Umlando we-Anatolia: kusukela ekuqaleni kwemibuso kuya eTürkiye

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Ukukhuluma nge-Anatolia kukhuluma ngezwe lapho IYurophu ne-Asia zixhawulana ngokoqobo.Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, le nhlonhlo enkulu ibone ukuzalwa kwamadolobha asenganekwaneni njengeTroy, ukuvela kwemibuso efana neyamaHeti, iByzantine, neyama-Ottoman, kanye nokuguqulwa kwayo kwaba yinhliziyo yeTurkey yanamuhla. Ingenye yalezo zindawo emhlabeni lapho, noma ngabe ubheka kuphi, kuhlale kunomlando ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakho.

Kulesi siqondisi sizothatha uhambo oluzolile Umlando we-Anatolia kusukela ngaphambi komlando kuya eTurkey yanamuhlaKusukela ezindaweni zayo ezinezintaba kanye nemingcele yendawo kuya kubantu ababehlala kuyo, indima yayo ebalulekile ebuKristwini, ukuvela kwemali, ngisho nokuzalwa kwezivumelwano zokuthula zokuqala ezaziwayo, lokhu kuyinto ethokozisayo ngempela kunoma ubani onesithakazelo esidlulayo emlandweni.

Iyini i-Anatolia futhi ikuphi?

Uma sikhuluma nge-Anatolia, ebizwa nangokuthi I-Asia Minor noma i-Anatolia PeninsulaSibhekisela enhlonhlweni enkulu etholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Asia, egudle uLwandle Olumnyama enyakatho kanye noLwandle iMedithera eningizimu nasentshonalanga. Yakha ingxenye yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Near East futhi manje cishe yonke indawo ithathwe yiTürkiye.

Ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, i-Anatolia ihlukaniswe neYurophu yi- ULwandle lwaseMarmara kanye neBosphorus kanye neDardanelles StraitsLezi zindlela zasolwandle, iminyaka eyizinkulungwane, bezilokhu ziyizindlela zangempela zokuphepha phakathi kwamazwekazi amabili, zilawulwa ngokulandelana ngamaGreki, amaRoma, amaByzantine, amaSeljuk nama-Ottoman.

Imingcele yayo esentshonalanga neseningizimu iphawulwe yi- ULwandle i-Aegean kanye neMeditheraNgasenyakatho, ugu lubheke uLwandle Olumnyama. Ngasempumalanga, izinto ziba nzima kakhulu: umngcele osempumalanga we-Anatolia usakazeke kakhulu, futhi ngokwesiko umugqa oqondile odwetshwe kusukela eGulf of İskenderun eningizimu-mpumalanga kuya endaweni ethile ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama, oxhumanisa nethafa lase-Anatolia futhi uzungeze izindawo eziphakeme zase-Armenia kanye nengxenye ephezulu ye-Ewufrathe.

Ngokusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi yaseTürkiye ngekhulu lama-20, iziphathimandla zaseTurkey zandisa umqondo wendawo futhi zafakwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi isifunda sase-Eastern Anatolia kanye ne-Southeastern Anatolia Lezi zindawo empeleni ziyingxenye ye-Armenian Highlands kanye nomngcele osenyakatho we-Mesopotamian Plain. Le ncazelo ebanzi yamukelwe imithombo ehamba phambili njenge-Encyclopaedia Britannica kanye nezincwadi eziningi zomhlaba wonke.

Umsuka kanye nencazelo yegama elithi Anatolia

Igama elithi "Anatolia" livela egameni lesiGreki elithi ἀνατολή (anatolḗ), ngokwezwi nezwi okusho “impumalanga” noma “ukusa”Kufana kakhulu nalokho okwabizwa ngeSpanishi ngokuthi "iLevante" noma "i-Oriente" ngokomlando. Ekuqaleni, amaGreki ayekusebenzisa ngokuyinhloko ukubhekisela kumakoloni ase-Aeolian, e-Ionian, naseDorian ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Asia Minor.

Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, njengoba izwe lamaGreki landa futhi igama elithi "Asia" (Ἀσία) laqala ukumboza izifunda ezibanzi kakhulu empumalanga, kwadingeka ukucacisa futhi kwavela inkulumo ethi I-Μικρὰ Ἀσία (Mikrá Asia), okungukuthi i-Asia MinorYile ndlela i-Anatolia peninsula eyahlukaniswa ngayo kwezinye izingxenye zezwekazi lase-Asia elalikhula ngomqondo.

Ngesikhathi saseByzantine, leli gama lahlala likhona emagameni okuphatha njenge- Itimu ye-AnatolianIsifunda esikhulu sezempi nesezimali esasimboze ingxenye enkulu ye-Anatolia yanamuhla ephakathi nesentshonalanga. Leli fa lolimi labe selidluliselwa esiTurkey: elithi "Anadolu" limane nje liwuhlobo lwesiGreki i-Anatolḗ.

Ithonya laleli gama lafinyelela ngisho nasemagama abantu ngabanye kwezinye izilimi, njenge-Russian Anatoly noma i-French Anatole, anezimpande ezifanayo ezixhumene ne- “impumalanga” kanye “nokuphuma kwelanga”EYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, ingxenye ye-Anatolia eyayilawulwa amaSeljuk Turks nayo yaqala ukwaziwa ngokuthi "iTurchia," kusukela olimini lwesiLatini yenkathi ephakathi, okwagcina kuvele igama lesimanje leTurkey.

Ukukhululeka kanye nezici zomzimba zenhlonhlo

Inhliziyo yase-Anatolia iyindawo inqwaba ephakeme ebonakala njengethafa elikhuluNakuba empeleni kuyindawo enemibala ehlukahlukene enezindawo eziphakeme, izigodi ezicwile, kanye nezigodi ezigcwele inhlabathi yakamuva. Leli thafa eliphakathi nendawo lizungezwe yizintaba ezimbili ezinkulu ezigoqiwe ezihlangana ngasempumalanga.

I-Las Amathafa amakhulu ayivelakancane futhi zigxile kakhulu kwezinye izindawo ezikude nemifula nasezigodini ezivundile: i-Kızılırmak River delta, amathafa asogwini lwase-Çukurova empumalanga yeMedithera, izigodi zaseGediz naseBüyük Menderes ogwini lwase-Aegean, noma izindawo ezivulekile ezizungeze ichibi likasawoti iTuz Gölü kanye nethafa laseKonya.

Ezindaweni ezisogwini loLwandle Olumnyama kanye neMedithera, izindawo eziphansi zincishiswa zibe imichilo emincane yasogwiniNgezinye izikhathi ivinjiwe phakathi kwezintaba nolwandle. Le ndawo emangelengele, egcwele izindawo zokudlula, imihosha, namathafa, yenze i-Anatolia yaba yindawo enkulu yokuzivikela kanye nendawo yokuxhumana.

Indawo yayo ebalazweni iyibeka ngqo lapho kuhlangana khona imizila phakathi IYurophu, i-Asia kanye neMpumalanga EseduzeYingakho ibilokhu iyindawo yokudlula, umzila wezohwebo kanye nendawo ehlelekile kunoma ubani obefuna ukubusa iMedithera empumalanga noma imizila eya eMesopotamiya, e-Iran nangale kwayo.

Amasiko okuqala: kusukela kumaNeolithic kuya emibusweni yokuqala

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe izindonga nezigodlo, i-Anatolia yayisivele iyikhaya ezinye zezindawo zokuhlala ezindala kakhulu zeNeolithic emhlabeniIzindawo ezifana ne-Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevalı Çori, Hacilar, Göbekli Tepe noma izindawo zaseMersin zibonisa imiphakathi yezolimo yasendulo, eyayifuya izitshalo nezilwane enkabeni yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Neolithic Revolution.

Entshonalanga ye-Anatolia, indawo edumile yase-Anatolia ITroy nayo yaqala ukuhlalwa ngesikhathi seNeolithic. futhi yaqhubeka isetshenziswa kwaze kwaba seNkathini Yensimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakukhulunywa izilimi eziningi kulo lonke isifunda: izilimi zase-Indo-European ezifana namaHiti namaLuwian, izilimi zamaSemite, nezinye ezisaphikiswana ngazo. Ngenxa yobudala bezilimi zase-Anatolia zase-Indo-European, abanye abacwaningi baveze umbono wokuthi ukugxila kokuqala kwezilimi zase-Indo-European Ingatholakala kule nhlonhlo.

Imibhalo yokuqala ebhaliwe mayelana ne-Anatolia ivela ezibhebheni ze-cuneiform zaseMesopotamiya kusukela ngesikhathi sika- UMbuso Wase-Akkadian (cishe ngo-2350-2150 BC)lapho lesi sifunda sesibizwa ngokuthi “iZwe lamaHeti.” Kamuva, ukuxhumana nabahwebi base-Asiriya kwashiya uphawu, ikakhulukazi eKhaphadosiya, lapho kwamiswa khona amaKarum, okungukuthi, izifunda zezentengiselwano ezixhumene namadolobha endawo.

Esinye salezi zikhungo kwakuyi-karum yaseKanesh (iKültepe yanamuhla), ikoloni langempela lokuhweba lase-Asiriya lapho izinkulungwane zamathebulethi ezaziwa ngokuthi Amathebula eKhaphadosiyaLe mibhalo, esukela cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane yesibili BC, ikhombisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokubala, izinkontileka kanye nokuhweba okude okusekelwe ekushintshisaneni kwezinsimbi, izindwangu kanye namakha ukuze uthole igolide, isiliva kanye nethusi.

Ukuphakama koMbuso WamaHeti kanye neminye imibuso yase-Anatolia

Umbuso wokuqala omkhulu wabomdabu owawubusa kabanzi i-Anatolia wawungowase- AmaHetiAmaHun, abantu base-Indo-European abahlala cishe ngekhulu le-17 BC futhi basungula inhloko-dolobha yabo eHattusa, enkabeni ye-Anatolia. Baqala edolobheni laseNesa (eKanis), banqoba isifunda saseHattusa futhi banqoba imiphakathi efana namaHurrians namaHatti.

AmaHeti akha umbuso ongaphambili ngesikhathi seNkathi Yethusieyafinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo ngekhulu le-14 BC. Ithonya layo lasakazeka kulo lonke elase-Anatolia, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSiriya, kanye nase-Upper Mesopotamia. Ngokwezombusazwe, zazihlelwe njengohlobo lobumbano lwezifundazwe ezincane ezibuswa yizikhulu ezazimelela inkosi, umuntu ongcwele, umahluleli ophakeme, futhi onemvume evela kuNkulunkulu.

Kodwa-ke, inkosi yamaHeti yayingeyena umbuso ozimele ongalawulwa: kwakukhona umhlangano owawubizwa ngokuthi i-pankuLokhu kunciphisa amandla ayo futhi kwenza ubukhosi baba uhlelo olungenawo wonke amandla njengoba umuntu engacabanga. Lesi sakhiwo sezombusazwe esiyinkimbinkimbi sagcwaliswa ngokuphathwa lapho izikhulu eziphezulu zazilawula khona izindawo ezithile, njengabaqaphi basebukhosini, iqembu lababhali, noma ngisho nenkonzo yewayini.

Ngokwezilimi, amaHiti ayekhuluma ulimi lwesi-Indo-European esilwaziyo namuhla ngenxa yalo. izinkulungwane zamaphilisi e-cuneiformBabhala besebenzisa umbhalo wesi-Akkad, kodwa bavumelana nolimi lwabo. Basebenzisa izisindo zesilinda ukuqinisekisa imibhalo nokumaka izakhiwo, ngesitayela saseMesopotamiya, esikhomba inethiwekhi yamasiko nezentengiselwano ehlanganyelwe noma, okungenani, enethonya elikhulu.

Inkolo yakhe yayisobala ukuthi i-polytheistic kanye ne-syncreticBathatha izinto ezivela emasikweni amaHatti namaHurrian, ngisho nezimpawu zaseBabiloni. Unkulunkulu wesiphepho uTarhunt, ohlotshaniswa nempi nokunqoba, wayevelele. Ezinye izinkondlo ezisaphila zilandisa ngemijikelezo yonkulunkulu nezilo ezifana nezinganekwane kamuva ezavela ezweni lamaGreki, okwenza abanye basikisele ukuthi ingxenye yezinganekwane zamaGreki kungenzeka ukuthi izimpande zama-Anatolia zadluliselwa eGrisi ngesikhathi seMycenaean.

Phakathi kwekhulu le-15 nele-13 BC, ngaphansi kwamakhosi anjengoSuppiluliuma noma uMuwatalli, uMbuso wamaHeti wabhekana nesikhathi sawo sokubusa. ukwanda okukhulu kanye nokungqubuzanaEnye yezimpi zakhe ezidumile kakhulu kwakuyiMpi yaseKadeshi (1274 BC) ngokumelene noFaro waseGibhithe uRamses II. Ukungqubuzana, lapho izinhlangothi zombili zathola khona ukunqoba, kwaphela eminyakeni eminingi kamuva kulokho okubhekwa njengesivumelwano sokuqala sokuthula emlandweni.

Ngemva kuka-1180 BC, inhlanganisela yezinhlekelele zangaphakathi kanye nokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle—kufaka phakathi ukuhlasela kwalabo ababizwa ngokuthi Amadolobhana aseLwandle— kwabangela ukuba uMbuso wamaHeti uqhekeke ube yizifundazwe ezincane zamaNeo-Hiti, ikakhulukazi eningizimu ye-Anatolia nasenyakatho yeSiriya, ezaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yikhulu lesi-8 BC.

Kuleyo sikhala samandla, kwavela eminye imibuso yase-Anatolia, njenge iFrigiya, iLidiya, iKhariya, iLisiya, iMisiya, iBhithiniya, iGalathiya, iLikawoniya, iPhisidiya, iPhahlagoniya, iKhilikhiya kumbe iKhaphadosiyaAmaFrygian, nawo ama-Indo-European, akha umbuso obalulekile kwaze kwaba yilapho ebhujiswa amaCimmerian ngekhulu lesi-7 BC. Abalandela abanamandla kakhulu kwakungabaseLydia, amaCarian namaLycia, izilimi zabo ezazingama-Indo-European kodwa zithonywe kakhulu amasiko amaHeti namaGreki.

I-Anatolia yamaGreki, amaPheresiya, namaGreki

Cishe ngo-1200 BC kanye nasemakhulwini eminyaka alandela, Ugu olusentshonalanga ye-Anatolia lwalubuswa amaGreki ase-Ionian namanye amaqembu amaGrekiowasungula izifundazwe eziningana zamadolobha (poleis) ogwini lwase-Aegean. Kusukela kula madolobha, kwaqala ukukhula izinqubo zamasiko nezefilosofi ezazibalulekile emasikweni aseNtshonalanga, njengefilosofi yangaphambi kweSocrates.

Ngekhulu lesi-6 nelesi-5 BC, cishe yonke inhlonhlo yawela ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe- UMbuso WasePheresiya Wama-AchaemenidUKoresi Omkhulu, ngemva kokunqoba amaMede nokuhlanganisa ukunqoba okumangalisayo njengeBhabhiloni noma iFenike, wahlanganisa yonke indawo yase-Anatolia ngaphansi komzila wasePheresiya, wayiguqula yaba ingxenye ephakathi yombuso ocebile ngezinsiza.

Isimo sashintsha lapho, ngekhulu lesi-4 BC, u-Alexander Omkhulu eqala umkhankaso wakhe wokulwa nePheresiya. Ngo-334 BC wawela e-Asia Minor futhi Eminyakeni embalwa wanqoba lonke i-AnatoliaWabe eseqhubekela phambili eGibhithe wangena shí e-Asia. Iphrojekthi yakhe yahlanganisa amasiko aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, okwadala lokho esikubiza ngokuthi isiko lamaGreki manje.

Ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-323 BC, umbuso omkhulu ayewudalile wahlukana waba imibuso eminingana yamaGreki: e-Anatolia, kwavela izifundazwe ezifana nalezi: IBithiniya, iKhaphadosiya, uMbuso wasePhergamoni, noma uMbuso wasePontuokwagcina sekubuswa yiRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma maphakathi nekhulu loku-1 BC. Naphezu kwalokhu, isisekelo samaGreki saqhubeka nokuphawula impilo yasemadolobheni, ubuciko namasiko esifundeni.

Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka olufanayo, indima ka- kufanele ikhulunywe. ULydia emlandweni wezomnotho womhlabaLesi sifunda sibhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa kwezinhlamvu zemali zensimbi njengendlela ejwayelekile yokukhokha, into entsha eyasakazeka ngezikhathi zamaGreki namaRoma futhi yaguqula ubudlelwano bezohwebo.

I-Anatolia yamaRoma neyaseByzantine

Manje njengoba isihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nomjikelezo waseRoma, i-Anatolia yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yoMbuso WaseRoma. Okokuqala uMbuso WaseRoma futhi kamuva uMbuso WaseRoma WaseMpumalangaNgo-324 AD, uMbusi uConstantine wakhetha iByzantium yasendulo njengendawo yenhloko-dolobha entsha yombuso, waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iConstantinople futhi watholakala ngqo eBosphorus Strait, enqamula iYurophu ne-Asia.

Ukuhlukaniswa kokuphatha kuka-395 AD kwahlukanisa uMbuso WaseRoma waba izingxenye ezimbili: empumalanga, enenhloko-dolobha yayo eConstantinople, kanye nentshonalanga, enenhloko-dolobha yayo eRoma. UMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga wawa ngokushesha okukhuluKodwa empumalanga—esasizogcina siwazi ngokuthi uMbuso WaseByzantine—yahlala iminyaka ecishe ibe yinkulungwane, kwaze kwaba yilapho ama-Ottoman enqoba ngo-1453, kanti i-Anatolia ingenye yezindawo zayo eziyinhloko.

Phakathi nekhulu lesi-7 kuya kwele-10, uMbuso WaseByzantine kwadingeka ubhekane nobunzima. izingcindezi eziqhubekayo ezivela ezweni lamaSulumane elikhulayoikakhulukazi ngokuhlasela kwama-Arabhu. Ngemva kwesikhathi sokwehla, umbuso waseByzantine waphinde wavuka ngekhulu lesi-9 nele-10, lapho wabuyisa khona izindawo ezilahlekile waze wanwebeka waze wafinyelela e-Armenia naseSiriya.

IKhapadosiya, enkabeni ye-Anatolia, yayiyidolobha elikhulu isikhungo esingokomoya nesemfundiso yenkolo sezinga eliphezulu ubuKristu baseMpumalanga phakathi kwekhulu lesi-4 nele-11. Kusukela lapho kwavela abantu ababalulekile njengalabo ababizwa ngokuthi oFata baseKhapadosiya—uBasil waseKhesariya, uGregory waseNyssa noGregory waseNazianzus—, abakuzindla kwabo kwaphawula imfundiso yenkolo yeSonto laseMpumalanga.

I-Anatolia yayingeyona nje inqaba yezempi yaseByzantine, kodwa futhi yayiyindawo yobukhosi. indawo yokuphila kobuKristu okujulilekanye nezindela, amasonto emihumeni, kanye nemiphakathi eyadlala indima ebalulekile ezigabeni zokuqala zokwanda kobuKristu. Ukusondela kwayo emaBandleni Ayisikhombisa ase-Asia Minor okukhulunywe ngawo eNcwadini yesAmbulo kwaqinisa kakhulu ukubaluleka kwayo okungokomfanekiso.

Ukuhlasela kweSeljuk kanye nokuphenduka kweTurkey-Islam

Umhla zingama-26 kuNcwaba, 1071 uphawula isikhathi sokuguquka: ngalolo suku, Impi yaseManzikertIbutho loMbuso WaseRoma WaseMpumalanga, elaliholwa uMbusi uRomanos IV uDiogenes, lanqotshwa kakhulu ezandleni zikaSeljuk Sultan Alp Arslan. Lokhu kulwa kwavula amasango ase-Anatolia avulekele ukufuduka kwabantu baseTurkey.

Emashumini eminyaka alandela, futhi ikakhulukazi ngemva Ukuthunjwa kukaKayseri (eKhesariya yaseKhaphadosiya) ngo-1082AmaSeljuk athatha indawo kancane kancane, akha ama-mosque, ama-madrasa, nama-caravanserai—izindlu ezinkulu zokulala eziqinisiwe zabathengisi nabahambi eSilk Road. Le nqubo yaphawula ukuqala kokuguquka kwe-Anatolia yaba izwe elinabantu abaningi baseTurkey namaSulumane.

Ulimi lwesiTurkey kanye nobuSulumane kwaqala kancane kancane, kuyilapho uMbuso waseByzantine uzama ukumelana kwezinye izindawo entshonalanga nasenyakatho yenhlonhlo. I-Seljuk Sultanate yaseRum Yaziqinisa njengombuso omkhulu waseTurkey e-Anatolia, yize ibhalansi yamandla yashintshwa ngokufika kwamaMongol ngekhulu le-13, andisa ukubusa kwawo enkabeni nasempumalanga yesifunda kusukela ngo-1255 kuqhubeke.

Ibutho le-Ilkhanate, igatsha loMbuso WamaMongol, lasungulwa eduze kwase-Ankara. Nakuba amandla amaMongol ewa maphakathi nekhulu le-14, ashiya ifa elicacile lezombusazwe: ukuvela kwe ama-beylicates amaningi ase-Anatolia Turkmen, izifundazwe ezincane, ngokombono, ezahlala zingaphansi kwamaMongol, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokungazakhi izinhlamvu zemali zazo kuyilapho ziqaphela ubukhosi bazo.

Kwakungu-Osman, umsunguli wobukhosi base-Ottoman, owathatha isinyathelo esingokomfanekiso sokuzibusa. wakha izinhlamvu zemali ezingu-1320 enegama lakheLokhu kwakuyinto eyayigcinelwe amakhosi ezweni lamaSulumane. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ubukhosi bakhe baqala ukugqama kwabanye abantu baseBeylik, basabalala enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Anatolia babe sebewela eBalkans.

UMbuso Wase-Ottoman kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-Anatolia

Phakathi kwekhulu le-14 nele-16, i-beylik encane yase-Osman yaguqulwa yaba yi- UMbuso Wase-OttomanNjengoba ama-Ottoman emunca izimbangi zawo zase-Anatolia ngokulandelana, ekugcineni anqoba i-peninsula ngo-1517 lapho ethumba iHalicarnassus (Bodrum) kumaKnights of St. John. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Istanbul (eConstantinople) yayisivele iwele kuma-Ottoman ngo-1453 futhi yayisiyinhloko-dolobha enkulu yombuso.

Ekuphakameni kwawo, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wawubusa AmaBalkans, iGrisi, ingxenye enkulu yeMpumalanga Eseduze, iCaucasus, kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zaseNyakatho AfrikaI-Anatolia yayiyindawo eyinhloko yombuso kanye neyomphakathi, indawo enezizwe eziningi lapho amaTurkey, amaKurd, amaGreki, ama-Armenia, amaJuda, ama-Arabhu, amaCircassian, ama-Asiriya kanye nabanye abantu abaningi babehlala ndawonye.

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, lesi sifunda silondoloze lokhu kuhlukahluka, kodwa kusukela ngekhulu le-19 kuqhubeke isimo saqala ukushintsha. Umbuso wangena isigaba eside sokwehla Njengoba kwakubonakala ngokucindezela kweRussia eCaucasus, izimpi zokuzimela emazweni aseBalkans, kanye nokungezwani kobuzwe bangaphakathi, amagagasi abantu abangamaSulumane—amaCircassian, amaTatar, amaAzerbaijan, amaChechen, amaLezgin, namanye amaqembu aseTurkic namaCaucasian—babalekela e-Anatolia, lapho babevame ukuhlala khona emadolobheni angamaKristu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo kwezifundazwe zaseBalkan kwashukumisela amaSulumane amaningi avela eBalkans Bafuna indawo yokukhosela e-Anatolia, okuqinisa isisindo sabantu bamaSulumane kule nhlonhlo. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye nokuwa kokugcina kombuso kwaletha isimo emkhawulweni.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwama-Ottoman eMpini Enkulu kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlukanisa indawo, Impi Yokuzimela YaseTurkeyNgomhlaka-26 Agasti 1922, usuku olugcwele izimpawu njengoba lwaluhambisana noManzikert, ukuhlasela Okukhulu okuholwa nguMustafa Kemal Atatürk kwaqala, kwaphetha ngokunqotshwa kwebutho lamaGrisi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-Anatolia njengesisekelo sombuso waseTurkey wesikhathi esizayo.

Ngokuhlukaniswa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman kanye nesivumelwano sokushintshana kwabantu phakathi kweGrisi neTürkiye ngo-1923, cishe wonke amaGreki e-Anatolia axoshwa ngaseGrisi, kuyilapho amaGreki namanye amaSulumane athuthela eTurkey. I-Anatolia, eyayinezinhlanga eziningi kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, yaba yisizinda sezwe seRiphabhulikhi entsha yaseTurkey, eyayihlalwa kakhulu amaTurkey namaKurd.

IKhapadosiya: amadolobha angaphansi komhlaba, amaHeti kanye nobuKristu

Ngaphakathi e-Anatolia, isifunda saseKhaphadosiya sifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngokukhethekile. Le ndawo yangaphakathi nezwe yayibizwa ngokuthi izimpambano phakathi kwenyakatho neningizimu, empumalanga nentshonalangakanye nendawo yokulwela amandla okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemibuso namasiko ahlukene. Kusukela ekuqaleni kakhulu, abathengisi base-Asiriya bakha izikhungo eziningi zokuhweba endaweni, lapho amakha, izindwangu, kanye nethini kwakushintshaniswa khona ngezinsimbi eziyigugu.

IKhapadosiya yayingenye yezikhungo zokuqala ezibalulekile zamaHiti e-Anatolia ephakathi. Ngaphambi kokusungula inhloko-dolobha yabo eHattusa, basungula idolobha labo lokuqala elikhulu e I-Kanis (Kanesh)Ukusuka lapho baqinisa umbuso wabo baba ngomunye wamandla amakhulu aseMpumalanga Eseduze, alingana neBhabhiloni, iMitanni, iGibhithe noma i-Asiriya.

Lesi sifunda sidumile nge- Amadolobha angu-36 angaphansi komhlabaLe mihume, eqoshwe edwaleni elithambile lentaba-mlilo amakhulu eminyaka amaningi, iye yakha udonga olucebile lwemihubhe engaphansi komhlaba. Cishe iminyaka engu-1800, ingxenye enkulu yempilo yaseKhapadosiya yayihlanganisa ezolimo ngaphezu komhlabathi nendawo yokukhosela, indawo yokugcina izinto, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba—umhlaba wemibukiso, izindawo zokuhlala, kanye nezindawo zokukhosela ezisahlaba umxhwele nanamuhla.

Ngemva kokwehla kwamaHeti kanye nesikhathi eside esimnyama phakathi kwekhulu le-10 nele-7 BC, iKhapadosiya yawela ezandleni zamaPheresiya ngekhulu lesi-6 BC, yahlanganiswa nemishini yombuso yama-Achaemenid futhi kamuva Yaphinde yathola inkululeko ethile ngaphansi kobukhosi buka-Ariarite ngemva kokufa kuka-Alexander Omkhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yangena emkhakheni wethonya lamaRoma futhi yaba yingxenye yezakhiwo zaseByzantine.

Ngokwenkolo, iKhaphadosiya yadlala indima ebalulekile ebuKristwini basendulo bokuqala nasekupheleni. Iningi lamaKristu okuqala ekhulu lesi-2 nelesi-3 AD lalihlala kulesi sifunda, esasisebenza njengesifunda indawo yokuphephela nokwandisa Ngenxa yendawo yayo emagebhugebhu kanye nokusondela kwayo kweminye imiphakathi yamaKristu e-Asia Minor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko leBhayibheli likhuluma ngamaHeti (amaHeti, "amadodana kaHeti") ezindimeni eziningana zeTestamente Elidala, kanti isithombe sika-Uriya umHeti sivela encwadini yesibili kaSamuweli njengeqhawe elikhonza iNkosi uDavide.

Kusukela efeni lenkolo kuya eTurkey yanamuhla

Inkolelo yenkolo iye yasakazeka kuwo wonke umlando wase-Anatolia, kusukela ku- izakhiwo zesikhumbuzo saseGöbekli TepeKusukela ezakhiweni ezakhiwe ngabazingeli nabaqoqi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ngaphambi kwezolimo, kuya ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zamaHiti noma ezindlini zezindela zamaKristu zaseCappadocia eziqoshwe emadwaleni, ezinye izifundo zisikisela ukuthi izingxenye zezinganekwane zamaGreki kungenzeka ukuthi zahamba zisuka e-Anatolia ziya eGrisi ngesikhathi seMycenaean, zifaka phakathi izinto zaseHurrian, zaseBhabhiloni, nezasendabuko.

Ngokunqoba kweRiphabhulikhi yaseTürkiye ngaphansi kukaMustafa Kemal Atatürk, kwaba noshintsho olukhulu oluya ku- umbuso wezwe nowenguqukoInkolo yayihlukaniswe ngokusobala nezikhungo zezepolitiki, isithembu sasivinjelwe, izikole eziningi zenkolo zendabuko zavalwa, futhi ikhalenda likaGregory lamukelwa esikhundleni sekhalenda lamaSulumane.

Izinguquko zeKemalist nazo zazihlanganisa intuthuko ebalulekile emalungelweni abesifazaneLaba besifazane bathola ilungelo lokuvota, kwathi ngo-1938, abesifazane base bekhonza ePhalamende laseTurkey. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inhloko-dolobha endala yombuso waseConstantinople yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Istanbul, kwathi i-Ankara, enkabeni ye-Anatolia, yaqokwa njengenhloko-dolobha yeriphabhulikhi entsha.

IKhapadosiya, egama layo lihlotshaniswa ngokwemvelaphi nenkulumo yesiTurkey ethi "Katpadukya," eqondwa ngokuthi "izwe lamahhashi amahle," iyibonisa kahle leyo ngxubevange yamahhashi. isiko lasendulo kanye nokwakhiwa kwesizwe kwanamuhlaEzikhathini zasendulo, amahhashi abo ayeyiminikelo ebalulekile emakhosini ase-Asiriya nasePheresiya; namuhla, lesi sifunda siwuphawu lwezivakashi namasiko eTurkey yanamuhla.

Lonke lolu hambo lubonisa ukuthi i-Anatolia ibilokhu iyizwe, futhi isalokhu iyizwe lapho Izendlalelo zomlando, izinganekwane, izinkolo, kanye nabantu ziyaqongelelaKusukela kubalimi baseNeolithic kuya konjiniyela beNkathi Yensimbi, kusukela kwizazi zefilosofi zase-Ionian kuya kwizazi zemfundiso yenkolo zaseByzantine, kusukela kumaqhawe aseSeljuk kuya kubaguquli bezombusazwe, ukuqonda isikhathi sabo esidlule kusisiza siqonde hhayi iTurkey kuphela, kodwa futhi nengxenye enkulu yomlando weMedithera, iYurophu, kanye neMpumalanga Eseduze.