya njengenselele yobuhlakani. Inganekwane ithi u-rajah waseNdiya waphinda wadala impi enonya phakathi kwezelamani ezimbili ukuze abonise unina ukuthi ubani owayenecala ngempela ngokufa komunye. Le ndaba igxile esikweni elidumile futhi imele ukuxhumana kokuqala okwaziwayo phakathi kwe-chess nokuxazulula izingxabano kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuhlakani.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i chaturanga Kuphinde kwaba ugqozi kwezinhlobonhlobo zasendaweni kwezinye izingxenye ze-Asia, njenge shogi Japanese noma UMakruk I-Thai, eqinisa umqondo wokuthi bekuyingxenye yomndeni omkhulu wemidlalo yebhodi enemithetho efanayo, yonke exhunywe kubukhulu bamasu kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqumo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Kuyini ukuba yingqondo?

I-Chess ePheresiya kanye nokwanda kwayo emhlabeni wonke wamaSulumane

Kusukela eNdiya, i chaturanga weqa imingcele futhi wagcina esePheresiya lasendulo, lapho yathola khona igama i-chess. AmaPheresiya aletha izinguquko ezibalulekile futhi ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wamagama amaningi anamuhla. Amazwi afanayo shah (inkosi) kanye nenkulumo shah mat (inkosi ehluliwe), imvelaphi "ye-checkmate" yethu, yaduma kulo mongo.

Ukuwa koMbuso WamaSassanid kanye nokunqoba kwama-Arab kwafaka i-chess esikhathini sokuhlonishwa okukhulu nokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Ezweni lamaSulumane, ukugembula kwaba inkundla yokuzilibazisa nokuzijabulisa kwamakhalifa, izikhulu zenkantolo, nezifundiswa. Izincwadi zokuqala zabhalwa, amasu, ukuvuleka kanye nemidlalo yokugcina yahlaziywa, futhi i-chess yaba umdlalo. ithuluzi lokufundisa futhi of ukucwengwa kwengqondo.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, lo mdlalo wadabula eNyakatho Afrika, eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, nakulo lonke elaseYurophu ngesandla samaMoors. Izinkomba zokuqala ezibhaliwe eNtshonalanga zivela cishe ngekhulu le-10, lapho umdlalo usuqiniswa eSpain nase-Italy. Ngakho-ke indlovukazi kanye nombhishobhi babeyizicucu ezilinganiselwe mayelana nokuhamba namandla, kodwa injabulo ukudlala futhi i udumo ukuthi ulwazi lwe-chess olunikezwayo lwaluvele lungenakuphikwa.

Ukufika kwe-chess eYurophu: izikhulu, abefundisi kanye nokwanda

Inqubo yokwandisa kanye nokulinganisa kwamasiko we-chess eYurophu kwaba kancane kodwa engavimbeki. Umdlalo, osuvele uqashelwa ngemiphumela yawo yamasu ajulile, wahlanganiswa ezinkantolo, izigodlo, nezikhungo zamandla phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi. Amakhosi, izicukuthwane, ngisho namalunga abefundisi atholakala kuye a umthombo wokuzijabulisa futhi a isingathekiso ilungele impilo nempi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-chess yiyona okuthandayo yamakhosi afana Alfonso X the Wise eSpain, U-Ivan Omubi eRussia naseCaliph Harun al-Rashid. Ngekhulu le-13, ngaphansi kokubusa kuka-Alfonso X, odumile "Incwadi Yemidlalo", umsebenzi oyisikhumbuzo ophinde wahlanganisa nemithetho yeminye imidlalo yebhodi futhi wahlanganisa ukubaluleka kwe-chess esikweni laseYurophu.

Nokho, amakhulu eminyaka, i-chess yahlala kunqunyelwe kwabaphezulu nabefundisi. Ukufinyelela kumdlalo nolwazi lwawo kwakuyizimpawu zokwehlukana futhi, ezikhathini eziningi, isihloko sempikiswano yenkolo. Kokubili iSonto LamaKatolika namagatsha ahlukahlukene obu-Orthodox namaJuda aye avimbela umdlalo we-chess ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene, ethi kungase kubangele ukungenzi lutho okungakhiqizi noma ukuhlambalaza.

Nokho, umdlalo wakwazi sisinde ezikhathini ezinzima zezombusazwe nezenkolo, futhi ngenxa yezindlela zohwebo kanye nokuhwebelana ngamasiko, kwaqhubeka ukusabalala futhi ethuthukayo kulo lonke izwekazi.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-chess eYurophu yanamuhla

El ukushintshwa kwepharadigm Emlandweni we-chess kwenzeka phakathi kwekhulu le-15 nele-16 eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kulesi sikhathi, eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Chess Renaissance, kwenziwa izinguquko ezinkulu emithethweni nasezicucu. I u-reina, ngaphambilini ebibizwa ngokuthi ama-fers noma i-vizier futhi ilinganiselwe ekuhambeni kwayo, yaba yi- ucezu olunamandla kakhulu webhodi, okubonisa ukubaluleka kwezindlovukazi kwezombusazwe zaseYurophu yangaleso sikhathi. Yena umbhishobhi yazuza ukuhamba, i ama-pawn Bakwazi ukuthuthukisa izikwele ezimbili ekuhambeni kwabo kokuqala kanye nokwenzeka inqaba.

Lezi zinguquko zenze umdlalo waba namandla, okwenza waba ngaphezulu kakhulu ekhangayo, Veloz kanye namasu. Ukuvuleka, amaqhinga kanye nokwenzeka kwashintsha ngokuphelele, kanye ne-chess i-modero waqala ukumila. Izincwadi zokuqala zokuvula kanye nezifundo zethiyori zabona ukukhanya, njengokuthi "Ukuphindaphinda kothando kanye nobuciko be-chess» nguLuis Ramírez de Lucena (1497) kanye nezivumelwano zikaRuy López de Segura (1561), zombili iSpanishi.

La ukuphrinta kanye nokukhula kwesiko elibhaliwe kwavumela ukusakazeka ngokushesha kwemithetho emisha, eyasakazekela kulo lonke izwekazi. IFrance, i-Italy neSpain baqhudelana khona ukuphakama kwethiyori kanye nomdlalo, nasezinkantolo nasemasaluni kwaqanjwa izikole nezitayela ezisaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela nanamuhla.

I-Chess njengomsebenzi wobuhlakani nezenhlalo eNkathini Yanamuhla

Phakathi kwekhulu le-16 nele-19, i-chess yayikhona ukuhlanganisa njenge-a ubuciko, isayensi futhi cishe inkolo. Ihehe ongqondongqondo, abaculi kanye nezibalo ezinamandla: kusuka U-Elizabeth I waseNgilandi a U-Ivan Omubi; kusuka Rousseau a uVoltaire, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa u-Erasmus waseRotterdam, owathi i-chess yiyona umfanekiso omuhle kakhulu womqondo womuntu esenzweni.

Ngalesi sikhathi, i-chess yayeka ukuba yisizinda esikhethekile sezicukuthwane kanye ne-aristocracy futhi kancane kancane yathuthela emakhefi, amanyuvesi kanye nemibuthano. ongqondongqondo. I iso yempilo yenhlalo yomphakathi yasemadolobheni kanye ne ukuthuthukiswa Izinhlobo ezintsha zemihlangano ziholele ekuqhamukeni kwamakilabhu lapho kufundwa khona i-chess, kuxoxiswane ngayo futhi kudlalwa ngothando.

Imithetho emisha kanye nokuthandwa komdlalo kwabeka isisekelo somdlalo ukuqhakaza yamakilabhu emadolobheni afana neLondon, Paris, Vienna nePrague. Amathilomu, ikakhulukazi, aba amathempeli e-chess, izindawo zokuzalela zabadlali abaphambili, imibono egqamile nemidlalo eyinganekwane.

Ukuzalwa kwe-chess yokuncintisana kanye nompetha bomhlaba bokuqala

Ikhulu le-19 lafakaza inguquko yesimanje chess. yena imithetho ejwayelekile, wasukuma amawashi okuqala (ibalulekile ekulawuleni ijubane lemidlalo) futhi, ngokokuqala ngqa, kwahlelwa imiqhudelwano yamazwe ngamazwe ehlonishwayo. Esokuqala salezi zenzakalo senzeka ngo London ngo-1851, futhi yanqotshwa u-Adolf Anderssen, owaqhubeka ebhekwa njengomunye wabadlali abaqine kakhulu besikhathi sakhe.

Ngokufika kwe- imiqhudelwano yamazwe ngamazwe kwavela izibalo zasenganekwaneni ezifana UWilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Kapablanca, Alexander Alekhine futhi emva kwalokho, UMikhail Botvinnik, UBobby fischer, Anatoly Karpov y UGarry kasparov. Konke kube nesandla ekukhuphuleni izinga ngokuncintisana, baba nesandla imibono emisha yamasu namasu, futhi Banikeza i-chess i-aura ecishe ibe yiqhawe.

Ngalesi sikhathi kunjalo kuqinisiwe futhi imifelandawonye yokuqala kazwelonke futhi, ngo-1924, wasungula i-FIDE (I-International Chess Federation) ngenhloso yokuhlela nokulawula imiqhudelwano yomhlaba kanye neminye imiqhudelwano yamazwe ngamazwe. I ukusebenza ngobungcweti ye-chess yayiqinisekisiwe.

I-Chess kwezombusazwe, isayensi, namasiko ekhulwini lama-20

Ikhulu lama-20 laletha i-chess ku-a ubukhulu obusha. Kwakungekhona kuphela umdlalo wobuhlakani obusezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa waba a inkundla yempi engokomfanekiso ngesikhathi Impi Yomshoshaphansi, ikakhulukazi emiqhudelwaneni ephakathi kweSoviet Union ne-United States. AmaSoviet, eholwa nguBotvinnik nabalandela esikhundleni sakhe, kwabusa izwe lonke amashumi eminyaka, besebenzisa leli thuba utshalomali oluqinile esifundweni nasekufundiseni chess.

I-duel phakathi UBobby fischer (United States) kanye U-Boris Spassky (Soviet Union) ngo-1972 yaziwa ngokuthi "Umdlalo Wekhulu Leminyaka»waphinde wafaka i-chess kwabezindaba kanye nomphakathi jikelele. Umthelela wawunjalo kangangokuthi i-chess yaba nayo ukwanda okumangalisayo abalandeli baseMelika naseYurophu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhulu lama-20 lafakaza a ukukhula kokuhlanganyela kwabesifazane Ku-chess, nakuba imiqhudelwano eminingi namakilabhu ayeyigcina ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili kuze kube muva nje. Yena Umqhudelwano Womhlaba Wabesifazane, iwine ekuqaleni Vera Menchik Ngo-1927, kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibheke ekulinganeni, nakuba kusenezinselele ezisalindile namuhla.

Izindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kanye nenkathi yamakhompyutha

I-Los intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe bamake a ngaphambi nangemva ekuthuthukisweni kwe-chess. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, umdlalo ubulokhu ufundwa ochwepheshe bezibalo, onjiniyela kanye namavulandlela ekusebenzisaneni ngekhompyutha njenge. UClaude Shannon o ULeonardo Torres Quevedo, owaklama enye ye-automata yokuqala ekwazi ukudlala i-king and rook endings.

La inguquko yeqiniso Ifike nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zekhompiyutha ezikwazi ukuhlaziya imidlalo, ukubala okuhlukile futhi, ekugcineni, ukuhlula abantu abangcono kakhulu. Ingqophamlando ekhumbuleka kakhulu yenzeka 1997, lapho i I-Deep Blue supercomputer I-IBM yehlule umpetha womhlaba uGarry Kasparov emqhudelwaneni oyingqophamlando. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, imishini abagcinanga ngokulingana, kodwa idlule amakhono iningi lamakhosi amakhulu.

Izinhlelo ezifana i-stockfish, Komodo o I-AlphaZero Bakhuphule ukufundwa kwe-chess ezindaweni eziphakeme ngokungacabangeki, okuvumela ukuhlaziya nokuqonda izikhundla eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-AlphaZero, ikakhulukazi, yabonisa ukuthi ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bungafunda ukudlala i-chess ezingeni elingaphezu komuntu ngamahora ambalwa nje, iziqeqeshe ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.

Nabo bandile ezahlukeneyo womdlalo, kusukela ku-"chess 960»noma i-Fischer chess (enezindawo zokuqala ezingahleliwe) ezinguqulweni ze-3D, i-chess yabadlali abaningi kanye nezindlela zeqembu, esebenzisa amandla obuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lokusungula umphakathi womhlaba.

I-Chess Namuhla: Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke kanye ne-Digital Phenomenon

El ukwanda kwe-inthanethi namapulatifomu aku-inthanethi afana ne-Chess.com noma i-Lichess ukufinyelela kwentando yeningi ku-chess. Namuhla, noma yimuphi umuntu Ungabhekana nabamelene nawe abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba, ubambe iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni ebonakalayo, uhlaziye ngokuzenzakalelayo imidlalo yakho, futhi ulandele ukufana kobuciko ngesikhathi sangempela.

La kwakuyi-digital ilethe uguquko lweqiniso lwezemfundo: amakilasi, amavidiyo, ukusakazwa bukhoma nezinsiza ezisebenzisanayo ezitholakala kuwo wonke umuntu, kusukela kwabaqalayo ukuya kochwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthandwa kwe-chess kukhule ngenxa yochungechunge lwethelevishini olusezingeni eliphezulu, amafilimu nokusakazwa, ngezibalo ezinjengokuthi Magnus Carlsen o Ding Liren njengezinkomba eziyinhloko.

Njengamanje, i-chess isaqhubeka ukuguquka, ukuzivumelanisa ne- Izikhathi ezintsha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umongo osekumenze wangafa. Isukile ekubeni a umbukiso okhethekile kusukela kwabaphezulu kanye nezifundiswa ukuze ube ngomunye wabafundi ezemidlalo ezifundiswayo nezifinyeleleka kakhulu we planethi.

Imithetho eyisisekelo, izingcezu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ze-chess

I-Chess idlalwa ku-a 8x8 ibhodi lesikwele imibala ekhanyayo nemnyama eshintshanayo. Umdlali ngamunye une izingcezu eziyishumi nesithupha: inkosi eyodwa, indlovukazi eyodwa, ama-rook amabili, ababhishobhi ababili, ama-knights amabili nama-pawn ayisishiyagalombili. Umgomo uwukupha umlingani wokuhlola enkosini yomphikisi, okusho ukuthi ngeke akwazi ukuphunyuka ekuthunjweni ekuhambeni okulandelayo. Umdlali onezicucu ezimhlophe uhamba kuqala, okumnika a inzuzo encane emazingeni aphezulu.

Uhlobo ngalunye lwesiqeshana lunephethini yalo yokunyakaza:

• Inkosi: isikwele esisodwa kunoma iyiphi indlela.
• Intokazi: izikwele eziningi ngendlela ofuna ngayo kunoma iyiphi indlela (ucezu olunamandla kakhulu).
• UMbhoshongo: noma iyiphi inombolo yezikwele emigqeni eqondile kuphela (evundlile noma eqondile).
• Umbhishobhi: noma iyiphi inombolo yezikwele diagonally kuphela.
• Ihhashi: esimweni "L", eqa phezu kwezinye izingcezu.
• I-Pawn: ithuthukisa isikwele esisodwa kuphela, ngaphandle kokuhamba kwayo kokuqala lapho ikwazi ukuqhubekela phambili ezimbili; ukuthwebula kwe-diagonal.

Kukhona imithetho ekhethekile efana inqaba (ukunyakaza okuhlangene kwenkosi no-rook ukuvikela inkosi), i bamba ngokudlula futhi i ukukhuthazwa kwe-pawn lapho umuntu efika emgqeni wokugcina webhodi, ingaba yimuphi omunye ucezu (ngaphandle kwenkosi). Ukuze uqonde ngokujulile imithetho nezimiso zomdlalo, sikumema ukuthi uvakashele isigaba sethu esizinikezele kuso ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba nengqondo.

Izigaba zomdlalo kanye nezimiso zamasu

Umdlalo we-chess uvame ukuhlukaniswa waba I-apertura (ukuthuthukiswa kwezingcezu nokulwela ukulawula isikhungo), umdlalo ophakathi (lapho isenzo sishuba futhi kusetshenziswa amasu amakhulu kanye nenhlanganisela yamaqhinga) kanye ukugcina (lapho sekusele izingcezu ezimbalwa futhi inkosi izuza ukuvelela ekulweleni ukunqoba).

El ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo umdlalo ubalulekile. Phakathi kwezimiso ezinconywe ompetha abakhulu yilezi:

• Susa izingcezu ngokushesha futhi ulawule isikhungo sebhodi.
• Ungasusi ucezu olufanayo izikhathi eziningana ekuvuleni ngaphandle uma kunesidingo.
• Castle ngesikhathi ukuvikela inkosi.
• Ungaqhubekiseli phambili ama-pawn kude kakhulu kusukela enkosini ngaphandle kwesizathu.
• Hlanganisa zonke izingcezu ngokusekelwe emgomweni ofanayo.

Ezigabeni zokugcina, i- ukusebenza kwenkosi inquma, futhi i ulwazi lwemidlalo yokuphela abaqambi bemibono bamaka umehluko phakathi kokunqoba nokulingana. I amaqhinga (ukuqondisa kwesikhashana, njengokuhlasela okuphindiwe, ukutshuza, noma ukuchezuka) kanye isu (izinhlelo zesikhathi esimaphakathi nezesikhathi eside) zihlanganiswa ngendlela ehlukile kumdlalo ngamunye.

Uhlelo lokuncintisana kanye nesibalo se-Grand Master

Njengamanje, i amandla yabadlali kukalwa uhlelo Elo, enikeza u-a izimpawu zokubhala ngokwemiphumela etholwe emiqhudelwaneni esemthethweni. Kukhona izigaba ezahlukene: kusukela abaqalayo (0-1400), abangafundile (1400-1600), abadlali beqembu (1600-2100) kuze kufinyelele izihloko zamazwe ngamazwe: I-Master Candidate (CM), I-FIDE Master (MF), I-International Master (IM) nabahalelwayo Ugogo (GM).

Abanye amakhosi amakhulu sebefinyelele ingqungquthela yomhlaba eminyakeni emangalisayo, njenge Abhimanyu Mishra, ngubani othole i- Isihloko se-GM eneminyaka engu-12 kuphela. Imiqhudelwano yomhlaba, eyabesilisa nabesifazane, inesiko nesithunzi esiyingqayizivele. I-chess yesimanje nayo ithanda umdlalo ukudlala kweqembu: ama-ompmpiki, imiqhudelwano yamakilabhu kanye nemiqhudelwano ye-intercontinental iqinisa isimilo sayo global.

Psychology, ubuntu kanye namagugu chess

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisa ukuthi i-chess ayixhumene ne-a quotient ehlakaniphile okungavamile, kodwa ithuthukisa amakhono okuqonda njengokugxilisa ingqondo, inkumbulo, ukubona ngeso lendawo nokucabanga okunengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyasiza ukuthuthukisa ukubekezela, lo ukuhlela kanye nekhono lokwamukela ukwehlulwa njengengxenye yenqubo yokufunda.

Ayikho iphrofayili yomdlali oyedwa; Lo mdlalo uheha izingane kanye nentsha kanye nabantu abadala nasebekhulile. Nakuba olunye ucwaningo luphakamisa izici ezithile zobuntu zihlobene nentshisekelo ku-chess, impumelelo Kuncike kakhulu ku ukuzinikela kanye namahora wokuzijwayeza nokufunda.

I-chess yabesifazane kanye nokufakwa

Inselele ebalulekile kube yi- ukulingana ngokobulili. Nakuba abesifazane bebonise ukubaluleka kwabo kuwo wonke amazinga amakhulu eminyaka, isikhathi eside ukuhlanganyela kwabo bekuyingcosana. Umfutho eSoviet Union, izihloko zomhlaba wonke kanye ukusebenza ngobungcweti yabadlali sebedlulele ekulinganeni okukhulu. Nokho, izinselele zisekhona.

Namuhla, izibalo ezifana UJudit Polgar (kubhekwe umdlali we-chess ongcono kakhulu wesikhathi sonke), Hou Yifan kanye namathalenta amancane avela emhlabeni wonke abonisa ukuthi i-chess ivulekele cualquiera, kungakhathaliseki ubulili noma ubudala.

Izinhlobonhlobo ze-chess kanye nelukuluku

Umhlaba we-chess uhlanganisa okuningi kunemithetho yawo yendabuko. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi nezindlela, ezinye zazo ezidume kakhulu:

• I-Shatranj: inguqulo yasendulo yasePheresiya, enemithetho ehlukene.
• Xiangqi: I-chess yamaShayina, enebhodi nezingcezu ezahlukene.
• Shōgi: I-Japanese chess ekuvumela ukuthi uphinde usebenzise izingcezu ezithathiwe.
• I-Makruk: I-Thai chess, i-Conservative more.
• I-Chess 960: ngezikhundla zokuqala ezingahleliwe, ezihlongozwe nguFischer.
• Imidlalo esheshayo, ye-blitz neyechashazi: isigqi esisheshayo esidinga ukukhalipha nobuqambi.

Namuhla, idlalwa ngefomethi yakudala (imidlalo ende), imidlalo esheshayo (imizuzu eyi-15 kuye kwengama-60) futhi I-blitz (ngaphansi kwemizuzu eyi-15). Imiqhudelwano yezinhlamvu eku-inthanethi, enomdlalo womzuzu owodwa, idume kakhulu ngokusakaza bukhoma kanye nemvelo ebabazekayo.

Chess off the board: amasiko, ubuciko kanye nemibhalo

Umthelela wayo esikweni elidumile, ubuciko kanye nemibhalo ayinakuphikiswa. I-Chess ibe umlingiswa oyinhloko wemisebenzi emidwebeni, amanoveli, izinkondlo namafilimu. Kusukela ezingxenyeni ezenziwe ngezandla zophondo lwendlovu kuya ekufanekiseni ezindabeni nasezinganekwaneni, umdlalo ukhuthaze izizukulwane eziningi.

Isebenza njenge «Ngengilazi yokubuka» ngu Lewis Carroll, inkondlo yasePheresiya «Shahnameh» Imibhalo yefilosofi yeNkathi Ephakathi, kanye nemikhiqizo yesimanje, igcina inganekwane nokuthakasela ibhodi liphila. Empilweni, umzabalazo phakathi kokucabanga nethuba, kanye nokuphishekela ulwazi, izingathekiso ze-chess.

Emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, i-chess isiphenduke inkomba yesimo somuntu, isikole samagugu, kanye nokuxhumanisa phakathi kwamasiko. Igeyimu ngayinye ihambisana nomlando wesintu ohlale ubhekana futhi uzisungula kabusha.

Umthombo: Umlando weChess