UFrancis Drake, I-Queen's Privateer: Life, Expeditions, kanye ne-Legend

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KwabaseSpain nesiNgisi, igama elithi UFrancis Drake, oyimfihlo wendlovukazi Sekungamakhulu eminyaka uhlobo lwesibuko esihlanekezelayo: Iqhawe lasolwandle kwabanye kanye nesishayo sasolwandle kwabanyePhakathi nokuzabalazela ukubusa kwe-Atlantic, isibalo sakhe sasifanekisela ukuncintisana okuphelele phakathi koBukhosi BaseSpain no-Elizabethan England, enanelo esazwakala emibhalweni yezenzakalo, amamephu, izinkondlo nezinganekwane.

Uma impilo yakhe kwadingeka icindezeleke ibe isiqubulo, yena ngokwakhe wasishiya esisodwa: Sic pavis magnaUzalwe wanele futhi wakhuliswa phakathi kwamagagasi namapulangwe, wagcina esegibele ulwandle, waqongelela umqhele wamaNgisi ingcebo futhi wangena emlandweni njengo. ozimele weNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth I, umhloli wangaphambili kanye nesekela lika-admiral ezimpini eziwujuqu.

Umsuka, umndeni kanye nokuthunyelwa kokuqala

UFrancis Drake wazalwa cishe ngo-1540 eTavistock (Devon) futhi washona ngoJanuwari 28, 1596 ePortobelo, eMainland; I-Dysentery yaqeda umlando wakheIndodana endala ka-Edmund Drake noMary Mylwaye, yakhulela endaweni ephansi, eyayiphawuleka ngokujulile iziyaluyalu ezingokwenkolo zekhulu leminyaka.

Ngemva kokuvukela kweNcwadi yoMkhuleko ka-1549, abakwaDrakes babalekela e-Kent; uyise waba idikoni kanye nomfundisi e-Upnor, futhi uFrancis osemncane wafundelwa i-coaster umnikazi wayo, ejabule ngobuhle bakhe, Wamnikeza umkhumbi lapho efaNgeshumi nantathu wayeselazi iphunga letiyela; emashumini amabili wagibela ngokunethezeka njengomphakeli, elukhuni ngohambo lokuya ngaselwandle ogwini lwaseBay of Biscay.

Ngo-1569 washada noMary Newman (washona ngo-1583) kwathi ngo-1585 u-Elizabeth Sydenham, indlalifa yomndeni odumile wakwaSomerset; Akashiyanga nzalo futhi amalungelo adluliselwa kumshana wakhe wegama elifanayo.Ngokushesha intambo yempilo yakhe yahlanganiswa nomzala wakhe uJohn Hawkins, owamethula ekuhwebeni ngezigqila e-Atlantic.

Phakathi kuka-1567 no-1569 wabamba iqhaza noHawkins ebhizinisini lokubamba eliyingozi eGuinea naseSan Jorge de la Mina; Bahambisa amakhulu abantu abayizigqila eCaribbean futhi wahweba eDominica, eMargarita, naseBorburata. Lesi siqephu saphela kabi eSan Juan de Ulúa, lapho imikhumbi yaseSpain yacekela phansi imikhumbi yakhe; UDrake wabuyela eNgilandi ngokuziqhenya kwakhe elimele kanye nenzondo yomuntu siqu yazo zonke izinto zaseSpain.

Ukusuka eCaribbean ukuya e-Isthmus yasePanama: ama-coups nokufunda

Phakathi kuka-1570 no-1573 wenza uhambo lwakhe lokuqala lomuntu siqu e-West Indies; ngo-May 1572 wahamba ngomkhumbi waya eNombre de Dios (Isthmus of Panama) nomkhumbi. Umkhumbi we-Easter kanye ne-Swan, amathani angaba ngu-70 no-25, amadoda angu-73, ahlinzeka unyaka wonke nezinsika eziqotshiwe ezilungele ukuqoqwa ogwini olushisayo.

Igalelo elikhulu kakhulu lafika ngo-1573, lihlangene ne-French Privateer Guillaume Le Testu: Banqamule udwendwe olugcwele isiliva negolideKwakungeyona nje impango: UDrake wafunda ukuthi umgogodla wohlelo lwaseSpain American kwakuyimizila yeminyuzi ehamba phakathi kwePacific ne-Atlantic.

Ngo-1575 wahlanganyela esabekayo Isibhicongo saseRathlin Island enkonzweni ye-Earl of Essex: Ibutho lezempi likaJohn Norreys labulala amasosha azinikele kanye nezakhamuzi; Imikhumbi kaDrake ivimbe ukuqinisa. Lowo mhlaba wawungayekethisi, futhi igama lakhe lase liqala ukusabalala ezindaweni zokucima ukoma nasemahhovisi.

Ukuphumelela kwePanama kwaqinisekisa u-Elizabeth I ukuthi kwakufanelwe ukuhlakanipha okwengeziwe; nakuba iLondon ikufihlile lokhu ngezivumelwano, I-Sea Dogs yayisebenza ngamalungelo obunikazi kanye nemali eyimfihlo, kuhlanganise nendlovukazi uqobo. Futhi uDrake, enomkhuleko wamaProthestani emphemeni kanye neNcwadi yabafel’ ukholo eduze, wazibona eyingalo yesizathu.

Emhlabeni jikelele: ukusuka eStrait kuya "eNew Albion"

Uhambo olukhulu lwaqala (emva komzamo wokuqala owaphazanyiswa iziphepho) ngoDisemba 13, 1577 ngemikhumbi emihlanu namadoda angu-164; I-Pelican izoqanjwa kabusha emzileni ngokuthi Indlovukazi EgolideNgoJanuwari 1578, esuka eCape Verde, wathumba iSanta Maria yasePutukezi (eqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi uMary) futhi wagcina ukapteni wakhe, uchwepheshe. Nuno da Silva, njengomshayeli wendiza ophoqelelwe.

Imikhumbi yaguga yaze yafika eSan Julian (Patagonia), indawo yezigebengu ngesikhathi sikaMagellan; lapho uDrake wazama futhi wabulala uThomas Doughty, ukusebenza ngesandla sensimbi ukusindisa isiyaloWazishiya izikebhe ezingenamsebenzi futhi walinda ubusika obuseningizimu ngaphambi kokuzama iStrait.

Ngo-August, wawela Strait of Magellan, ngemva kokulahlekelwa imikhumbi namadoda ekungqubuzaneni Patagonians; kanye ePacific, wayiqamba kabusha ngokuthi iPelican futhi waqala ukucasula: Elimele esiqhingini saseMocha, waphanga uValparaiso ngoDisemba 5, 1578, ukuthola izinkulungwane zamapeso egolide namatshe ayigugu; wazama uCoquimbo ngomhlaka-8, kodwa waxoshwa amabutho alethwe eLa Serena.

Waqhubekela enyakatho; wahlukumeza uCallao ngoFebhuwari 1579 futhi walandelwa yi "Armadilla de Toledo" eya ePaita; wafike wangena I-Caño Island ngoMashi 16 Ukuze uthole amanzi nokulungiswa, wahlasela i-Huatulco ngo-Ephreli 6 futhi, ngoJuni, wamisa eSan Francisco Bay, lapho athi "i-New Albion" ka-Isabel futhi walungisa umkhumbi wakhe echwebeni eliyimfihlo.

Ukubuya kwakudlula iMoluccas kanye ne-Indian Ocean, kufakwe izinongo; Wazungeza iCape of Good Hope futhi wathinta iSierra Leone ngoJulayi 1580NgoSepthemba 26, 1580, iGolden Hind yangena ePlymouth inabasindile abangama-59 kanye nokubamba okwenze abatshalizimali baconsa amathe.

INdlovukazi yamgibela i-Golden Hind ngokwayo (Deptford, 4 April 1581) ngenxusa laseFrance uMarchaumont, ngenhloko yezepolitiki ebaliwe eya eParis, kuyilapho iLondon iphika ngokusemthethweni ukuthi yayixhasa lo msebenzi wokuphanga. UDrake wamukela isiqubulo sabo esithi "Sic parvis magna", wayeyimeya yasePlymouth futhi wamelela uCamelford (1572-83), uBossiney (1584-85) noPlymouth (1593) ePhalamende.

Ukuya eCaribbean: The Great Expedition ka-1585-1586

Ngomhla ziyi-14 kuSepthemba 1585 washiya i-Plymouth nemikhumbi engama-29, amadoda angaba ngu-2.300 (abahamba ngezinyawo abangu-1.600 ezinkampanini zama-pikes nama-arquebuses), UMartin Frobisher njengoVice Admiral kanye noChristopher Carleill oholayo ekufikeniUkuhamba kwakushesha ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthula okudlulele, ngakho baphinde baletha ngenkani.

EGalicia, Wazulazula eBaiona wavimba uVigo, lapho athumba khona imfuyo nomkhumbi owawunegolide nesiliva lesonto, kwaze kwaba yilapho amasosha endawo emphoqa ukuba ahambe; eziQhingini zaseCanary, wahlola iLas Palmas, wahlasela iSanta Cruz de La Palma ngoNovemba 13, wathatha izibhamu wayisa ezinkundleni zemibukiso yakhe, angazange aphinde ayiveze mahhala.

E-Cape Verde, wacekela phansi i-Ribeira Grande futhi waqoqa, kodwa ukuxhumana nabantu abagulayo esibhedlela sezigqila kwaveza ubhubhane, mhlawumbe isifo somoya: Ukufa kwabantu ngenxa yezifo kwabadlula kude izisulu zokulwaKakade eMelika, wahlasela iSanto Domingo (January 1586), waxoxisana ngesihlengo esiphansi kunalokho ayesifuna, futhi washiya izakhiwo ziyincithakalo.

ECartagena de Indias iphethini yaphindwa: umsebenzi wesikhashana, isihlengo sama-ducats angu-107.000 futhi yahamba ngo-April. Endleleni ebuyayo, washisa iSt Augustine (eFlorida) futhi wacosha izifiki ezibulawa indlala eRoanoke (North Carolina). Imiphumela yenkulumo-ze yayimihle kakhulu; imiphumela yezomnotho yayimaphakathi (cishe amaphawundi angu-60 000, ngaphansi kakhulu kwalokho okwakulindelwe), futhi imiphumela yabantu yaba inhlekelele, nokufa kwamakhulu.

Izincwadi, ama-oda kanye nenhlansi ye-Cádiz

Ngo-May 1586, uPhilip II wasayina i- Isimemezelo Sasebukhosini esiya ku-Álvaro de Bazán ukulandela ezinyathelweni zikaDrake "nokufundisa isiNgisi isifundo," emnika amandla abanzi okuhlanganisa amandla futhi ahlukumeze nomaphi lapho kunesidingo. Impi eyayingakamenyezelwa manje isithathe uhlobo lwesu lomhlaba wonke.

Ngo-1587 uDrake wethula igalelo lakhe elidume kakhulu "entshebe yenkosi": wangena eCadiz, wacekela phansi imikhumbi engaphezu kuka-30 eyenzelwe i-Armada yesikhathi esizayo futhi yathumba inqola enkulukazi i-San Felipe esendleleni eya e-Lisbon; amasonto edala umonakalo ogwini lwase-Iberian Atlantic nase-Azores, ebambezela i-"England Venture" ngonyaka.

Ukusabela kobukhosi kwafika ngokubhala: UPhilip II waxwayisa uMbusi waseMedina Sidonia ngencwadi ukuthi, ngemva kokuvikela uCadiz, kufanele abhalise. amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo namahhashi e-Andalusia, ukuhlomisa izikhulu nabantu, nokulungiselela amagalelo amasha esiNgisi; lena kwakuyimigqa ebhalwe “esandleni sakhe,” ebonisa ukuphuthuma.

I-Armada ka-1588: Imigqa yamathuna, umlilo kanye nenganekwane

Ngo-August 1588, i-Armada Enkulu Nenhlanhla Kakhulu, ngaphansi komyalo we-Medina Sidonia, yavela ePlymouth. Drake, I-Vice Admiral ngaphansi kukaCharles Howard, wabeka isitembu sakhe sobuqili: ukudubula ibanga elide, imigqa yempi esheshayo, akukho ukugibela ngaphandle uma kunenzuzo ecacile.

Kuthathwe i- galleon Our Lady of the Rosary Njengoba uPedro de Valdés esemkhunjini, isiboshwa esasizohlala iminyaka eyisikhombisa eMbhoshongweni waseLondon, abathunjwa baleyompango babezogcina bempintshene “eNqolobaneni yaseSpain” eTorquay, lapho amagundane nezifo kwadala umonakalo omkhulu khona.

Ubusuku bemikhumbi yomlilo benza umehluko: imikhumbi eyisishiyagalombili evuthayo, ekhishwe ngokumelene nemikhumbi yaseSpain egxilile, isiphithiphithi namahange asikiwe ukubalekela umliloNgakusasa, eGravelines, amaNgisi ahlupha imikhumbi ekude amahora angu-9, esizwa umoya owawuyiqhubezela i-Armada ibheke oLwandle Olusenyakatho.

Inganekwane yamaNgisi itshela ukuthi uDrake uthole izindaba ze-Armada ngesikhathi edlala izitsha, nokuthi ucele ukuqeda umdlalo ngaphambi kokuthi ahambe ngomkhumbi; Inganekwane ihambisana ne-phlegm kazwelonke kanye nedumela layo legazi elibandayo, kodwa okwashintsha umkhankaso kwakungamaqhinga, izibhamu nesimo sezulu.

I-Counter Armada ka-1589: I-Coruña, i-Lisbon, i-Azores kanye nokuwa

Ngonyaka olandelayo, i-England yayifuna ukuletha igalelo lokugcina. I-"Invincible English" noma i-Counter Armada, iqondiswe nguDrake noJohn Norris, ezibekwe ngezinjongo zokufuna ukuvelela njengoba zingachazwanga kahle: ukuvusa ukuvukela kwamaPutukezi, ukuthatha iLisbon nokusungula isizinda e-Azores.

Wahlasela i-A Coruña kabuhlungu; waphanga ingxenye yePescadería, kodwa ukumelana—ngamagama afanayo U-María Pita no-Inés de Ben- imise ukuqhubeka kwesiNgisi. Ukuvinjezelwa akuzange kuphumelele, futhi inani labafa ladlula inkulungwane. E-Lisbon, ngaphandle kokusekelwa okudumile, uhlelo lwafiphala phakathi kwendlala nokuntuleka kokuxhumana.

Ngaphandle kwama-Azores, ngaphandle kwempango kanye nokuziphatha phansi, imikhumbi yahlehla futhi wacekela phansi uVigo izinsuku ezine ekuziphindiseleleni okwalahlekisela amakhulu abantu abalimala emhlabeni. Leli bhizinisi lashona abangaba ngu-12 000, kwalahleka imikhumbi engu-20, kanye nefayela lapho ebuyela eNgilandi.

Isithunzi sikaDrake sahlupheka; ozakwabo ababephethe izingalo bamgxeka ngokusobala futhi wasuswa esikhundleni sokuba ngumkhuzi wohambo olukhulu iminyaka eyisithupha, wehliswa vikela ugu lwasePlymouth kanye nesihlalo sakhe sasephalamende.

Umkhankaso wokugcina nokufa eCaribbean

Ngo-1595 wakwazi ukukholisa indlovukazi ngokuketula umbuso okokugcina: isizinda samaNgisi ePanama lokho minza imizila esilivaWabelane ngomyalo no-John Hawkins (owabulawa ohambweni noma ekuhlaselweni kwe-San Juan, e-Puerto Rico) futhi wabhekana nezivikelo ezixwayisisiwe kanye nezikhali zaseSpain ezisetshenziswa kahle.

Wazama kabili ukuphoqa iSan Juan; Pedro Téllez de Guzmán kanye nabadubuli baseMorro bajezisa amadekhi abo. Ezweni, amasosha angu-120 nje aseSpain ayeqondiswa uKaputeni u-Enríquez no-Agüero awubhuntshisa lo mzamo. Ngo-January 1596, isifo sohudo sanqoba impi yaso yokugcina.

UDrake washona ngoJanuwari 28 phambi kukaPortobelo, ngemuva kokushiya incwadi yefa evuna umshana wakhe, ecwiliswe olwandle ebhokisini elinesisindoUmyalo wawela kuThomas Baskerville. Imikhumbi yamaNgisi kamuva yayizohlulwa e-Isle of Pines ngamabutho aholwa uBernardino de Avellaneda noJuan Gutiérrez de Garibay: imikhumbi emithathu yathunjwa, engu-17 yacwila noma yalahlwa, i-2.500 yafa, neziboshwa ezingu-500.

Lezi zindaba zafinyelela eSeville naseMadrid ngezincwadi ezivela eDelgadillo de Avellaneda futhi, kamuva, ezivela ku-Andrés Armenteros ziya kuMbusi waseMedina Sidonia, owaze washo ngephutha ukuthi. isidumbu besihamba ngomgqomoInkulumo-ze nayo yayihamba kulawo manzi.

Impilo yangasese, izikhundla kanye nezimpawu

E-England uhlonishwe ngesicoco sokuthi Knight Bachelor, waphatha izikhali ngomkhumbi emhlabeni kanye nenganekwane uSic parvis magna, kanye namahhovisi omphakathi anqwabelene: imeya yasePlymouth kanye neLungu lePhalamende eWestminster. Umsebenzi wakhe wezempi uzohlotshaniswa nesikhundla se-vice-admiral ye- I-British Royal Navy.

Umbuthano wakhe wangaphakathi wawuhlanganisa abaxhasi abafana noSir Christopher Hatton; umkakhe wesibili, Elizabeth Sydenham, washada noWilliam Courtenay wasePowderham ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Zazingekho izingane eziqondile, imininingwane eyadlulisela uzalo nenkumbulo kumshana wakhe, uFrancis.

I-Drake Passage, i-Hoces Sea neminye imininingwane yendawo

Kwamanye amazwe ulwandle oluseningizimu yeTierra del Fuego lubizwa ngokuthi "Drake Passage"; Nokho, itilosi alidlulanga lapho ngokuzungeza kwakhe, kodwa ngoMfula. ESpain nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeLatin America, igama elithi "Sea of ​​Hoces" libizwa ngemuva kukaFrancisco de Hoces (1525), owake wabuka lesi siqephu emashumini eminyaka ngaphambili.

Izikhali, amaqhinga kanye nenkemba enomlando

UDrake wayengumasu ohlakaniphile: wayencamela nqamula imigqa ukude, cannonade nosinki esikhundleni sokugibela, futhi sebenzisa imikhumbi yezicishamlilo lapho kufaneleka. Inkemba yakhe iphinde yahlala emcabangweni odumile, ochazwa njengesibambo esiyilophu esinesiphambano esiqondile, uphawu lwe umuntu wolwandle nensimbi ezakhiwe ngendlela yakudala.

I "Drake": inganekwane, udeveli nenkulumo-ze

KwabaseSpain, kwakungu-"El Draque", udrako. U-Lope de Vega wayidweba cishe njengaye USathane ngokwakhe ELa dragontea; ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayeyi-quintessential iqhawe lika-Elizabethan. Inganekwane yesivumelwano nodeveli "owayebusa imimoya" yahambisana ingcebo yakhe olwandle olungenakwenzeka.

Ngokuhambisanayo, isenzo saso e-Ireland (Rathlin) kanye ne- ubugebengu obunyuselwe ebhizinisini likahulumeni Bakhombisa uhlangothi olumnyama olwagubha inkulumo-ze yama-Victorian; ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka nengxenye, ubuzwe bothando babungcwelisa njengensika yobukhosi bemikhumbi yasolwandle yaseBrithani.

Okutholwe yidokhumentari kanye nemibono yezomlando

Ngo-2021, umcwaningi uDavid Salomoni etholakala eMtatsheni Wezincwadi we-Ajuda Palace (Lisbon) isimemezelo UNuno da Silva phambi koMkhandlu wase-Indies (1583), ucezu olungakashicilelwa emashumini eminyaka esikhanyisela umzila we-Golden Hind nezimfihlo zoMbuso WaseSpain; kulokhu kwaphuma incwadi ethi Francis Drake: The Corsair Who Challenged an Empire.

Ngesisindo sakhe amasiko amabili omlandoEyodwa, yakudala, efanekiselwa uJulian Corbett (uDrake kanye neTudor Navy, 1898), imbeka esisekelweni sokunqoba kwemikhumbi yempi yamaNgisi; enye, ebucayi kakhulu, ifanelekela indima yakhe, igcizelela izithunzi zokuzenzela kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zempi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, kanye nengcebo.

Imisebenzi, amamephu namasiko adumile

Uhambo lwakhe lwanyatheliswa kumamephu nama-atlas asakazwa kabanzi; izincwadi azithathanga isikhathi eside zafika: UJuan de Castellanos Wanikezela Inkulumo yakhe kuFrancisco Drake (osolwa ngemininingwane yayo yamasu), uJuan de Miramontes Zuazola washiya i-Antarctic Weapons, kwathi u-Lope wacula ngokuhlulwa kokugcina eLa dragontea.

EMelika naseSpain yaqhubeka nokugqugquzela izinganekwane: Vicente Fidel López Wamenza umphikisi kuMlobokazi Wembuka; UGabriel García Márquez ubhekisela ekuhlaseleni kwakhe eRiohacha Eminyakeni Eyikhulu Eyedwa Yeminyaka Eyikhulu futhi ukhuluma ngesibhamu sakhe ku-Innocent Eréndira; U-Manuel Mujica Lainez umthinta e-Mysterious Buenos Aires.

Kakade ezikhathini zamuva, kubonakala enhlekeleleni I-English Rose nguDavid Silvestre, enovelini yomlando ethi El Tesoro de los piratas de Guayacán kaRicardo Latcham, nangokwesiko lomculo we-pop: imidlalo yevidiyo Engafakwanga (enenzalo eqanjiwe), Ucezu Olulodwa (umlingiswa u-X Drake), I-Fate / Grand Order kanye nochungechunge lwe-Black Sails.

"Izilwandle eziyisikhombisa" zohambo: umzila owodwa, izilungiselelo eziyisikhombisa

Ukuzungeza kwakhe kungafundwa njengochungechunge lwezimo eziyisikhombisa zolwandle: I-Atlantic yaseYurophu nase-Afrika (ukusuka nokuthunjwa eCape Verde), iNingizimu Atlantic (imizila yasePatagonian kanye neStrait), iNingizimu Pacific (eChile nasePeru), eNyakatho yePacific ( I-Albion entsha Californian), Indonesian archipelago (Moluccas and Clove), southern Indian Ocean (Cape storms) and return Atlantic (Sierra Leone and Plymouth).

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi okubalulekile

• 1540: wazalelwa eTavistock; Umkhaya wamaProthestani wabalekela eKent ngemva kuka-1549.
• 1567-1569: uhambo lwesigqila no-Hawkins; inhlekelele eSan Juan de Ulúa.
• 1572-1573: ukuketulwa umbuso e-Isthmus yasePanama; I-convoy yesiliva negolide ne-Le Testu.
• 1577-1580: ukuzungeza; Valparaíso, Callao, Huatulco, "New Albion", Moluccas; ukubuya okunqobayo.
• 1581: i-knighted on the Golden Hind; emahhovisi ePlymouth nasePhalamende.
• 1585-1586: uhambo olukhulu oluya e-Indies; Santa Cruz de La Palma, Santo Domingo, Cartagena, St. Augustine, Roanoke.
• 1587: isishayo eCadiz nase-Azores; ukuthunjwa kwe-carrack San Felipe.
• 1588: isekela lika-admiral ekunqotshweni kwe-Armada; imikhumbi yomlilo kanye neGravelines.
• 1589: I-Counterrmada; A CoruñaI-Lisbon kanye ne-Azores yehlulekile; ukuxoshwa kukaVigo; hlambalaza.
• 1595-1596: umkhankaso wokugcina no-Hawkins; ukwehluleka ePuerto Rico nasePanama; ukufa ngenxa yohudo ePortobelo.

Corsair, umhloli wamazwe, iqhawe?

Kwaba konke lokho kanye kanye, kuya ngokuthi usikhombe kuphi isibonakude. Kusuka eLondon, oyimfihlo onegunya lobunikazi kanye nomhloli onesibindi; kusukela eMadrid, pirate kanye nesitha somphakathi. Imiphumela ebonakalayo yilena: imizila enemephu, amadolobha anyakaziswayo, ukuhlenga okukhulu, ukuzamazama komhlaba okuhlakaniphile empini yezempi kanye i-biography eseduze ne-geopolitics Ikhulu le-XNUMX.

Uhlolojikelele: ubuntwana bakhe bodaka namapulangwe, inzondo eyazalelwa eVeracruz, ubuqili emgodleni, inselele ye-Golden Hind, abagibeli bamahhashi emphemeni, ukuketulwa kweCadiz, amalahle aseGravelinas, i-Counterarmada ebabayo kanye nesifo sohudo ePortobelo kupenda umlingiswa oyinkimbinkimbi, uyancomeka ngobuchule bakhe njengoba engabazeka ngezindlela zakhe, ohlanganisa njengabanye abambalwa impi yembulunga yonke yesikhathi sakhe nomugqa omuhle phakathi kwenkazimulo, inganekwane nonya.