- UDante wayeyimbongi eyayidingisiwe umsebenzi wayo wezombangazwe eFlorence wafinyelela umvuthwandaba wawo ekudingisweni kanye nesigwebo sentambo uma ebuya.
- Phakathi nokudingiswa kwakhe wabhala i-Divine Comedy, ebonisa izinkolelo zakhe, isikhathi sakhe kanye nolwazi lwakhe lokuphila.
- Ngaphezu kokuba yimbongi, ubeyisazi sezombangazwe nesolimi enemisebenzi ebalulekile efana noDe Monarchia kanye noDe vulgari eloquentia.
- Umthelela wayo udlulela olimini, kwezobuciko, namasiko kuze kube namuhla, futhi ukuvuselelwa kwawo okungokomfanekiso kusaqhubeka kudala inkulumo-mpikiswano.
Isithombe sikaDante Alighieri njengo imbongi edingisiwe Ifingqa ukuphila okuphawulwa uthando, ipolitiki, nefilosofi, nesiphetho esinesiyaluyalu njengoba sasikhanya ngomqondo waso wokubhala. Lokhu kudingiswa kwakungeyona nje ingozi ye-biographical, kodwa i-crucible lapho izwi elalizololonga khona Amahlaya aphezulu futhi, ngenhlanhla, kwisiNtaliyane sombhalo.
Nakuba ngokuvamile sikhumbula umbhali oqondiswa uVirgil noBeatrice phakathi kweSihogo, Isihlanzo nePharadesi, umuntu wangempela wahlupheka. ukushushiswa, ukulingwa nokulahlekelwa abashiya uphawu kuwo wonke amavesi. Exabene nesiyaluyalu sikaFlorence wekhulu le-13 kanye nezinkantolo zasenyakatho ye-Italy, uDante wayeyisosha, imantshi, inxusa, i-polemicist kanye ne-theorist, kanye nembongi ezinikele entokazini ewumbono owaphawula unomphela ukuba nengqondo kwakhe: uBeatrice Portinari.
Kusukela ku-"donna angelicata" kuya ku-forge yembongi
Lapho eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, uDante wabona uBeatrice okokuqala, futhi ngemva kweminyaka, lapho ephinda ehlangana naye, waqinisa uthando lwakhe. I-Platonic kanye nokuguqulwa isimo okuyinto ecwebezelayo ku Impilo entshaLapho washintshanisa iphrozi nezinkondlo ngomoya we dolce stil novo, lapho abesifazane bebonakala beyiziqondiso zokuziphatha nokuphakama komphefumulo.
Lokhu kuqonda akuzange kuvele ndawo: wayengumfundi we Brunetto Latini, isazi sobuntu owanweba ingqondo yakhe, kanye nomngane we UGuido Cavalcanti, isibalo esiwujuqu se I-StilnovismIsikole sakhulisa umgomo we ngelosikazi, futhi uDante wayehlanganisa leyo mfundiso eBeatrice, engafi ngemva kokushona kwakhe esemncane ngo-1290.
Ukufunda kwakhe kwakuhlanganisa u-Aristotle, uVirgil, noSaint Thomas, futhi imfundo yakhe yayihlanganisa inkulumo-ze, imfundiso yenkolo, nefilosofi. KuFlorence ophumelelayo nonovalo wobusha bakhe, ubuciko begama Yayihlangene nesenzo somphakathi: izinkondlo zaziqondwa njengesiyalo sokuziphatha nezepolitiki.
Ngenkathi ebhala futhi ekhulisa izwi lakhe, wathembisana umshado esemncane futhi kamuva washada Gemma Donati, azala naye uJacopo, uPietro, u-Antonia (owayezoba indela ngaphansi kwegama elithi Dade Beatrice), mhlawumbe noGiovanni. Impilo yakhe yothando, nokho, yalolongwa yilowo mbhalo uBeatrice, amphakamisa waba wuphawu.
Indodana ka Alighiero di Bellincione kanye noBella degli Abati, uDante wayengowomndeni wakwaGuelph omi kahle, futhi wathola isikhuthazo kwamanye amakhosi, njengabanye. Cecco d'Ascoli, okwaba nengxenye emfundweni yakhe yesayensi nefilosofi.
UFlorence: Amandla, Amaqembu, kanye Nenzalo Yokudingiswa
Ukuze uqonde umlando kaDante, umuntu kufanele ahlole impi yamaqembu anyakazisa izifunda zase-Italy: I-Guelphs ne-Ghibellines ukungqubuzana kobukhulu phakathi koBupapa noMbuso. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Ghibelline, uFlorence wahlala ehlukene phakathi kwe-White Guelphs (i-autonomist eyengeziwe futhi evulekile ukulinganisa noMbuso) kanye nama-Black Guelphs (amapapa amaningi nama-oligarchic).
UDante wangena Campaldino (1289), impi ebalulekile yokubusa kukaGuelph edolobheni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi manje encike kwabaMhlophe, waqonda ukuthi ukuthula nezinguquko kudinga imingcele ekugxambukeleni kweRoman Curia ezindabeni zeFlorentine.
Ukudlondlobala kwezepolitiki kwakuxakile: wabhalisa ku inhlangano yodokotela kanye nama-apothecaries ukwazi ukufinyelela ehhovisi likahulumeni; wajoyina uMkhandlu Wabantu kanye noMkhandlu Wamakhulu, wenza izithunywa zezombusazwe futhi, ngo-1300, wakhethwa. ngaphambi, imantshi ephakeme kakhulu yedolobha, nakuba isikhathi esifushane kakhulu sezinyanga ezimbili.
Lawo maviki ammaka. Ukuma kwakhe okuqinile ngabansundu kanye nokwenqaba kwakhe ukwanda kwegunya le UPapa Boniface VIII ETuscany, bamenza izitha ezinamandla. UDante ngokwakhe kamuva wavuma ukuthi i-priority yayiwumthombo "wazo zonke izifo zakhe."
Ngo-1301, ethunyelwe njengenxusa eRoma, waboshwa ngenkathi UCharles of ValoisNgokunxusa kukapapa, wangena eFlorence neBlack Guelphs, ebangela ukuphangwa nokuketulwa ngokuphelele kwamandla kamasipala. Ifa laphonswa abamhlophe futhi, ngokunwebeka, likaDante.
Izilingo, ukulahlwa kanye nesiqalo sempilo ezulazulayo
Esuka eRoma, engakwazi ukuzivikela, wamangalelwa ngokukhwabanisa futhi wagwetshwa ukukhokha 5.000 ama-florins kakade iminyaka emibili yokudingiswa. Lapho engaveli, kwathathwa impahla yakhe futhi kwanqunywa ukuthi uma ephinda ebeka unyawo eFlorence, uzoba. wabulawaIsigwebo sagunyazwa ngo-1302, nesijeziso sibe ngumlilo uma ebuya.
Umkakhe, uGemma, wasala edolobheni ukuze avikele indawo eyayisele, kuyilapho uDante eqala ukuzulazula. Forlì, Verona, Arezzo, Siena, Pisa, Lucca nezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho nemaphakathi ne-Italy. E-Forlì, waba unobhala we-Scarpetta Ordelaffi, umholi we-Ghibelline.
Abadingiswa abaMhlophe bazama ukuphinde banqobe uFlorence, baze bazihlanganisa nezitha ezindala zaseGhibelline, kodwa umsebenzi wehluleka futhi. UDante waphuka naleyo nkampani, afika wayibiza ngokuthi inept. Wabona ukuthi amandla angeke ambuyisele umuzi wakhe.
Ngaleso sikhathi, walola ipeni lakhe ngokumelene "ne-Florentines embi" ngezinhlamvu ezinokhahlo lapho ebikezela khona izinhlekelele zezwe lakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wabeka amathemba akhe ku UMbusi uHenry VII waseLuxembourg, ambhalela ukuze akhuthaze ukugcotshwa kwakhe kanye nokubuyiselwa kokuhleleka e-Italy.
Lapho uHenry ehlasela uFlorence (1312), uDante akazange awujoyine lo mkhankaso noma ahlele ukuba abuye. Ukungathembeki nhlangothi zonke kwase kukhule, futhi imbongi yayisiyithanda kakhulu ukupholisha umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kokunye ukubhejwa kwempi okungabazayo.
Ukubuya okungenakwenzeka kanye nesiteji sokugcina eRavenna
Ngo-1315, iziphathimandla "ezimnyama" zahlongoza abadingiswa abambalwa ukuthi babuye uma behambisa kubo izimo ezilulazayo: gqoka isaka lomuntu ozisolayo, avume icala lakhe, akhokhe izinhlawulo ezinzima. UDante, njengoba bekulindelekile, usinqabile isivumelwano njengesingenasithunzi.
Ukungenisa izihambi kwamakhosi asenyakatho ye-Italy kwamgcina iminyaka yakhe yokugcina. Ku URavenna, ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kukaGuido Novello da Polenta, wathola indawo yokuhlala futhi waqhubeka elungisa futhi eqedela ama-cantos enkondlo yakhe enkulu.
Ngo-1321, njengesithunywa esivela eRavenna, waya IVenice ukulamula ingxabano ezimayini zikasawoti; wangenwa umalaleveva endaweni yechibi futhi washona ngemva nje kokubuya. Wangcwatshwa ngezindondo eSontweni laseSan Francisco eRavenna.
UFlorence wamkhalela sekwephuzile. Ngo-1829 wamlungiselela ithuna elingokomfanekiso USanta Croce, kodwa ihlala ingenalutho: izinsalela zihlala eRavenna. Noma kunjalo, uphawu kuFlorence lusho konke: "Hlonipha imbongi ephakeme kakhulu."
Empilweni wanambitha ukunambitheka okubabayo kokudingiswa, leso "sinkwa esinosawoti somfokazi" akhuluma ngaso emibhalweni yakhe, isango lomuzi wakho Kwakuvaliwe kuye kuze kube phakade ngemibandela ehloniphekile.
I-Divine Comedy: ukwakhiwa kokuziphatha nesibuko sesikhathi sayo
Yakhiwe ngesikhathi sokudingiswa, i Amahlaya (ebizwa ngokuthi "Bunkulunkulu" ngokwesiko lakamuva) inkondlo engokomfanekiso ka ama-triplets aboshwe ngamaketanga ehlanganisa isiHogo, isiHlanzo, nePharadesi. Ingoma ngayinye inezingoma ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu, futhi ingqikithi ihlanganisa ikhulu nesandulelo esithi Isihogo.
Inombolo yesithathu ihlela uhlaka olungokomfanekiso: UZiqu-zintathu, ama-triad kanye nezintathu zeziqondiso nezifunda yomphefumulo. UVirgil umele ingqondo, ukholo lukaBeatrice, futhi ekugcineni, ukucabangisisa kukaSaint Bernard, ohambweni olungokoqobo, olungokokuziphatha, olungokomfanekiso, nolwezifaniso konke ngesikhathi esisodwa.
U-Dante ufaka izibalo zesimanje nezokudala endaweni yakhe yokuphila kwangemva kokufa. Izitha zomuzi wakhe kanye Boniface VIII Bathola ukugxekwa okuqinile, kuyilapho uMbusi uHenry VII ebonakala enobuhlakani obungokwesiprofetho njengethemba lokuhleleka kwe-Italy.
Le nkondlo futhi iyisithombe somuntu esingokomoya: ukuduka kokuziphatha kwasekuqaleni, ukuhlanzwa kwesifiso kanye nombono wokugcina we Luz onyakazisa indawo yonke. Phakathi, ezombangazwe, izimiso zokuziphatha, kanye nenkumbulo yomuntu siqu kuhlangene nemfundiso yobuKristu kanye nefa lakudala.
I-Posterity iphikisene ngokuthi ingabe iSihogo siyayenga kakhulu ngomfanekiso waso kunePharadesi ngemfihlakalo yaso. Okungaphikiswani yisimo saso njenge ubuciko bobuciko yezincwadi zaseYurophu kanye nokuzala kwayo okungapheli kwezobuciko.
Ulimi lukaDante: kusukela ku-volgare ebabazekayo kuya ezweni lendabuko lolimi
En De vulgari eloquentia, ebhalwe ngesiLatini, uDante ulandelela umsuka nesithunzi sezilimi zomdabu, uvikela a i-volgare ekhazimulayo IsiNtaliyane ngenhla kwezilimi zesigodi zasendaweni futhi sihlaziya i-Romance mosaic enonxantathu we oc, amafutha y sì.
Ngesibindi, ulinganisa izikhulu ezizwakalayo zolimi lwendabuko kanye nelesiLatini, uxoxa ngefa le I-Babel Tower futhi ifuna i-koiné ekwazi izinkondlo eziphakeme kakhulu. Lesi senzo sibe negalelo ekusungulweni kwalokho esikubiza ngokuthi isiNtaliyane namuhla.
UDante, uPetrarch noBoccaccio bayacatshangelwa abazali bolimi, kodwa ukuphefumula okusankondlo kanye nemisho yokuziphatha kwe Amahlaya Basungula ama-cadence asazwakala ngolimi lwesiNtaliyane oluthuthukisiwe.
Ngokuvikela ulimi lwabantu lwezifundo eziphakeme, uDante wasungula i-a imfundiso yemibhalo yesimanje: ubukhulu akubona ukuzimela kolimi, kodwa umbono nobuhlakani obusebenzayo.
Umphumela waba a I-canon okwavumela izizukulwane zabafundi ukuba zifinyelele, ngolimi lwazo, ifilosofi, imfundiso yenkolo nepolitiki enobude obusankondlo.
Ipolitiki kanye nethiyori: ubukhosi bokuthula
En Wobukhosi (o Inkosi), uDante ubeka umbono wakhe we-a Umbuso Wendawo Yonke okuqinisekisa ukuthula, ubulungisa, nenkululeko yomphakathi, ukuzimela futhi hhayi ngaphansi koBupapa. Kuye, uMbuso neSonto ziphishekela izinjongo ezihlukene: ezangaphambili zesikhashana, ezaphakade.
Ngokulandela umkhondo ka-Aristotle noSaint Thomas, imbongi ibeka inkosi njengomxazululi ongakhethi. inzuzo ejwayelekileUmbono awusebenzi: ufuna ukukhawulela izimpi phakathi kwamadolobha namaqembu futhi uvikele impilo yomphakathi.
Ngesikhathi sokudingiswa, lo mbono wawubuye ube nenhloso esebenzayo: ukumisa ukuphazamiseka kukapapa eTuscany futhi uvule umnyango ukuvuselelwa ezombusazwe. Kwakungekhona ukugxeka, kodwa ukuqiniseka kwemfundiso nokuhumusha ngokushesha.
Umbhalo uhambisana nezinhlamvu ezivuthayo, njengalezo ezibhekiswe ezikhulu zase-Italy kanye noHenry VII, ebuza buyisela ukuhleleka nokuvumelana enhlonhlweni.
Nakuba kwakunempikiswano, lesi siphakamiso saba nomthelela emicabangweni yezombangazwe eyalandela ngokuhlukanisa ngokucacile amandla amabili ngaphandle kokuphika ukubambisana kwabo okuvumelanayo.
Beyond Comedy: Izivumelwano, Imilolozelo kanye Nezincwadi
Ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokudingiswa kwakhe, uDante wabhala incwadi ukubuthana, idili lefilosofi elinephrozi elikhuluma ngezingoma zakhe zokuziphatha; waqhubeka ne Impilo entsha, i-lyrical biography yemfundo yakhe engokomzwelo nengokomoya; futhi wabhala i De vulgari eloquentia, osekushiwo kakade.
Wabuye waqamba ezimbili Ama-eclogues wesiLatini, lena ewumdonsiswano Quaestio de aqua et terra (mhlawumbe i-apocrypha), incwadi edumile eya kuCangrande della Scala kuComedy kanye ne I-Canzoniere ngezicucu ezifana I-Rime pietrose, lapho uPetra othandekayo ebonakala eqinile futhi emuhle.
Lo mkhiqizo udala umbhali ophelele: i-theorist yolimi, i-morast, imbongi yothando kanye ungqondongqondo wepolitiki ngephrojekthi yedolobha lakhe kanye ne-Italy.
Isethi akuzona izijobelelo kuComedy, kodwa izahluko womsebenzi omkhulu: lowo wongqondongqondo oweqa ulwazi ukuze ahlele umhlaba womuntu.
Iphrozi yakhe yaseTuscan ivula e-Italy isiko le Iphrozi yesayensi neyefilosofi ngolimi lwendabuko, kamuva okwakuzothela izithelo ku-Renaissance humanism.
Ukwamukela kanye nomthelela: ukusuka e-Botticelli kuya ku-Rodin, ukusuka ku-Eliot kuya e-Borges
I-Comedy igqugquzele imijikelezo enezithombe I-Botticelli, izingcwecwe zikaGustave Doré kanye nemibono yesimanje njengaleyo kaSalvador Dalí; kwakhanya futhi emcabangweni kaWilliam Blake, okwazi ukuhumusha i-metaphysical ibe yisithombe.
Emdwebeni, u-Auguste Rodin wacabanga eyakhe Umcabangi njenge-a Ecabanga uDante Ngaphambi kweGates of Hell, iphrojekthi lapho i-Baudelaire's Comedy kanye nengxoxo yesihogo, kanye ne Ukuqabula wathatha indaba kaFrancesca da Rimini.
I-echo yokubhala inkulu kakhulu: U-TS Eliot umaka eyakhe Umhlaba owugwadule ngamavesi kaDantesque; Jorge Luis Borges Wanikela kuye izindatshana nezinkulumo ezingenakulibaleka; U-Montale waqoqa ugqozi lwakhe; U-Kenzaburō Ōe wamsebenzisa njengenkundla engokomfanekiso.
Ngosiko oludumile lwesiNtaliyane neSpanishi, Superlopez Wadabula esihogweni saseDantesque ezithombeni zopopayi; UMatilde Asensi uhlanganise okhiye beDantesque phakathi ikati lokugcinaUJuan Antonio Villacañas wahamba noDante baya eToledo; kanye noLuis Cardoza y Aragón bamenza umuntu ozulazulayo eNew York.
I-iconography kaDante itholakala yonke indawo: uGiotto wamveza; UDomenico di Michelino wamdweba ekhombisa idolobha kanye nenkondlo yakhe; U-Andrea del Castagno wamfaka phakathi ekhazimulayo Ama-Florentines. Ngisho nohlamvu lwemali lwesiNtaliyane lwama-euro angu-2 lunephrofayili yakhe, futhi umgodi wenyanga unegama lakhe.
I-Tuscany ngaphansi kwesikhumba: amadolobha, izindawo kanye nezombusazwe
UFlorence kwaba yingane yakhe nesikole sakhe sokuqala: uhwebo, izinhlangano, imibhoshongo kanye namaqembu yaluka impilo yomphakathi. UDante wayevame ukuvakashela eSan Gimignano, nemibhoshongo yayo eziqhenyayo; Arezzo, esigodini sase-Arno; kanye neLucca, idolobha elibiyelwe elinesisindo esikhulu kwezombangazwe.
Isiko likubamba lokho ISan Gimignano Wabamba iqhaza emihlanganweni yezombangazwe; U-Arezzo wamnika indawo ezolile phakathi nesiphithiphithi sempilo yakhe; U-Lucca wamfundisa ubuqili obucwengekile bokusebenzisana kwedolobha.
Zonke lezi zimo zibuya ziguqulwe ku-Comedy: Isihogo siqoqa inzondo kanye inkohlakalo ngesikhathi sakhe; Isihlanzo isiyalo sezinguquko; IPharadesi ukuzwana ayekulangazelela ayengakaze akujabulele ekuphileni.
Kuleyo geography yomuntu siqu, iRavenna yayiyisiphetho sohambo lwezwe, indawo lapho igama latholakala khona phendula futhi umbono wavalwa ngomculo wama-sphere.
I-Tuscany ingaphezu kwezwe laseDante: yindawo yokucwaninga lapho kuzalwa khona ulimi lwakhe, imifanekiso yakhe yokuziphatha kanye nothando lwakhe lwesiko. res publica.
Idatha yomuntu siqu namanethiwekhi okuqeqesha
Wazalwa cishe ngoMeyi 29, 1265 phakathi Florencia; washonela eRavenna ngoSepthemba 14, 1321. Abazali bakhe kwakungu-Alighiero di Bellincione noBella degli Abati. Ekhaya kanye nothisha abanjengoBrunetto Latini noCecco d'Ascoli, waqeqeshelwa izincwadi, ukuhluzeka kwengqondo, nemfundiso yenkolo.
Master the latin futhi unesibindi sokusebenzisa iProvencal; uthatha isiko laseSicilian kanye nezinkondlo ze-lyric zaseTuscan; ugxilisa i-scholasticism kanye nesiko lasendulo; futhi uthela konke lokhu ku-volgare yakhe ngesifiso esikhulu sokuvelela.
Wasebenza njenge-knight in CampaldinoWenza umsebenzi emikhandlwini yaseFlorentine futhi wakhuphukela ezingeni langaphambili. Ukudingiswa kwakhe, nakuba kwakubuhlungu, kwakuyisikhathi esivundile senkondlo yakhe enkulu.
Ngenxa yobukhona bakhe kanye nesifiso sakhe solimi, waqanjwa ngokuthi u- Siyimbongi futhi wabhekwa njengoyise wezincwadi zesiNtaliyane. U-Giovanni Boccaccio maduzane uzobhala isithombe sakhe sokuqala somlando womuntu, ekhangwe impilo nothando lukaFlorentine.
Izizukulwane zase-Italy zamhlonipha ngezikhungo ezifana ne Dante Alighieri Society futhi wakha kabusha i-physiognomy yakhe ngezifundo zesimanjemanje ze-craniofacial; isithombe sakhe sihlala siyisibani somphakathi kanye nobuhle.
Ukufundwa kabusha kokwahlulela: ukuhlanza igama lokudingiswa
Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, inzalo efana Sperello di Serego Alighieri Bakhuthaze imizamo yokubuyekeza lezo zigwebo zezombusazwe ezingu-1302 ngokulandela izimiso zeFlorentine yangaleso sikhathi, nezazi zezomthetho ezinjengo-Alessandro Traversi ziqhuba inkulumo-mpikiswano.
Kuye kwabanjwa imihlangano nosomlando, izazi zezilimi ngisho nenzalo ka Ingoma kaGabrieli da Gubbio, the podestà owahlulela uDante, ukuze acabangele ukubuyekezwa okungenzeka okungokomfanekiso kwezinqumo.
Isandulela sezenkolo sikaGalileo sibonisa ukuthi a ukuvuselelwa Ukubambezeleka kungase kube nokuziphatha okuhle, ngisho noma kungawasusi amaqiniso angokomlando. Kunoma yikuphi, inkumbulo yembongi isivele isihlenga ngomsebenzi wayo.
Ngale kwezinkantolo, idolobha elamxosha lamisa ithuna lokumhlonipha, futhi umhlaba wonke uhlola umcabango wakhe ngenhlonipho. Ukudingiswa kwakhe, okuxakayo, kwamenza waqashelwa umhlaba wonke.
Le mpikiswano yangaleso sikhathi ikhumbula ukuthi eDante bayahlangana ubulungiswa, ipolitiki kanye nemibhalo, nokuthi ukufunda Amahlaya akhe kufunda nokwahlulela amandla nomlando.
Impilo kaDante, kusukela ekuchosheni kwakhe uBeatrice ebusheni kanye nezifundo zikaBrunetto Latini kuya emacaleni akhe e-Florentine, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuhlakazeka kanye nokufa eRavenna, kwakha indaba ye imbongi edingisiwe owathululela isipiliyoni sakhe somphakathi nesokomoya evesini: umsunguli we-Italian etemibhalo, umbhali wenkondlo ephelele nomcabangi owaphupha ngokuhleleka okunokuthula kwe-Italy, izwi lakhe, elizalwa ngobuhlungu nobuhlakani, lihlala liyikhampasi yokuqonda uthando, ezombangazwe kanye nesiphetho somuntu.
