Ubani owanqoba uNapoleon Bonaparte nokuthi kwanqunywa kanjani eWaterloo

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Embuzweni wokuthi ubani owanqoba uNapoleon Bonaparte, impendulo emfushane icacile: I-Seventh Coalition, ngaphansi komyalo Ohlangene we-Duke of Wellington kanye ne-Prussian Marshal Gebhard L. von Blücher, uthole ukunqoba okubalulekile e-Waterloo. Ngalolo suku lwavala ukuphela koMbuso WaseNapoleon futhi lwaholela ekudingisweni kokugcina kwamaCorsika eSaint Helena.

Kodwa indaba egcwele inothe kakhulu: a Uhlolojikelele lomlando. I-Waterloo kwakungeyona isenzakalo esiyingqayizivele, kodwa isiphetho Sezinsuku Eziyikhulu, umkhankaso omfushane kakhulu ngo-June 1815 owahlanganisa iminyaka yezimpi, amaphutha amakhulu, ukuphikiswa okuqinile, nokuhlelwa kahle kokuxhumana kwe-Allied. Kule migqa, sibuyekeza umongo, ama-protagonists, i-akhawunti yomzuzu nomzuzu yempi, izinombolo, izizathu zokuhlulwa, kanye nemiphumela yako emikhulu e-Europe.

Okwenzeka e-Waterloo: usuku, indawo kanye nabalingiswa

NgoJuni 18, 1815, cishe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili eningizimu yeBrussels, Ibutho likaNapoleon laseFrance laseNyakatho lalwa nebutho le-Wellington lama-Anglo-allied, kuyilapho ibutho likaBlücher lasePrussia livela empumalanga. Kwakuwusuku oluchithwe odakeni ngemva kwezimvula zasebusuku ezibambezele ukunyakaza nezinganono, futhi okwaphetha ngokuthi ukuhlulwa okungenakuphikiswa kohlangothi lwaseFrance.

Umphumela wezepolitiki nezempi waba ngokushesha: Ukuwa kokugcina koMbuso Wokuqala WaseFrance kanye nokudingiselwa kukaNapoleon eSaint HelenaUkunqoba kwe-Allied kwaphetha Izinsuku Eziyikhulu futhi kwasekela umyalo waseYurophu owawuzozalwa kuCongress of Vienna. UWellington noBlücher bahlangana ngalobo busuku eduze kwaseLa Belle Alliance ukuzohalaliselana ngokunqoba, futhi igama lempi lasungulwa ngokuthi "i-Waterloo."

Amabhulokhi amabili amakhulu abambe iqhaza enkundleni. EFrance phambi kwe Seventh Coalition eyakhiwe ngamaNgisi, amaDashi, amaJalimane namaPrussia, ngokwesekwa yiHanover, Nassau kanye naseBrunswick. Eyalwa nguNapoleon noNey ohlangothini lwesiFulentshi; I-Wellington ne-Blücher yama-AlliesAmanani ayemaningi futhi izindleko zomuntu, zishaqisa.

• Ama-Belligerents: I-First French Empire vs. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Kingdom of Prussia, Hanover, Nassau and Brunswick.
• Abalawuli: UNapoleon Bonaparte noMichel Ney (eFrance); U-Arthur Wellesley (uDuke waseWellington) no-G.L. von Blücher (Ubumbano).

Ngamandla aqondile emkhakheni oyinhloko: IFrance yabutha amadoda angaba ngu-74.500 (izimbangi ezingama-254)Ibutho likaWellington, 74.326 (156 inganono kanye nengxenye yerocket), futhi AbasePrussia babenezingu-51 401 (izimbangi eziyi-126). Kwabalimele, kulinganiselwa usuku lwase-Waterloo nxazonke Abantu baseFrance abangama-41.000 futhi nxazonke 24.000 abalingani (cishe ama-Anglo-allies angu-17.000 kanye nama-Prussians angu-7.000), izibalo ezihluka kuye ngomthombo kodwa zivumelana ngesimo sokuchitha igazi sokungqubuzana.

Umkhankaso Wezinsuku Eziyikhulu kanye nezimpi ezandulele

Konke kwaqala nini UNapoleon weqa e-Elba ngoFebhuwari 26, 1815ICongress of Vienna yammemezela njengomuntu ongekho emthethweni, kwase kwakhiwa iSeventh Coalition. Maphakathi no-June, uNapoleon wadlulela enyakatho ukuze agadle eWellington naseBlücher ngokuhlukana ngaphambi kokuba bahlangane; isikhathi sasiyisitha sakhe.

NgoJuni 15, amaFulentshi athumba iCharleroi futhi awela iSambre. Kwakukhona ukumelana namaPrussia eMarchiennes naseCharleroi; ukulahlwa kukaGeneral Bourmont wahlwanyela ukudideka ku-French IV Corps. Ngalolo suku, Amaphiko ama-French abheke ku-Quatre Bras (kwesokunxele) kanye noFleurus (kwesokudla), nonogada kanye ne-VI Corps begciniwe.

Ekuseni ngo-16, kwaqubuka izingxabano ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye: I-Quatre Bras (Wellington vs. Ney) kanye Ligny (Napoleon vs. Blücher). E-Ligny, amaPrussia anqotshwa kodwa kayibhujiswa; e-Quatre Bras, umkhankaso we-Dutch Constant de Rebecque ukugcina ukuwela ukuphikisana nemiyalo yangaphambilini bekubalulekile ukumisa uNey. Isiqephu ebesingundabamlonyeni kakhulu sosuku bekuyisithi emuva naphambili kwe-I Corps yase-Drouet d'Erlon, engazange ilwe ku-Ligny noma ku-Quatre Bras ngenxa yemilayezo ephambanayo, mhlawumbe enqumayo uma isetshenziswe noma yikuphi ngaphambili.

Mhla ziyi-17 kuNhlangulana, uWellington wahoxa ukuze ayofunda esikhundleni saseMont-Saint-Jean, eduze kwaseWaterloo; lana amakati nezinjaUdaka lwacwilisa yonke into futhi izikhali zaseFrance zaphazamisekaUNapoleon wavimba uMarshal Grouchy ukuba aphishekele amaPrussia ngamadoda angaba ngu-30.000; imiyalo engaqondakali kanye nokungabaza "ukumasha kunganono" okunconywe uGérard eyedwa uGrouchy, owayezolwa kamuva eWavre ngenkathi impi ewujuqu ilwelwa eWaterloo.

Ngabo lobo busuku kusukela ngo-17 kuya ku-18, UBlücher wahlela kabusha amabutho akhe, wafaka i-IV Corps ka-Bülow, wathembisa uWellington ukuthi uzofika ngesikhathi. Njengoba inhlanhla yayingaba nayo, lelo washi eliqinile lalizogcina lenza umehluko.

Juni 18: Ukusuka ekuqhumeni kwenganono kuya ekuhlaseleni kwe-Allied

Izikhundla ze-Allied zigxile kumaphuzu amathathu abalulekile: I-Hougoumont kwesokudla, La Haye Sainte phakathi nendawo y UPapelotte–La Haye kwesokunxeleUNapoleon waqala usuku ezama ukuwisa iWellington ngokuhlasela iHougoumont, ipulazi elibiyelwe elisemngceleni oseningizimu nephoyisa elaphenduka impi phakathi kwempiImikhosi kaNkosana uJerome yaxosha imikhosi yaseNassau emahlathini nasengadini yezithelo, kodwa ayizange ithathe indawo yangaphakathi; UHougoumont washwabadela amasosha aseFrance amahora ngaphandle kokuphula umugqa ohlangene.

UMbusi wayefuna ukuvula ngesikhali sakhe asithandayo, izikhali. Wakha a ibhethri elikhulu (ekuqaleni izibhamu ezingama-80, kamuva zaqiniswa) zibheke uphiko lwesobunxele lwe-Allied. Umhlabathi othambile obangelwa isiphepho wanciphisa ama-ricochets amagobolondo futhi wehlise umphumela omubi ye-cannonade, naphezu kokudala ukulimala nokuphuka kwamabhethri ku-Allied Crest. Wellington, nebutho lakhe ihlehle ngemuva komugqa we-ridge, yehlisa umthelela.

Ngezithuba zabo-13:30 p.m., uNey wethula uhlelo d'Erlon's Great Assault ngokumelene ne-Allied centre-kwesokunxele, enamabutho kumakholomu avaliwe athole i-crest ngaphansi komlilo we-shrapnel nokudubula kwezibhamu. Uphiko lukaPicton, umakadebona waseSpain, lwamelana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu; Amabutho amahhashi asindayo aseBrithani (I-Household and Union Brigades) yahlaselwa ngempumelelo emangalisayo, yathumba izinkozi zaseFrance, kodwa yahluleka ukuyijaha futhi yabhekana nokuhlaselwa ngabaphangi nezinsimbi. UPicton wawa wafaUkuhlasela kweFrance kwanyanyiswa, kodwa intengo yayiphezulu.

Ntambama, lapho uNapoleon engekho isikhashana, U-Ney uhumushe ukuhoxiswa kwe-Allied njengokumisa kabusha imigqa. futhi yayala ukuba kubekwe amacala amakhulu abagibeli bamahhashi (i-Milhaud's IV Corps, elandelwa amabutho agibela amahhashi kanye ne-Kellermann's III Corps). Ama-Allied Cadres, imigqa emine ye-bayonet, imelana namagagasi ngemva kwegagasi lokuqhuma kwamabhomu, iqhunyiswa phakathi kwamacala; amaNgisi namadlelandawonye awo asabela ngomlilo onesiyalo, esekelwa ukuhlasela okuncane kwabagibeli bamahhashi. Lezi Amacala alandelanayo aqede amandla amahhashi aseFrance ngaphandle kokuphula umugqa.

Okwamanje, AmaPrussia kaBülow ayeseqala ukufika ohlangothini lwesokudla lwaseFrance (cishe ngo-16:30 p.m.), efohla e-Plancenoit, lapho kwaqubuka khona impi yendlu ngendlu. Ngo-18:00 ntambama, La Haye Sainte wawela ezandleni French Ngemva kokuzivikela okuqinile kwe-KGL, ephelelwe izinhlamvu zezibhamu ezithile, ibhethri eliya phambili laseFrance lanetha imvula enkulu esikhungweni se-Allied, lalimaza u-Alten, u-Kielmansegge, u-Halkett, kanye neNkosana yase-Orange uqobo. U-Ney ubize i-infantry ukuthi iqedele isikhungo, kodwa UNapoleon wayegxile ekubambeni amaPrussia ePlancenoit.

Isiqiwi esiphezulu sahlala. Cishe ngo-19:30 p.m., i-Imperial Guard ethuthukisiwe "ku-echelon" ngokusebenzisa umkhakha ophakathi kwesokudla, namaqembu Onogada Abaphakathi kanye nezimpi ze-Old Guard emgqeni wesibili. U-Ney, egibele ihhashi lakhe lesihlanu losuku, uhole ukuphusha. Ingxenye yemigqa yama-Anglo-Allied yayeka, kodwa IBritish Maitland Guards, eqoshama ngemva kommango, asukuma endaweni engenalutho futhi axoshe abazingeli; i-52nd Light Infantry ingene ehlangothini futhi iqedele ukuphumelela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukaniswa kweDutch of Chassé (UGeneral Bajonet) wahlaselwa ngezikhali nezikhali, ezungeza amabhomu e-Middle Guard. Inkulumo yasenganekwaneni ethi "La Garde recule" yasabalala njengomlilo wequbula. kwaqubuka uvalo.

Ekupheleni, UPlancenoit wagcina ewele kumaPrussia ngokwandayo, naphezu kokuqina kwe-Young Guard, eyalahlekelwa ukulahlekelwa okungaphezu kwama-70%. Amaqembu okugcina e-Old Guard ahlanganisa ukuhlehla ezungeze iLa Belle Alliance; UWellington wayala ukuba kukhishwe imali enyakazisa isigqoko sakhe, futhi umugqa Wamazwe Ahlangene wawela phansi emthambekeni wangena ebuthweni laseFrance eliphukile.

Ukuphishekela ama-Allied kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sebusuku. UWellington noBlücher babingelelane eduze kwaseLa Belle Alliance Cishe ngehora lesishiyagalolunye. Yonke indawo, ombayimbayi abalimele, abashiyiwe, nezigcawu zencithakalo ezivamile zokunqotshwa okukhulu; hhayi nje uDuke wathi: "Ayikho into ebuhlungu njengokunqoba impi.".

Imiyalo yempi nezibalo

E-Waterloo, iNorthern Army Yethule ama-battalion angu-104, ama-squadrons angu-113, kanye nezibhamu ezingu-254 (cishe amadoda angu-74.500 ngemva kokukhipha ukulahlekelwa kwangaphambili namandla ngaphansi kwe-Grouchy). Ngaphambili: I Corps (d'Erlon), II Corps (Reille), I-VI Corps (Lobau), III kanye IV Amahhashi (uKellermann noMilhaud) futhi, ngokugodla, i I-Imperial Guard.

• Ama-Anglo-allies emkhakheni omkhulu: Amadoda angu-74.326 (cishe. 28% Dutch/Nassau, 38% British, 10% KGL, 23,7% Hanover/Brunswick) kanye nezinganono ezingu-156; ingxenye yebutho yasala iqaphe i-Hal (iningi lamasosha angaba ngu-32.000).
• AmaPrussia: Amasosha angu-51.401 kanye nezinganono ezingu-126 zafika e-Waterloo ngalolo suku, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-Army of the Lower Rhine yamadoda angaphezu kuka-126.000 (izingcezu ezingu-304) asakazwa ezinkampanini ezine (uZieten, uPirch, uThielmann no-Bülow).

Ibhalansi yawo wonke umkhankaso wezinsuku ezinhlanu eNetherlands (Juni 15-19). I-Ligny, i-Quatre Bras, i-Waterloo ne-Wavre:

• Ligny (Juni 16): Izibhamu zesiFulentshi ezingu-65.731 nezingu-210 (kanye nezingu-10.000 ezingangenanga ngesikhathi) ngokumelene namaPrussia angu-93.174 no-210; izisulu ezilinganiselwe: 13.700 French kanye 18.800 Prussians (kanye desertions).
• I-Quatre Bras (Juni 16): French ~24.000 and 60–92 guns vs. Anglo-Allies ~36.000 kanye 42; abalimele: ~4.000 French kanye ~5.200 Alies.
• I-Waterloo (Juni 18): izibhamu zaseFrance ezingu-74 500 nezingu-254; Amazwe Ahlangene afinyelela ku-140.000 kuhlanganise namaPrussia (ekuqaleni ama-Anglo-Allies angama-74.300 nezingcezu ezingu-156); ukulahlekelwa: ~41.000 French kanye ~24.000 Allies (17.000 Anglo-Allies, 7.000 Prussians).
• Wavre (Juni 18): I-Grouchy (~33.000 kanye nezibhamu ezingu-80) vs. Prussians (~17.000 kanye ne-48); ukulahlekelwa kwe-2.500 kanye ne-2.400 ngokulandelanayo.

Emkhankasweni uwonke, okulandelayo kubalwa: France 122.700 amasosha (366 cannon); I-Prussia 126.300 (304); I-Anglo-Allies 112.000 (222), nabashonile cishe Abantu baseFrance abangama-64.600, 40.200 amaPrussia y 22.600 Anglo-alliesAmamajini ephutha ancike ekubalweni nemithombo, kodwa isikali nomphumela akunakuphikiswa.

Ubani owanqoba uNapoleon futhi kungani

Ngemibandela yokusebenza, UWellington noBlücher bahlula uNapoleon ndawonye: eyokuqala igcina isivikelo esiqinile futhi esibaliwe ku-Mont-Saint-Jean crest, okwesibili sishaya ngasohlangothini lwesokudla lesi-French kuze kunqamuke i-Plancenoit. Eceleni kwakhe, izibalo ezibalulekile zanikeza ibhalansi: Gneisenau uthole inyunyana noWellington ngemuva kukaLigny; Zieten Waqinisa umbimbi kwesokunxele ngesikhathi; Bülow wavula i-front of Prussian nama-brigade amabili anqumayo phakathi nemini ntambama; URebecca ibambe i-Quatre Bras ngomhlaka-16; futhi Chassé ifinyelele umvuthwandaba wokuhlasela engxenyeni yokugcina yosuku.

Ngasohlangothini lwesiFulentshi, I-Grouchy wawufeza ngokusemthethweni umyalo wakhe wokuphishekela abasePrussia kodwa Akazange amashe “ekukhaleni kwenganono” ngaseWaterloo lapho ebengazama; Ney, "isibindi sesibindi", sacishe saphula isikhungo esihlangene kodwa saqeda amabutho aso amahhashi ngamacala aphindaphindiwe futhi ayikwazanga ukuxhumanisa ama-infantry kanye nezikhali ngesikhathi esibucayi ngemva kokuwa kweLa Haye Sainte. ukuphathwa okudidayo kwe-d'Erlon's I Corps Ngomhla ka-16, uNapoleon waphucwa isici esingaba yisinqumo e-Ligny noma e-Quatre Bras.

• Isimo sezulu nesimo sezuluUdaka lwadambisa izikhali zaseFrance futhi lwanciphisa ukuthunyelwa; Unqenqema lukaWellington lwaluvikela ulayini wakhe.
• Ukubambisana okuhlangene: Ukuxhumana kwamasu we-Anglo-Prussian okusekelwe kuzibophezelo zangaphambili kanye nemiyalezo ephumelelayo ngosuku olubalulekile.
• Ukugqokwa kwangaphambilini: Umbuso wawusindwa yimpi yeminyaka eminingi, ubunzima nokulahlwa, futhi iYurophu yahlangana ngokumelene nayo.
• Isikhathi: Isitha esikhulu sikaNapoleon ngoJuni 1815; ihora ngalinye lokulibaziseka lalivumela ukufika kwamaPrussia.

Futhi, ngemuva, Ukuphakama kwezezimali kanye nezimboni zaseBrithani Wayesekela imifelandawonye, ​​amabutho ahlomile futhi akhokhe izikweletu ngamanani aphansi kunalawo amaFulentshi. I-Continental Blockade Yayifuna ukuminyanisa i-United Kingdom, kodwa yacindezela iFrance ukuthi ilawule isuka eLisbon iye eMoscow, yabhebhethekisa ubuzwe (isiJalimane, phakathi kokunye) futhi yavula imingcele eyayingenakuphikiswa. umkhankaso Russian 1812 kwaba ukudonsa okukhulu kwamadoda, amahhashi kanye nesimilo, isilonda u-Waterloo aqeda ukusivula.

Ukuhlulwa kwangaphambilini kwaqeda amandla abo

Ukuwa kukaNapoleon kwakungeyona indaba yosuku olulodwa. UTrafalgar (1805) ukhansele iphrojekthi yakhe yezempi; the Impi Yenkululeko YaseSpain (1808–1814) kwakuyisimo esingapheli; futhi kusukela ngo-1812 kuqhubeke, uchungechunge lokuketula umbuso lwabukela phansi amandla ombuso.

• I-Bassano yesibili (1796) y U-Calliero (1796): izithiyo zamasu zakuqala ngokumelene no-Alvincz e-Italy.
• Ukuvinjezelwa kwe-Acre (1799): ukwehluleka kohambo oluya eGibhithe naseSyria.
• U-Aspern-Essling (1809): ukubuyisela emuva okukhulu emhlabeni, ngokushona kukaMarshal Lannes.
• I-Krasnoi (1812): igalelo ngesikhathi sokuhlehla kweRussia, ngemva kokunqoba kwePyrrhic e-Borodino.
• I-Leipzig (1813): "Impi Yezizwe", ukunqotshwa okukhulu yiSixth Coalition.
• I-La Rothière, i-Laon ne-Arcis-sur-Aube (1814): amagalelo alandelanayo emkhankasweni waseFrance ophoqe ukuhoxa okokuqala.

Ehlobo lika-1815, Indawo yaseFrance yokugcina indawo kanye nendawo yezepolitiki yasekhaya yayiphelile.I-Waterloo kwakuyisenzo sokugcina senhlekelele eyayineminyaka yenzeka.

Imiphumela: ICongress of Vienna kanye ne-New European Order

Ngemuva kwe-Waterloo, ama-Allies angena eFrance kuyilapho ukulahlwa nokuqondisa kwezombusazwe kwakhula eParis. UNapoleon wadedela indodana yakhe, kodwa ngoJulayi 8 wabuyiselwa emandleni Louis XVIII; UMarshal Ney wabulawa ngokuvukela umbuso, futhi "I-White Terror" yadedelwa ngokumelene namaBonapartists kanye nama-liberals. Ayikwazi ukubalekela e-United States, eNapoleon Wazinikela kumaBritish futhi wadingiselwa eSaint Helena, lapho ayezofela khona ngo-1821.

Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, iCongress of Vienna yaqeda imephu: IFrance yabuyela emingceleni yayo ka-1790/1792, yakhokha izinxephezelo ezinzima futhi yahlupheka Umsebenzi ohlangene. Bazalwa I-Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria kanye Prussia) kanye I-Quadruple Alliance (ne-United Kingdom), inhloso yayo bekuwukugcina ukuhleleka kanye vimbela ukuqubuka kwezinguqukoI-Confederation of the Rhine yathathelwa indawo yi- Inhlangano YaseJalimane, futhi i-continental hegemony yabelwa phakathi kwe-Austria, iPrussia neRussia, kuyilapho IGreat Britain yandisa umbuso wayo wasolwandle (Malta, Ceylon, Cape, Mauritius, njll.).

Icala laseSpain libonisa kahle i-geopolitics yangaleso sikhathi: naphezu komzamo omkhulu ngokumelene noNapoleon, ISpain ayizange ifakwe ekusatshalalisweni futhi kamuva yayizobhekana nokungenelela kwaseFrance ngo-1823 (“Amadodana Ezinkulungwane Eziyinkulungwane ZaseSaint Louis”) ukuze asekele uFerdinand VII. Ngaphakathi kwekhonsathi eyalandela, iPrussian Zollverein yayitshala imbewu yobunye baseJalimane besikhathi esizayo obusekelwe kwezomnotho. Ukuthula kwahlala, kwaba nokwehla nokwenyuka, ukuya eCrimea (1853), lapho ibhalansi ishaywa ngaphandle kwamanzi.

Inothi elincane elidumile neliningi le-macabre: Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombe ukuhweba ngamathambo kusukela ezinkundleni zempi ezifana ne-Waterloo kuya eziko ezimbonini zikashukela, ngokumbiwa kwezidumbu kubikwe ngawo-1830; omunye, ongewona neze ubuqhawe, umkhondo weYurophu ephuma engxabanweni.

I-Waterloo iwuphendule ngokucacile umbuzo obangele lesi sihloko: UNapoleon wehlulwe umfelandawonye obanzi, oxhaswe kahle ngezimali futhi odidiyelwe, ephethe uWellington futhi uBlücher eqeda, ngosuku lapho udaka, izinqumo ezihlakaniphile kanye newashi kudlala ngokumelene naye; futhi wamehlula, futhi, Iminyaka eyishumi yokuguga, amaphutha amasu (iRussia, i-Continental Blockade) kanye neYurophu ehlanganiswe yimali yaseBrithani kanye nokushaya kwenhliziyo kobuzwe.UJuni 18 waphawula ukuphela kwendaba, kodwa kwase kunesikhathi eside kuza.