- Iqanjwe kwa-Emerita (25–23 BC) ngu-Publius Charisius, ne-IMP CAESAR AVGVST endaweni ephambene kanye ne-P. CARISIVS LEG PRO PR emuva.
- Isithonjana sezempi: i-caetra, umkhonto nesikhali esigobile noma indebe yezikhali zaseCeltiberian, njengenkulumo-ze yokunqoba ama-Asturian.
- Idatha yezobuchwepheshe: isiliva, i-hammered, isisindo esingaba ngu-3,64-3,8 g, ububanzi busondele ku-18 mm; izinkomba RIC-4b, Cal-405, Ffc-255.
Noma ubani osondela ku-Hispano-Roman numismatics ngokushesha noma kamuva ahlangabezane nesiqephu, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwaso komlando kanye ne-iconography, eheha uma usibuka nje: udenariyu ka-Augustus owenziwe e-Emerita (Mérida) Ngaphansi kwegunya likaPublius Carisius. Lolu hlamvu lwemali lwadalwa ngesikhathi esibalulekile, ngemva kokusungulwa kwekoloni lomakadebona ngo-25 BC, lapho umbuso wamaRoma wawufuna ukucacisa ukuthi ubani owayephethe enyakatho-ntshonalanga yenhlonhlo.
Ngale kobuhle bayo, lodenariyu uwumbhalo wezombangazwe. Ihlanganisa izinganekwane zesiLatini, izimpawu zempi, kanye nezinkomba eziqondile zemikhankaso emelene namaCantabrians nama-Asturian, konke kugxile ephepheni elincane lesiliva elikhuluma nathi namuhla inkulumo-ze, amasosha, kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali e-Hispania ka-Augustus. Futhi yebo, ikwenza lokho ngamandla e-obverse engabonakali kanye ne-reverse engasho lutho ngamagama.
Umongo womlando: Emerita Augusta kanye noPublius Carisius
U-Publius Carisius, isikhulu sika-Octavian (u-Augustus wesikhathi esizayo) eLusitania, wayengomunye wabantu ababalulekile ekuqiniseni iNhlonhlo yase-Iberia esentshonalanga. Ukusungulwa kuka-Emerita Augusta ngo-25 BC kuthiwa kwenziwa kuye. ikoloni lomakadebona eyahlanganisa ukulawula kwamaRoma indawo futhi yaba i-mint yesifunda. Ngaphakathi kwalo mongo, phakathi kuka-25 no-23 BC, udenariyu okukhulunywa ngawo waqoshwa, waxhunyaniswa ngokucacile noCarisius ngombhalo wezimantshi: P. CARISIVS LEG PRO PR.
Lezi zingcezu azithathi hlangothi; bayakhumbula futhi bayalandisa. Ziyingxenye yenqubomgomo ka-Augustus yokugubha ukunqoba, kuleli cala ngokumelene nama-Astures futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumelene nabanye abantu basenyakatho abanesiko lamaqhawe. Kusuka ku-Emerita Augusta, uhlamvu lwemali lwasakaza umlayezo ongaguquki: ukunqoba kwakuphelile futhi umyalo wamaRoma waqinisekiswa. Yingakho i-reverse yayo ingahlobisi; Ikona umbiko wempi ngesiliva.
Incazelo ye-Numismatic: i-obverse futhi ihlehla
I-Obverse ifaka isithombe samakhosana. Inganekwane eyinhloko ithi IMP CAESAR AVGVST, ethembekile emasikweni angaleso sikhathi. Kwezinye izibonelo, inhloko engenalutho ka-Augustus iboniswa ibheke kwesokudla, kwezinye kwesokunxele, ukuhlukahluka kwe-workshop okungaguquli incazelo yezombusazwe ye-bust. Ngakho-ke, igunya lombuso lithatha indawo emaphakathi yenkundla yokubuka kuyilapho umbhalo ufushanisa izihloko namagama. Inhlanganisela yesithombe nenganekwane iqinisa umqondo we ukuba semthethweni kanye nokunqoba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ziba sobala kakhulu: kuvela ifomula ethi P. CARISIVS LEG PRO PR, ekhomba u-Publius Carisius njengommeli osemthethweni, kanye neqembu lezempi elinenhloso engokomfanekiso ecacile. Kokunye okuhlukile, isihlangu esilula—i-caetra edumile—sizungezwe umkhonto futhi lokho ngokuvamile okuhunyushwa ngokuthi i-falcata kwesokudla. Kokunye, indebe yezikhali yaseCeltiberian iboniswa phezu kwenqwaba yezihlangu, isithombe sokunqoba samaRoma. Isigijimi: isitha esinqotshiwe sibeke izikhali zaso ezinyaweni zika igunya laseRoma.
Izikhali kanye ne-ethnography ebonakalayo: i-caetra, i-falcata nemikhonto
I-caetra ebheke emuva ayiyona i-whim yobuciko; ivusa isici sesihlangu esikhanyayo samaCeltiberian, amaCantabrians, ama-Asturian, namaGallaecia. Lokhu kubhekisela kusivumela ukuthi sifunde uhlamvu lwemali njengengxenye yohlelo lwezithombe ezibonisa isitha ngezimpawu zesiko labo lezinto ezibonakalayo. Akusikho kwaqondana nje ukuthi uhlobo oluvela eMérida lufake lezi zithenjwa: kusukela eMérida, ukuboniswa kokunqoba okuthinte yonke inyakatho-ntshonalanga kwahlelwa, izimpawu ezibonwa abantu besikhathi samanje.
Ukuba khona kwe-falcata, nokho, kudale impikiswano phakathi kochwepheshe. Ukuhlotshaniswa okucacile kwalesi sikhali esinendawo yase-Asturian eqinile akukaze kubhalwe phansi, ngakho ukubonakala kwaso kungase kube ngenxa yezinto ezimbili: noma ukuba khona kwezimpi ezixubile—okuthile okungenzeka kube semabuthweni omdabu—noma ukumelwa kokwenziwa kwezinto “zama-Hispanic” indawo yokusebenzela ekhethe ukukhuluma ngayo ngokushesha nombono wonya nokumelana. Ngamagama alula, umdwebi ukhuluma ngolimi olubonwa yizo zonke izilaleli zasebukhosini, nakuba imininingwane ye-ethnographic akufanele ibe yimilimitha-iphelele.
Okungezwe kulokhu ukubhekisela "kweminkenke enemiphetho egobile," izikhali zesiko lendabuko ezamukelwa ibutho lamaRoma e-Hispania. Lokhu kwabelana kubuye kuhunyushwe njengomyalezo: IRoma ihlanganisa futhi iguqule lokho elikunqobayo. Uhlangothi olungemuva, nomkhonto walo kanye nengqikithi yomdabu endaweni engaphansi, ihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kweNhlonhlo ye-Iberia esenyakatho ohlelweni lombuso, ukulandisa okuxoxwa ngezithombe. encwadini ye-propaganda.
Idatha ye-metrological kanye namasu okukhiqiza
Odenariyu balo magazini babunjwe ngesiliva futhi, njengokuvamile, ngesando. Izibalo ezisindile zibeka isisindo sesibonelo esisodwa endaweni ecishe ibe ngu-3,8 amagremu, nesinye kumagremu angu-3,64 namamilimitha angu-18 ububanzi—amanani ahambisana ngokugcwele nezindinganiso zaseRiphabhulikhi zakamuva neze-Augustan. Kwezinye izimo, kuyaphawulwa ukuthi uhlamvu lwemali lugcina okunye ukucwebezela kwalo kwasekuqaleni, uphawu lwesiliva elilungiswe kahle kanye nokujikeleza okuthambile. Lokhu kucwebezela, uma kubhalwe phansi, kubhekwa njengemfanelo yokulondolozwa, njengoba kushiwo izindawo ezintsha nezingaphazamisekile.
Inqubo yokusando ishiya imikhondo ecashile: ukungaqondani kahle okuncane, imiphetho engahlali iphelele, ngisho nokuhluka okuncane kokuma kwe-bust phakathi kokufa. Lezi zici aziwona amaphutha ngokwazo, kodwa ziwuphawu lwenqubo eyenziwe ngesandla eyengeza ubuntu esiqeshini ngasinye. I-Mérida mint, esanda kuqalwa ngemuva kokusungulwa kwekoloni, kumele ngabe yasebenza nenhlanganisela yabasebenzi abanolwazi kanye nezinsiza zendawo, okuholele ekutheni izinhlobo ezicacile kanye nezinganekwane ezibukhali.
Okuhlukile, izinganekwane, nezinkomba zekhathalogi
Nakuba uhlobo oluyinhloko lucacile, izindawo ezimbili zesithombe sika-Augustus zibhalwe kokuphambene: ukubheka kwesokudla (okuvamile kakhulu esikweni elisemthethweni) futhi kubheke kwesokunxele (okungenalutho), kokubili ngenganekwane efushanisiwe ethi IMP CAESAR AVGVST. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufundwa kwe-P. CARISIVS LEG PRO PR akuguquki, nakuba ukwakheka kwezingalo kungabonakala njenge-caetra ezungezwe umkhonto nesikhali esigobile noma njengendebe ephelele ezihlangu. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwesithonjana kuyaphendula ezahlukene zifa ngochungechunge olufanayo.
Izincwadi ezikhethekile ezihambisana nesinye sezifanekiso okuxoxwe ngazo zihlanganisa izinkomba ezifana ne-Ffc-255, i-RIC-4b, ne-Cal-405, kanye nenombolo yesimanje yokusungula, 2021-6287 (SL1119-426). Laba okhiye bavumela umqoqi ukuthi aqhathanise uhlobo kumarepertoire namakhathalogi. Noma ubani owenza ikhathalogi ucezu lwakhe uzojabulela ukuba nalezi zingcaphuno, njengoba enza kube lula ukuqhathanisa nezinye izifanekiso kanye nokuhlonza okuhlukile, into ebalulekile lapho kubhekwana nezindaba zakuqala ze i-mint esanda kumiswa.
Inhloso nokusabalalisa: kusuka ekamu kuya edolobheni
Udenariyu oyisiliva wawuyisisekelo sokukhokhela amasosha amasosha futhi wawusakazwa nasemphakathini. Lokhu kuba khona okukabili—ezempi nezasemadolobheni—kuchaza amandla ako njengendlela yenkulumo-ze: ukuthengiselana ngakunye kwaqinisa umlayezo wakho kokubili okuphambene nokuhlehlayo. Ngendlela engokoqobo, isosha lathola iholo elinomfanekiso ka-Augustus nesignesha kaCarisius, futhi umthengisi wamukela uhlamvu lwemali olwalumemezela ukunqoba kwamandla aqinisekisa ukulondeka kwakhe. Kunzima ukucabanga ngenqola ephumelela kakhudlwana yokusabalalisa inkulumo-ze. indaba yepolitiki.
Entshonalanga yeHispania, ikoloni lase-Emerita lalisebenza njengesikhungo sezomnotho nezokuphatha, esinemizila exhuma kuso sonke isifundazwe. Iqiniso lokuthi lo denari wavela lapho ligcizelela indima ka-Mérida njengenhloko yebhuloho ku-Romanization yasentshonalanga, ukuhlanganisa omakadebona, ingqalasizinda, kanye nemali ukuze akhe inethiwekhi ehlangene. umnotho wesifundazwe ozinzile.
Isibuko sesiqephu esingudade: i-dupondius ye-Emerita
Uhlamvu lwemali lwe-Mérida alugcini ngodenariyo. Olunye ucezu oluphawulekayo, i-dupondius kusukela esikhathini sika-Augustan, inikeza "indawo" yasemadolobheni nasemfuleni ehambisana nodenariyu ngendlela ehlukile. Uhlangothi lwalo oluphambene lubonisa ukuqhuma okungaphambili kukankulunkulu womfula, ephethe i-amphora phambi komlomo wakhe ethela amanzi; inganekwane ethi PERMISSV CAESARIS AVGVSTI ifaka uhlaka lwesigameko. Okuhlehlayo kukhombisa isango ledolobha elinombhalo othi EMERIT, ophahlwe yinganekwane efanayo yemvume yombuso. Lolu hlamvu lwemali lwe-20,07g lufakwe kuhlu oluyivelakancane kakhulu (FAB-1003), oluchazwe ekuqaleni kokufakwayo kwe-"Hispania Antigua" ngokuhumusha okuzenzakalelayo kolunye ulimi. Lesi siqeshana sigcizelela ubukhulu bomphakathi wekoloni, kuyilapho udenariyu ugcizelela isici sawo sezempi, okwenza inhlanganisela evumelanayo yakho kokubili. isithombe esiphelele se-Emerita.
Uma i-dupondius igubha ingqalasizinda—amanzi nezindonga—nemvume yombusi yokuhlela ukuphila kwasemadolobheni, udenariyu umemezela ukunqoba kwezikhali. Konke kusikisela isu le-iconographic eliqaphelayo: idolobha eliphephile nelihlinzekwa kahle, ukunqoba emingceleni, ukuba semthethweni okuvela ku-Augustus. Uhlelo oluqondwa kalula yibo bobabili omakadebona nezakhamuzi zendawo, nge izimpawu ezicacile nezifundekayo.
Ukufundwa okubalulekile kwe-iconography: i-heterogeneity ne-propaganda
Ukubonakala kwe-falcata kumongo we-Asturian kungase kubonakale kuxaka uma uqala nje, kodwa uhlamvu lwemali aluhloselwe ukuba lube ikhathalogi ephelele yezikhali zesifunda. Isebenza njengekholaji yezithombe zomdabu umamukeli ojwayelekile ezihlotshaniswa nezimpi zase-Spanish. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo ibonisa ukuthi amabutho omdabu ayengase afake amabutho asuka emisuka eyahlukahlukene, okungachaza ukuba khona kwezikhali ezixubile. Ngalo mqondo, okuhlanekezelwe kuxazulula ukungezwani: kufanele kuthembeke eqinisweni, kodwa futhi ngempumelelo ekukhulumisaneni.
Eqinisweni, indebe yezikhali ezihlanguni iyi-motif yesi-Roman enesikhathi eside, eguqulelwe esimweni ngasinye sesifundazwe ngokuthinta kwasendaweni. Ukuba khona kwe-caetra kuqinisekisa ukuvuma ngekhanda eNyakatho-ntshonalanga; umkhonto kanye nesikhali esigobile kugcizelela ingozi ebangelwa umbangi; iqoqo, eliboniswe ezinyaweni zenganekwane kaCarisius, liphetha le ndaba: impi iphelile ngenxa yeRoma, futhi lokhu kufakazelwa imali. enomsindo futhi njalo.
Ukongiwa, i-patina kanye nemininingwane yesifanekiso
Phakathi kwedatha ye-metrological etholakele, omunye wodenariyu unesisindo esingu-3,64 g futhi ukala u-18 mm, ngokuqashelwa ukuthi igcina okunye ukucwebezela kwayo kwasekuqaleni. Le mininingwane ifanelekile: ikhombisa izindawo ezingagqokwanga ngokweqile, into ebaluleke kakhulu ngabaqoqi besiliva sakudala. Khonamanjalo, ububanzi besisindo obufika ku-3,8 g kwezinye izibonelo bubonisa ukubekezelelwa kwe-workshop kanye nokujikeleza okungalingani. Noma yikuphi ukuhlaziywa kukadenariyu wase-Emeritan kufanele kucabangele isimo sezinganekwane—ukufuna imibhalo efundeka ngokucacile efana ne-IMP CAESAR AVGVST kanye ne-P. CARISIVS LEG PRO PR—kanye nobuqotho be- iconography of the reverse.
Esandleni, imininingwane efana nokuma kwe-caetra, ukugoba kwesikhali, nokwakheka komkhonto kusiza ukukhomba ukufa noma, okungenani, ukubeka isifanekiso phakathi kokuhlukile okuthile. Ngokufanayo, isikhundla sekhanda lika-Augustus (kwesokudla noma kwesobunxele) singaqondisa ukuqhathanisa nezingoma ezifana ne-RIC-4b noma i-Cal-405, ehlala iwusizo ekuqiniseni uhlobo oluphikisanayo. ukuhambisana okushicilelwe.
Amanothi awusizo womqoqi: ukuthunyelwa nomphakathi
Ngaphandle kohlamvu lwemali ngokwalo, kufanelekile ukunaka imininingwane yezokuthutha ngezinye izikhathi ehambisana nokuthengiswa kwe-numismatic. Abathengisi abaningana babonisa ukuthi konke ukuthunyelwa ngaphansi kuka-€350 kuthunyelwa ngeposi elibhalisiwe; ngamanani aphezulu, basebenzisa izinsiza ze-courier njenge-NACEX, i-FedEx, noma i-UPS. Mayelana namazinga okuthumela, ezinye izinhlu zinikeza u-€10 wokuthunyelwa kwasekhaya kanye no-€15 wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho ezinye zibonisa ukuthunyelwa kwamahhala kwasekhaya kanye no-€25 wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuhluka kuphakamisa ukubuyekeza uhlu ngalunye ngakunye futhi uqinisekise izindleko ngaphambi kokuphothula ukuthenga, ikakhulukazi uma kuwudenariyu. intshisekelo ephezulu yomlando.
Ukuze kuxazululwe ukungabaza noma ukuqhathanisa izingcezu, i-numismatic ecosystem inikeza izinkundla ezikhethekile zocwaningo kanye nokuhlonza izinhlamvu zemali, ama-banknotes, nezinto ezihlobene. Lezi zikhala zokusebenzisana zivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi balayishe izithombe, baxoxe ngokuhlukahluka, futhi baqhathanise izinganekwane. Ukubamba iqhaza ngezithombe ezicacile zokuphambene nokuhlehlayo, isisindo, nobubanzi kukhulisa amathuba okuthola isichasiso esinembile, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlaziywa isifanekiso nge imininingwane yesitembu engavamile.
Ukubonakala kwedijithali: amanothi kumakhukhi kumasayithi we-e-commerce
Uma uphequlula amawebhusayithi okuthengisa ama-numismatic noma ulwazi, kuvamile ukuthola izaziso zamakhukhi. Umehluko uvame ukwenziwa phakathi kwamakhukhi obuchwepheshe nawokwenza kube ngokwakho—okudingekile ukuze isayithi lisebenze futhi lingakhutshazwa ohlelweni ngokwalo—namakhukhi ezinkampani zangaphandle, aklanyelwe ukuhlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwesayithi, izintandokazi zesitolo, futhi anikeze okuqukethwe okufanelekile noma izikhangiso. Lawa makhukhi akamuva ngokuvamile afakwa kuphela ngemvume yomsebenzisi, ongavumela noma akhubaze izigaba ngokuthanda kwakhe. Ukuqonda lezi zinketho kusiza ukuphatha ukuphequlula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza okubalulekile nokugcina ibhalansi phakathi ubumfihlo kanye nokusebenziseka.
Imibhalo ngokuvamile ihlinzeka ngolwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nesigaba sekhukhi ngasinye, nezixhumanisi zezinqubomgomo eziphelele. Kutuswa ukuthi uzifunde, unqume ngezinga lemvume elifanele wena, futhi ukhumbule ukuthi ungakwazi njalo ukubuyekeza futhi ulungise lezi zintandokazi kamuva. Kubaqoqi abaqhathanisa izintengo, amakhathalogi, nezithombe, lokhu kuphathwa kwekhukhi kungathuthukisa ulwazi ngaphandle kokudela ukulawula imikhuba yabo yokuphequlula. Idatha yokuzulazula.
Ungalubona kanjani uhlobo lwe-Emerita ekusebenzeni
Ukuhlola ukuhlonza okusheshayo: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bheka inganekwane ethi IMP CAESAR AVGVST ezungeze ikhanda lika-Augustus—enqunu—okungenzeka kube nokuhluka kokuma. Ngasemuva, qinisekisa ukufundwa kwe-P. CARISIVS LEG PRO PR futhi unqume ukuthi i-motif iyi-caetra enomkhonto nesikhali esigobile noma indondo yezikhali ezivikelweni. Qinisekisa ukuthi isitayela sihambisana ne-Hispanic mint yasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala leminyaka BC, eqoshiwe eqinile, uhlobo lokubhala lwesiRoma olucacile, kanye nokwakheka. izinkambu ezilinganiselayo.
Izilinganiso nesisindo kuzosiza ukuqinisa isichasiso: amanani acishe abe ngu-3,6–3,8 g ngesiliva kanye nobubanzi obusondele ku-18 mm ahambisana kahle nolwazi olubhaliwe. Uma isifanekiso sigcina ukucwebezela kwaso kwasekuqaleni, kungcono; uma kungenjalo, i-patina efanayo kanye nezinganekwane eziphelele zibalulekile. Lapho kufaneleka, phawula izinkomba ezifana ne-RIC-4b, Cal-405, noma i-Ffc-255, futhi ugcine noma yiziphi izinombolo ze-inventory ezihambisana nazo, ezifana no-2021-6287 (SL1119-426), njengoba konke lokhu kulandeleka kubalulekile lapho ufunda noma buyekeza imali.
Kungani lodenariyu ubalulekile namuhla?
Lo denariyu awugcini nje ngokukhokhela amaholo esikhathi esidlule: uhlinzeka ngolwazi lwamanje. Ngenxa yalokho, singakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukungenelela kukaPublius Carisius, i-Augustan zokuxhumana, kanye nerekhodi elibonakalayo lezimpi zasenyakatho. Isihlangu esilula, umkhonto, nesikhali esigobile kuvala igebe phakathi kwezizwe zomdabu nezamaRoma, futhi inganekwane kaCarisius ibeka isibopho sokuphatha ngokungananazi. Uma senezela ukuba khona kwezinye izinhlamvu zemali eziqoshwe eMérida—njenge- dupondius kankulunkulu womfula nesango ledolobha—isithombe siphelele: I-Emerita ngesikhathi esisodwa yayiyinqaba, idolobha, netshe lemali, futhi uhlamvu lwemali lwaluwumlomo walo ophumelela kakhulu, oluphindaphindwa izinkulungwane zezikhathi ezandleni zezakhamuzi namasosha, ngokucacile esingakufunda nanamuhla. isiliva sakudala.
Konke lokhu okungenhla kushiya umbono ocacile: izingcezu ezimbalwa ziyakwazi ukuhlanganisa kangcono ukuhlangana okuthile kwezepolitiki nezempi. Phakathi kuka-25 no-23 BC, nekoloni esanda kusungulwa, i-Emerita yaqala ukuxoxa indaba yayo ngensimbi eyigugu. Ukuba khona kokuqhuma kuka-Augustus, igunya lokuzisholo likaCarisius, kanye nengqikithi yomdabu enikelwe yakha ukulandelana kwezithombe ezintathu eziphawulekayo ezichaza ukuthi kwenzekeni, ubani owayala, nokuthi ubani ohluliwe. Awusadingeki umbhalo oqoshiwe: udenariyu uyazikhulumela, futhi izwi lawo, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili kamuva, liyaqhubeka lizwakala ngenhlanganisela efanayo yokuqina nobuhle okubonisa ukuthi kungani, kwabaningi, ingenye yezinhlamvu zemali ezibalulekile ze Izibalo ze-Hispano-Roman.
