UFrancis Drake, I-Queen's Privateer: Life, War, and Legend

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Igama lakhe lisasusa imizwa ehlukene nhlangothi zombili zeChannel. KumaNgisi amaningi, wayeyiqhawe lesizwe; kwabaningi baseSpain besikhathi sakhe, ukubonakaliswa kokwesaba olwandle. Noma kunjalo, Francis Drake Ifanekisela, njengabanye abambalwa, ukuncintisana okuphelele phakathi kwemiqhele yaseNgilandi neSpain ekhulwini le-16, umzabalazo owawulwelwa emachwebeni, olwandle oluphakeme nasemahholo ombuso.

Ngaphandle kwenganekwane, impilo yakhe yayiyi-carousel yokukhuphuka kwe-meteoric, izinhlekelele, nemivimbo yenhlanhla. Ngesibusiso esingasho lutho (futhi ngezinye izikhathi esicacile) sika-Elizabeth I, ukuhlasela kwaholela ngokumelene nezithakazelo zamaSpanishi eYurophu naseMelika, waqeda ukuzungeza imbulunga yonke, wakhonza njengelungu lephalamende, iphini lika-admiral, kanye nemeya, futhi waqeda uhambo lwakhe kude nasekhaya, ehlulwe isifo sohudo ePortobelo. Konke lokhu kushiya umbuzo emoyeni: isigebengu sasolwandle, ozimele, umhloli wamazwe, noma kancane kwakho kokubili?

Umsuka, umndeni kanye nohambo lokuqala

Wazalelwa cishe ngo-1540 eTavistock (Devon), uDrake wakhulela emndenini wamaProthestani ophawuleka ngezinxushunxushu ezingokwenkolo. I-Prayer Book Rebellion yango-1549 yaphoqa umndeni wakhe ukuba ubalekele e-Kent, lapho uyise, u-Edmund, agcina ekhonza njengedikoni nomfundisi e-Upnor, osebeni lweMedway. Lobo buntwana obuthobekile—kuthiwa babehlala isikhathi eside emkhunjini—abuzange bumvimbe ukuba aye olwandle kusenesikhathi.

Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nantathu wayesevele ebhalisiwe emkhunjini wasogwini njengalezi ama-caravels angaleso sikhathi futhi, ngenxa yokuziphatha kwakhe okuhle, umphathi—engenazo izindlalifa— wamnika umkhumbi ekufeni kwakhe. Ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala, wayesebenza njengesisebenzi sendiza emizileni eya e-Vizcaya. Lokho kufunda phakathi kwamagagasi e-Channel kanye ne-Atlantic kwakuyisandulela somsebenzi wokuhamba olwandle owawuzoshintsha ikusasa lakhe nelabanye abaningi.

Empilweni yakhe yangasese, uDrake waba nemishado emibili: okokuqala kuMary Newman (owashona ngo-1583) futhi kamuva Elizabeth Sydenham, indlalifa kaGeorge Sydenham. Akazange ashiye izingane, ngakho iziqu zakhe zawela kumshana wakhe, naye ogama lakhe linguFrancis. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, wayengeza ama-honours-phakathi kwawo, u-Knight Bachelor- kanye nesiqubulo sakhe se-heraldic, Sic pavis magna (“ubukhulu buvela eziqalweni ezincane”), wasifinyeza ngokuphelele isimo sakhe sobuntu.

Kwezombusazwe, wabamba izihlalo e-House of Commons: wayemele uCamelford (1572-1583), uBossiney (1584-1585) noPlymouth (1593). Ngesikhathi esifanayo wahlanganisa umsebenzi wakhe wezempi, wafinyelela ezingeni lika I-Vice Admiral yeRoyal Navy phakathi neMpi YamaNgisi NeSpanishi (1585-1604).

Hawkins, ukuhweba ngezigqila kanye nokuhlukumezeka kweSan Juan de Ulúa

Ukucwiliswa kwakhe kwangempela kwezombusazwe ezinkulu zase-Atlantic kwavela esandleni sezihlobo zakhe uJohn noWilliam Hawkins. Nabo, uDrake wangena kwisekethe ye ukuhweba ngezigqila phakathi kweNtshonalanga Afrika neCaribbean Caribbean, ibhizinisi elalingenisa imali eningi njengoba lalinonya, elashiya uphawu olungasuki ekuphileni kwakhe. Ngo-1567, waqala uhambo lukaHawkins olwathumba amakhulu abantu base-Afrika eCape Verde, eGuinea, nase-Elmina ukuze abathengise eziqhingini nasemathekwini anjengeDominica, iMargarita, neBorburata.

Isiqephu esamenza waba yisitha saseSpain saqubuka ngo-1568: ngemva kwesiphepho, imikhumbi yamaNgisi yabalekela San Juan we-ulua (Veracruz), lapho, naphezu kwesivumelwano esisobala, yahlaselwa abaphelezeli baseSpain. AmaNgisi alahlekelwa imikhumbi namadoda amaningi; UDrake akazange akwazi ukubuyela ePlymouth ekuqaleni kuka-1569, elambile, ekhathele futhi enxanele ukuziphindiselela. Lokho kukhashelwa okucatshangwayo kwabhebhethekisa inganekwane ethi "Udrako"lokho kuzofika kamuva.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, nakuba kwaba khona isivumelwano esisemthethweni, izingxabano phakathi kwemibuso zanda. Kulesi simo sezulu, U-Elizabeth I waqala ukusayina izincwadi ze-marque futhi ubheke ngase-American Atlantic njengendawo ekahle yokuhlasela uhlelo lombuso waseSpain lapho lwalusengozini enkulu khona: imizila yalo kanye nediphozithi yezinsimbi eziyigugu.

Ukuketula umbuso ngokumelene noNombre de Dios kanye ne-Isthmus yasePanama (1572-1573)

Ngemva kohambo oluncane ngo-1570-1571, uDrake wahlanganisa umkhankaso ngo-May 1572 lokuya eNombre de Dios—isikhungo saseCaribbean esibheke engcebweni yase-Indies—nemikhumbi emibili emikhulu, I-Easter (ifulegi) kanye ne Swan, namavolontiya angu-73, izikhonkwane ezigoqekayo, amathuluzi nezinto ezidingekayo unyaka wonke. Ukuhlasela kokuqala kwehlulekile, kwathi uDrake walimala, kodwa akazange azinikele.

Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1573, ehlangene nenkampani yangasese yaseFrance u-Guillaume Le Testu, wabamba ujenga olwalugcwele igolide nesilivaLapho ebuyela eNgilandi ngalowo-August, wayephelezelwa amatilosi acishe abe ngamashumi amathathu, kodwa wonke ayezuze ingcebo. UBukhosi, nokungaqondakali kwawo okwaziwayo, bahlomule ngempango ngaphandle kokuvuma ngokugcwele.

Olunye uhlangothi lwaleyo mikhankaso kwakuwudlame olwalusezindaweni zeshashalazi zaseYurophu. Ngo-1575, uDrake wabambisana namabutho amaNgisi e- Ukubulawa kwabantu eRathlin (I-Ireland): Nakuba imikhumbi ivimbe izindawo zokuqinisa, amasosha ngaphansi kukaJohn Norreys abulala amasosha azinikele kanye nezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-400 ezaziphephele esiqhingini.

Ngokuthola isikweletu enkantolo, ngo-1577 wathunywa ukuba ahlukumeze iPacific Pacific. Wahamba ngomkhumbi esuka ePlymouth ngoDisemba 13 ephethe umyalo we- I-Pelican neminye imikhumbi emine enamadoda ayi-164. NgoJanuwari 1578 wathumba umkhumbi womthengisi wamaPutukezi, i Santa María, iqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi Mary, futhi yagcina ukaputeni wayo, uNuno da Silva, ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bakhe emanzini aseNingizimu Melika.

Eqaphela ukuguga, wayishiya imikhumbi yakhe, yahlala ebusika eSan Julián futhi, ekupheleni kuka-August, waqala ukuhamba. I-Strait yaseMagellan. Iziphepho, ukungqubuzana nabantu bomdabu kanye nokulahlekelwa okulandelanayo kwashiya I-Pelican cishe njengokuphela kosindile. Ukuhlonipha ukapteni wakhe, usopolitiki uChristopher Hatton, uDrake waqamba kabusha umkhumbi Indlovukazi Egolide.

Njengoba esesePacific, wavakashela eSiqhingini saseMocha, lapho alinyazwa khona kabi ukuhlasela kwabomdabu, futhi waphanga. I-Valparaíso (December 5, 1578), ethumba cishe ama-peso angu-60 000 egolide namatshe ayigugu. Wazama ukuthinta iCoquimbo, kodwa wavinjelwa amabutho endawo. Waqhubeka waya ePeru, ehlukumeza Callao (NgoFebruwari 1579) futhi waqhubeka enyakatho, elandelwa "i-Armadilla de Toledo", eya ePaita. Phakathi nendawo, wama eCaño Island (Costa Rica), eHuatulco (Mexico) futhi, ngo-June, wafika ethekwini ogwini lwaseCalifornia, cishe. Point Reyes, lapho athi khona “i-Albion Entsha” kuMqhele wamaNgisi.

Kuhle ukukhumbula imininingwane yendawo ephikisana kakhulu: kwamanye amazwe ibizwa ngokuthi “I-Drake Passage"olwandle oluseningizimu yeTierra del Fuego, kodwa eSpain nasengxenyeni yeLatin America kuthiwa"Sea of ​​Hoces", ngetilosi uFrancisco de Hoces, owayengasibona lesi siqeshana kusukela ngo-1525.

Ngemva kokuwela iPacific ukuya eMoluccas, ezungeza iCape of Good Hope futhi ethinta iSierra Leone, Indlovukazi Egolide Ungene ePlymouth ngomhla zingama-26 kuSepthemba 1580 enabasindile abangama-59 kanye nempahla ebabazekayo yezinongo nengcebo. U-Elizabeth I wamhlobisa ngo-1581 ngesihloko esithi mnumzane esemkhunjini ngokwawo, esebenzisa inxusa laseFrance u-Marchaumont ukugqokisa lesi senzo ngamacici aphesheya, futhi agcine inganekwane yokuthi akazange akhuthaze ukuphanga.

Knight, imeya kanye nesekela: itilosi emhlabeni

Kusukela lapho, uDrake washintsha indawo yokuhlala ekhaya nehhovisi lomphakathi: wayekhona IMeya yasePlymouth, wamelela uBossiney noPlymouth ePhalamende futhi wahlanganisa udumo lwakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sempi neSpain sasishuba: ILondon yasekela amavukela-mbuso angamaDashi nezinye izitha zikaPhilip II, kuyilapho uBukhosi BamaKatolika buzama ukulwa neNgilandi eScotland nase-Ireland.

Ngo-1585, u-Elizabeth I wathumela i-armada enkulu ukuthi "ilimaze" uBukhosi baseSpain e-Atlantic. Basuka ePlymouth ngoSepthemba 14 benemikhumbi engama-29 naseduze Abesilisa abangu-2.300 —Amasosha angu-1.600 ezinkampanini eziyi-12—, uMartin Frobisher njengesekela lika-admiral kanye noChristopher Carleill ophethe amabutho ahlala phansi.

Isitobhi sokuqala kwaba I-Monte Real (Bayonne): Phambi kwe-Monte Real basongela ukushaya, isiphepho sabaphoqa ukuthi baphephele echwebeni laseVigo, kwaba khona ukuphangwa okuncane futhi, njengoba kubonakala ukuqiniswa kweSpanishi, baphinde baqala umzila wabo. EziQhingini zaseCanary, bebebheke eLas Palmas kodwa bagcina belwa, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya USanta Cruz de La Palma (November 13), ngokulimala kwemikhumbi yayo.

Ukuziphindiselela kweza eCape Verde, lapho bakhungatheka khona URibeira Grande (Isiqhingi saseSantiago) kanye nempahla egciniwe. Ekugcineni, kwaba iphutha: ukuxhumana nabantu abagulayo esibhedlela sezigqila kwabangela umqedazwe—mhlawumbe isifo somoya—owaqeda imikhumbi phakathi nohambo oluya eCaribbean.

I-Santo Domingo, i-Cartagena, ne-San Agustín: ukuketula umbuso nokuhlenga

Ekuqaleni kuka-1586, egula kodwa esebenza, amaNgisi ahlasela Santo Domingo (Januwari 11). Babamba idolobha isikhathi esingangenyanga, bashisa izakhiwo, futhi baxoxisana nokubuyiselwa kwabo ngama-peso angu-50.000, kude nezigidi ezimbili ezazifunwa. NgoFebhuwari, baphinda umbhalo ku Cartagena de Indiaas, ezahlala amasonto ayisithupha futhi zayishiya ngemva kokuvumelana nesihlengo sama-ducat angu-107 000.

Lapho sebebuya, bamisa ihange ngaseCape San Antonio (Cuba) balibangisa eFlorida, lapho bacekela phansi khona intaba. inqaba yaseSan Agustín (May 28). Kakade ogwini lwaseNorth Carolina, izifiki zaseRoanoke zathathwa ukuze zibuyiselwe eNgilandi. Inani labantu lalilimaza kakhulu: cishe Abangu-750 bashonile, abaningi babo ngenxa yokugula. Ngokwezimali, impango—amapondo angu-60 000—yasilela kakhulu kulokho okwakuthenjiswe abatshalizimali, kuhlanganise nendlovukazi ngokwayo.

Ngo-May 1586, uMbuso WaseSpain wakhipha a Umthetho wasebukhosini ku-Álvaro de Bazán, uMarquis waseSanta Cruz, emyala ukuba alandele futhi ajezise uDrake, enegunya lokuqoqa amabutho futhi ahlele amasosha ahamba ngezinyawo nabamahhashi nomaphi lapho kunesidingo. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uPhilip II wathumela incwadi ephuthumayo kuMbusi waseMedina Sidonia ukuze aqinise ukuzivikela kanye nokwethembeka lapho ebhekene nokuzamazama okwengeziwe kwamaNgisi.

"Ukucula kwentshebe yeNkosi yaseSpain": Cádiz 1587 kanye ne-carraca enkulu

Ngo-1587, uDrake wethula isiteleka sakhe sokuqala ngokumelene ne-armada uPhilip II ayelungiselela ukuhlasela iNgilandi. Wangena eCádiz, yacwila noma yashisa imikhumbi engaphezu kuka-30 ehloselwe "I-Armada Enkulu Nejabule Kakhulu", yasongela i-Lisbon futhi, e-Azores, yathumba inqola. I-San Felipe, egcwele ingcebo evela eMpumalanga. Leyo mpumelelo yabambezela ukuhlasela isikhathi esingangonyaka.

Impendulo yaseSpain ayizange ifike isikhathi eside. Ngo-1588 i-Armada yahamba ngomkhumbi iqondiswe yiMedina Sidonia. Njengesekela lika-Admiral ngaphansi kukaCharles Howard, uDrake wazihlukanisa ezimpini zeChannel: wathumba impi. INkosikazi Yethu Yerosari kaPedro de Valdés futhi wabamba iqhaza ngokuqinile ku Battle of Gravelines, lapho amaNgisi—eshayela emgqeni, evimbela ukugibela nokujezisa ekude ngezikhali—aphazamisa iSpanishi.

Ngobusuku buka-Agasti 7, amaNgisi aqala izikebhe zomlilo ngokumelene nemikhumbi ehanjiwe, okubangela ukwethuka nokusika kwehange. Ukuhlehla kweSpain ukuya ngasenyakatho, kusizwa isimo sezulu esibi, kwayiphetha indaba. Inganekwane yamaNgisi yengeza ngokuthi, lapho ethola izindaba zokufika kwe-Armada, uDrake waqeda ngokuthula umdlalo wakhe wezitsha: Sinesikhathi sokuqeda umdlalo bese sizowina..

Ngemuva kokuthunjwa kwe- Rosario, iziboshwa eziningi zaziminyene kulokho okuthiwa I-Spanish Barn kusukela eTorquay, e-Abbey Tower, ezimeni ezidabukisayo, ezinezifo namagundane; abanye bafela lapho, ukuhlanekezela okubuhlungu kwenkazimulo yasolwandle.

I-Counter Armada ka-1589 kanye nendlela ebabayo edlula eGalicia

Ngonyaka olandelayo, iNgilandi yazama inhlanhla ngeyayo ethi “English Invincible” noma I-Counterrmada, ephethe uDrake. Isu: ukuhlasela amachweba aseSpain, ukubhebhethekisa ukuvukela ePortugal, futhi kuthathwe isizinda e-Azores. Akukho okuhambe njengoba bekuhleliwe.

E-A Coruña, naphezu kokuphangwa kwengxenye yendawo yasePescadería, ukumelana—okunezibalo ezifana UMaria Pita—yabamba amaNgisi, afa abantu abangaba ngu-1 300 futhi yalahlekelwa imikhumbi emine. Behlulekile ukuthungela iPortugal ngokumelene noPhilip II noma ukuthatha i-Azores. Ekubuyeni kwakhe, uDrake wacekela phansi uVigo izinsuku ezine, kodwa wakhokha ubudedengu bakhe nabanye abangamakhulu ababefile nabalimele, kanye nokubuyela emuva okukhungethwe ukulahlwa.

Ubukhulu benhlekelele (amadoda angaba ngu-12 000 nemikhumbi engu-20 elahlekile) kwaphoqelela uphenyo eNgilandi. Isithunzi sikaDrake wawa; wahoxiswa iminyaka ekuvikelweni kogu lwasePlymouth futhi wavinjwa ukuba abe negunya eliphezulu kuze kube kuphinde kwaphawulwa.

Umkhankaso wokugcina (1595-1596): IPuerto Rico, iPanama nokufa ePortobelo

Njengoba impi ivuna iNgilandi, uDrake wahlongoza umnyakazo wesibindi ngo-1595: ukusungula isizinda esihlala njalo ePanama ukuze aklinywe uhwebo lwaseCaribbean olukhuluma iSpanishi. Wabelane ngomyalo nomeluleki wakhe omdala, uJohn Hawkins. Lolu hambo lwahamba kahle kusukela ekuqaleni: I-Las Palmas Wamelana; eSan Juan, ePuerto Rico, iMorro Castle yashayisa umkhumbi kaDrake kwafa izikhulu zakhe; U-Hawkins washona ohambweni noma ekulweni.

Imizamo yokuthatha izinqaba, njengeCartagena de Indias, yayekwa lapho kubonakala sengathi ivikelwe kangcono. Izimpi ezincane ogwini lwaseColombia nasePanama zishiye impango encane kanye neqembu elikhathele, lizingela udayiNgoJanuwari 28, 1596, eneminyaka engu-56 ubudala, uDrake washona ePortobelo. Wangcwatshwa olwandle ebhokisini elinesisindo; UThomas Baskerville wathatha umyalo.

Iqembu lamaNgisi labe selihlulwa e-Isle of Pines ngamabutho aseSpain kaBernardino de Avellaneda noJuan Gutiérrez de Garibay: imikhumbi emithathu eyabanjwa, 17 yacwila noma yashiywa, Abangu-2.500 bashonile kanye neziboshwa ezingu-500. Izindaba zokushona kukaDrake zafinyelela eSeville ngencwadi evela e-Avellaneda, futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezithile, kwasakazwa inzwabethi—ngephutha—ukuthi isidumbu sakhe sasigibele umkhumbi singaphakathi emgqonyeni.

UNuno da Silva kanye namaphepha alandisa ngohambo

Ucezu oluthakazelisayo lwale ndida yisitatimende (1583) somshayeli wendiza ongumPutukezi Nuno da Silva ngaphambi koMkhandlu wama-Indies, owatholwa ngo-2021 eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Wesigodlo sase-Ajuda. Wathunjwa eCape Verde ngo-1578 ukuze aqondise Indlovukazi Egolide, UDa Silva uchaze ngokuningiliziwe imizila kaDrake enqamula iPacific, ukuthunjwa kwakhe eChile nasePeru - kuhlanganise nalokho okudumile "Cacafuego" noma Inkosikazi Yethu Yokukhumbula- nokumasha kwabo enyakatho.

Ngemva kokukhululwa eHuatulco, umshayeli wendiza wawela ezandleni zeNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki eNew Spain. Ungene ngemibuzo, ukuhlukunyezwa futhi i-auto-da-fé yathunyelwa eMadrid, futhi ekugcineni uPhilip II wavuma ukuthi umsulwa. Ubufakazi bakhe bathuthukisa ubuhlakani bemikhumbi yempi yaseSpain futhi kwengeza izingqimba zobunzima emfanekisweni kaDrake, ayemncoma naphezu kokuthunjwa kwakhe.

UDrake ngokwakhe wayezoshiya izinto zenguqulo yakhe yemicimbi Umhlaba Uzungezwe nguSir Francis Drake, futhi ukuphila kwakhe kwakhiqiza imisinga emibili emikhulu yomlando: eyokulwela ubuzwe, eyayimelwe uJulian Corbett ngo-1898, embona njengensika yebutho lasolwandle iTudor, nenye ebucayi kakhulu futhi ecatshangelwayo, eqaphela ubugqila, ubudlova nokwehluleka.

Amaqhinga asolwandle, izinganekwane nesiko elidumile

Emanzini, uDrake wayenobuhlakani obusha. Wenqaba indlela yakudala lapho ingamfanele futhi wakhetha umugqa womugqa ukujezisa ngamavoli ukude. Ngo-1588 wakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-“imikhumbi yomlilo” ngokumelene nemikhumbi yesitha egxilile, futhi wazijwayeza ukuhlasela ngokushesha emachwebeni asobala.

Kanye namaqiniso, izinganekwane zabamba: kusukela ku-anecdote eyisakhiwo sodumo ye- i-bowling ePlymouth enganekwaneni "yesivumelwano nodeveli" ukuze aqonde imimoya namagagasi phakathi nohambo lwakhe lokuzungeza umhlaba. Isiteketiso sakhe seSpanishi esithi, "El Draque" (Idrako), sakhulisa ukwesaba kanye nobudemoni ayebukwa ngakho eMelika naseSpain.

Esikhumbuzweni samasiko, uDrake uvela ezinkondlweni (uLope de Vega onikezelwe kuye) Udrako), emibhalweni (uJuan de Castellanos, uJuan de Miramontes Zuazola), kumanoveli ngisho nakwezokungcebeleka zanamuhla: a 2013 umdlalo webhodi udala kabusha uhambo lwakhe; ivela kumasaga njenge Okungabhalwanga, manga kanye anime like One Piece o I-Fate / Grand Order, nochungechunge olufana Imikhumbi EmnyamaIsithunzi saso esinde siphila ngamafomethi amaningi.

Izikhundla, ukuhlonishwa kanye nezimpawu

Isithombe sesikhungo sikaDrake siqedela i-mosaic. Mnumzane, Knight Bachelor, iPhini lika-Admiral weRoyal Navy kanye neLungu lePhalamende ezifundeni eziningana, uhlanganise "Izinja Zasolwandle"I-Isabelinos: ama-corsairs ashisekela izwe - kanye nosomabhizinisi - abahlanganisa inkonzo yoMbuso, isifiso sengcebo nomuzwa wokuziphatha ezimpini zenkolo.

• House of Commons: Camelford (1572-1583), Bossiney (1584-1585), Plymouth (1593).
• Igatsha lezempi: I-British Royal Navy; isikhundla se-vice admiral.
• Umehluko: wagibela e Indlovukazi Egolide (1581).
• Isiqubulo se-Heraldic: Sic parvis magna.

Phakathi kokutuswa nokulahlwa: ukukhanya nethunzi lomlingiswa

Akunakwenzeka ukuqonda uDrake ngaphandle kwe-chiaroscuro yakhe. Wayengumhloli wamazwe osezingeni lokuqala—iNgisi lokuqala ukuzungeza imbulunga yonke—futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, oyimfihlo Wacekela phansi amadolobha nezindlela zaseSpain, wabamba iqhaza emnothweni wezigqila, futhi wayengumlingisi ophambili wezibhicongo ezinjengoRathlin. Angabonakala njengethuluzi eliwusizo lenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ka-Elizabethan kanye nosomathuba ophumelelayo nonomusa.

Ngamasu amaqhinga, ukuqina kwakhe kwashiya izifundo ezihlala njalo: kwabonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwaseSpain lwalunezimpumputhe - ukusuka ePanama kuya ePacific -, lwaphoqelela ukuqiniswa kwezivikelo zaseMelika futhi, ngeCadiz 1587, lathenga isikhathi E-England ngaphambi kuka-1588. Kodwa ukungaphumeleli kwayo—iContraarmada, 1595-96—kukhumbula imingcele yokuzifihla lapho ubhekene nombuso owawufunda ngokushesha.

Kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe, wayezungezwe izimpawu: incwadi yefa evuna umshana wakhe uFrancis, ukungcwatshwa olwandle, kanye nenganekwane yokuthi Dragon ecwila nemfihlo yayo. Ezweni, i-echo yesibalo sakhe sanyakaza phakathi kwe-epic ye-Victorian kanye nokucutshungulwa kwesimanje, okungavimbi iqhaza lakhe ekuhwebeni, udlame, kanye nemiphumela yomuntu "yezenzo zakhe zokuxhaphaza."

Ekugcineni, busekhona ubuntu betilosi. Indoda eyenziwe emphemeni, ebunjwe ngu izivunguvungu, isibhamu nepolitiki, owayekwazi ukuzulazula kokubili amagagasi nezingobe. Iqhawe kubantu bakubo, i-ogre kwabamelene nayo, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umdlali onqumayo esigabeni somhlaba enkathini lapho izilwandle ziwumgwaqo omkhulu wamandla.

Kukho konke osekudwetshiwe, kuvela umlingiswa onezici eziningi: osemusha owazuza njengefa isikebhe eMedway; induna eyabulala uDoughty eSan Julián; iqhawe elathola ukwesekwa ngu-Elizabeth I; usomaqhinga owatshala isiphithiphithi Imigqa Yamathuna; owahlulwa wuhudo phambi kukaPortobelo. Noma ubani obheka uFrancis Drake ilebula eyodwa, kuyoba nokubukelwa phansi; ukuphila kwakhe kwaba, ngokoqobo, umhlaba wonke.