- UCleopatra VII wayefisa ukuhola iqembu elinamandla lasempumalanga, kodwa ukunqotshwa kwakhe yiRoma kwaphazamisa lowo msebenzi wokuba yindlovukazi enkulu yaseMpumalanga.
- Izingane zakhe zayiswa eRoma kanti uCleopatra Selene, owafundiswa ngaphansi kokufundiswa umbuso, waba ngumuntu obalulekile kwezombusazwe zika-Augustus.
- U-Augustus washada noCleopatra Selene noJuba waseNumidia, wabanika iMauretania njengombuso weklayenti ukuze kuqiniswe indawo engahlelekile.
- EMauretania, uCleopatra Selene noJuba bakha umbuso ochumayo owawulingisa ubukhazikhazi bukaPtolema, yize wawuhlala ungaphansi kweRoma.
Isithombe sikaCleopatra siyaqhubeka nokuvusa umdlandla omkhulu, kodwa akuvamile ukuxoxwa ngaso. amaphupho akhe ezombusazwe akhungathekile kanye nefa azama ukuliveza eMpumalanga ngabantwana bakhe. Ngale kwesisho esivamile sendlovukazi ekhangayo, kwakukhona isazi sesu esasifuna ukwakha ubukhosi obunamandla, sihlanganise iGibhithe, iRoma, kanye nemibuso engomakhelwane ngaphansi kwethonya layo. Lowo msebenzi wagcina uphazamisekile emishinini yoMbuso WaseRoma owawusafufusa.
Phakathi kwazo zonke izizukulwane zendlovukazi yokugcina yaseNayile, UCleopatra Selene uvelele njengendlalifa eyahamba ibanga elide ekufezeni lezo zifiso zaseMpumalanga.Indodakazi kaCleopatra VII noMark Antony, ekugcineni waba umbusi waseMauretania kanye nomyeni wakhe, uJuba II. Ngendaba yakhe, singakha kabusha izifiso zeNdlovukazi yaseGibhithe, ukuthi izifiso zayo zawa kanjani, nokuthi iRoma yaphinda yasebenzisa kanjani inzalo yezitha zayo yaba yizicucu eziwusizo ebhodini layo le-chess.
UCleopatra, indlovukazi enkulu yaseMpumalanga kanye nezifiso zakhe ezihlulekile
Ezikhathini zasendulo, igama elithi Cleopatra lalihlotshaniswa hhayi neGibhithe kuphela, kodwa futhi ne- iphrojekthi ebanzi yokubusa phezu kweMedithera empumalangaKusukela e-Alexandria, indlovukazi yamaPtolemaic yayifisa ukwakha inethiwekhi yezindawo ezihlangene nezixhomeke kuyo, isebenzisa ubuhlobo bayo noMark Antony. Inhloso yayo kwakungekona nje ukusinda ezimpini zangaphakathi zaseRoma, kodwa ukuqinisa i-axis yasempumalanga ekwazi ukuncintisana nanoma yiliphi iqembu ngaphakathi kweSenate.
Isisindo esingokomfanekiso sikaCleopatra njengoba “INdlovukazi Enkulu YaseMpumalanga” Kwakhuthazwa yizinto eziningana: udumo lwasendulo lwamaFaro, ingcebo yeNayileUbuhlakani bamasiko kanye nekhono lika-Alexandria lezombusazwe kwakuyizinto ezibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kwaba nenqubomgomo yomshado ehlelwe kahle, lapho izingane zakhe zaba abadlali ababalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ubudlelwano kanye nokuqinisa ithonya emibusweni eyahlukene yemingcele.
Ukunqotshwa kukaMark Antony noCleopatra bebhekene no-Octavian e-Actium, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kweGibhithe kamuva, kwanqunywa ekuqaleni lelo phupho leqembu elizimele lasempumalangaUmbusi omusha waseRoma, owayezokwaziwa ngokuthi u-Augustus, waqonda ukuthi kwakungeyona into engcono kakhulu kuye ukuqothula yonke inzalo yendlovukazi, kodwa kunalokho ukuba ayisebenzise kabusha njengamakhosi angaphansi kwethonya lamaRoma.
Okuvame ukunganakwa ukuthi Ukukhungatheka kukaCleopatra akuphelanga ngokufa kwakhe.Amacebo abo aguqulwa futhi asinda ngokungaqondile ngoCleopatra Selene, owathi, naphezu kokulawulwa yiRoma, wazama ukukhiqiza kabusha eMauretania isibonelo sobukhosi esiphefumulelwe yiGibhithe lasePtolemaic.
Isiphetho sezingane zikaCleopatra ngemva kokuwa kwe-Alexandria
Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Alexandria ngo-30 BC, u-Octavian wahlangana nabantwana bakaMark Antony noCleopatra: amawele uCleopatra Selene no-Alexander Helioskanye noPtolemy Philadelphus osemncane. UKesariyoni, indodana kaCleopatra eyizibulo, futhi ngokusho kwakhe, indodana kaJulius Caesar, wasuswa ngemiyalo ka-Octavian yokuvimbela noma yimuphi umphikisi owayengaba khona ngegazi "likaKhesare".
Abancane bathuthelwa eRoma, lapho Bathola imfundo ngaphakathi kwesimo somndeni wasebukhosiniBabengaphathwa njengeziboshwa nje, kodwa njengezingcezu zenani lezepolitiki. Kulowo mbono, uCleopatra Selene wakhulela ngaphansi kokuqeqeshwa kuka-Octavia, udadewabo ka-Octavian kanye nowayengumkakhe kaMark Antony, owayesejwayele ukusebenzelana nezingane ezizalwa yizinyunyana eziyinkimbinkimbi.
IRoma yasebenzisa leli qhinga lokwamukela nokuqeqesha inzalo yamakhosi anqotshiwe ukuze iwaguqule abe amakhosi athembele kuwo, abonga futhi athembekile emandleni aseRomaNgale ndlela, kwaqinisekisa ukuzinza ezindaweni ezisemaphethelweni ngaphandle kokudinga njalo ukuphathwa okuqondile, okwakubiza kakhulu futhi kwadala ukumelana okwengeziwe.
Nakuba ekuqaleni kwakubonakala sengathi izingane zikaCleopatra zazihlukene ngokuphelele nephupho likanina lasempumalanga, Lelo fa elingokomfanekiso alizange linyamalaleUCleopatra Selene wagcina uhlu lwakhe lozalo lwamaPtolemaic, futhi le nhloko-dolobha yasebukhosini yaba usizo kakhulu eRoma ekwenzeni imibuso emisha yamakhasimende ibe semthethweni e-Afrika nasesifundeni saseMedithera.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo kulolu hlelo lobukhosi kwakuwukuthola umyeni ofanele uCleopatra Selene, umuntu owayekwazi kahle ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba yinkosi engenasihlalo sobukhosi kanye nesiboshwa sezombusazwe eRoma. Lowo muntu wayezoba IJuba yaseNumidia.
IJuba yaseNumidia: kusukela enkosini engenambuso kuya ekubeni ngumuntu obalulekile kwezepolitiki zaseRoma
UJuba waseNumidia (owazalwa cishe ngo-52 noma ngo-50 BC futhi washona ngo-23 AD) wayeyindodana kaJuba I, umngane kaPompey owayelwe noJulius Caesar eNyakatho Afrika. Ngemva kokunqoba kukaCaesar, Umbuso waseNumidia wathathwa ngo-46 BC njengesifundazwe saseRomawashiya indlalifa yakhe ingenandawo yokubusa futhi wamenza inkosi ngegama kuphela.
UJuba osemncane wayiswa eRoma, lapho Wathola imfundo evamile yobuzwe, egxile kakhulu emasikweni aseLatin naseGrisi.Naphezu kwemvelaphi yakhe njengesitha esinqotshiwe, ekugcineni waba ngumhlanganyeli ohlonishwayo ngaphakathi kwendilinga yombuso, owaziwa ngezintshisekelo zakhe zobuhlakani kanye nokwethembeka kwakhe eRoma.
Iqiniso lokuthi iJuba yayiyi- inkosi engenambuso Lokhu kwaba lula kakhulu ku-Augustus: wayenomzimba wegazi lasebukhosini, efundiswe ngendlela yamaRoma, futhi engenaso isisekelo sakhe sendawo, okwamenza wancika kumbusi. Wayengumuntu ofanele ukubekwa endaweni iRoma eyayifisa ukuyiguqula ibe umbuso weklayenti.
Ngemva kwale ngqondo, icebo lika-Augustus lalihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa abalingiswa ababili abanomlando ofanayoUCleopatra Selene, indodakazi yendlovukazi yokugcina yaseGibhithe, noJuba, indlalifa yombuso wasendulo waseNumidia. Bobabili babenesimo senzalo yamakhosi anqotshiwe, asetshenziswa kabusha njengezinto zepolitiki yombuso.
Phakathi kuka-26 BC no-20 BC, uCleopatra Selene noJuba bashada eRoma. Ngakho-ke, U-Augustus waletha izizukulwane ezimbili ezidumile ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe ngqo futhi balungiselela ukuzisebenzisa kuphrojekthi yokuhlela kabusha indawo eNtshonalanga Afrika.
Umshado kaCleopatra Selene noJuba: isivumelwano sokusebenzela iRoma
Umshado phakathi kukaCleopatra Selene noJuba wawungeyona indaba evamile yothando, kodwa u-Augusto onekhono lokuqinisa ubukhosi bakheNgokuhlanganisa indlalifa kaPtolemaic nenkosana yaseNumidian, umbusi wafeza imigomo eminingana ngesikhathi esisodwa: wavuza ukwethembeka kukaJuba, waqondisa udumo lukaCleopatra ohlakeni olulawulwayo, futhi walungiselela ubukhosi obusha obungamakhasimende emngceleni osentshonalanga woMbuso.
Ukuze aqinisekise lesi sivumelwano, u-Augustus wanika uCleopatra i- isipho esikhulu kakhuluKwakungesona nje isipho somshado esilula, kodwa kwakuwukuqashelwa okusemthethweni kwesithunzi sakhe sasebukhosini kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezepolitiki isikhathi eside. Ngale mali yokulobola, indlovukazi yesikhathi esizayo yaziveza kubantu bayo njengombusi ophakeme, osekelwa yiRoma.
Lesi senzo sasinophawu olunamandla: Isitha saseRoma sangaphambili sasesihlanganiswe nombuso.UCleopatra Selene, owazalelwa ngaphansi kobukhazikhazi base-Alexandria, waqhubeka nokulingisa imodeli entsha yobukhosi, engaphansi kweRoma kodwa esaziqhenya ngefa lakhe laseGibhithe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJuba akagcinanga nje ngokuthola umfazi onesithunzi esikhulu sasebukhosini, kodwa futhi ithuba lokuba yinkosi yezwe futhiNakuba iNumidia yayithathwe yiRoma, umbusi wayezoyinika isisekelo esisha samandla: iMauretania, indawo enkulu, exhumene kancane edinga ukuphathwa okuzinzile.
Ndawonye, umshado wakha uhlobo "lobukhosi obuxubile", lapho bahlangana khona Amasiko obukhosi base-Afrika, ifa likaPtolemaic, kanye neqiniso elisha lombuso wamaRomaLokhu kuhlanganiswa kuzobonakala endleleni ababebusa ngayo kanye namasiko ombuso ababezowakha.
IMauritania: indawo engahlelekile ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwamaRoma
Isifunda iRoma eyasibeka eCleopatra, eSelene, naseJuba—iMauretania yasendulo—akufanele siphanjaniswe nezwe lanamuhla laseMauritania. Kwakuyindawo enkulu esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, ehlanganisa izingxenye ze-Afrika yanamuhla. Morocco kanye ne-Algeria, kanye nogu oluvulekele i-Atlantic kanye neMedithera.
Ngesikhathi sika-Augustus, iMauretania yayibhekwa njengesikhala esivela eRoma. okungahlelekile kwezepolitikiLesi sifunda, esinabantu abahlukahlukene, izizwe zasendaweni, kanye namadolobha asezigabeni ezahlukene zentuthuko, sasidinga igunya eliqinile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, iRoma yayingafuni ukuzibandakanya nokuphathwa okuqondile okwakuzodla izinsiza eziningi kakhulu.
Isixazululo kwakuwukuyiguqula ibe yi- umbuso wamakhasimende uphathiswe uCleopatra, uSelene, kanye noJubaNgale ndlela, iRoma yagcina izwi lokugcina ezindabeni zenqubomgomo yezangaphandle kanye nezindaba zamasu, kuyilapho ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kukahulumeni kwakuwela ezandleni zamakhosi endawo, anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqoqa intela, ukugcina ukuhleleka, kanye nokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda.
Ngokombono ka-Augustus, lokhu kuhlola kwakubonakala kuthembisa: indawo eyinkimbinkimbi manje yayisezandleni zombhangqwana wasebukhosini owawuthembele ngokuphelele ekuthandweni kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwendlovukazi enegazi likaPtolemaic kanye nenkosi enezimpande zeNumidian Kwenze kwaba lula ukuxoxisana nabantu bendabuko yase-Afrika kanye neyaseMedithera.
KuCleopatra Selene, lokhu kuqokwa kwakumele uhlobo oluthile ithuba lesibili lokuqhubeka nobuhle basempumalanga bozalo lwakheNakuba ayekude ne-Alexandria, wayengazama ukuphinda aphinde abe nobuhle ayebazi ebuntwaneni bakhe, abuvumelanise nesimo saseMauritania futhi ngaphansi kwesambulela samaRoma.
Iphrojekthi yombuso omuhle kakhulu eMauritania
Lapho sebezinze eMauretania, uCleopatra Selene noJuba baqala ukusebenza ukuguqula leyo ndawo ehlakazekile ibe yindawo umbuso ohlelekile, ochumayo, nohlakaniphile ngokwamasikoIsifiso sasicacile: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iMauritania ngeke ibe nalutho engingalufisa eGibhithe lasePtolemy maqondana nengcebo, ubuciko kanye nodumo.
Lo mbhangqwana wasebukhosini wakhuthaza ukudalwa nokuhlobisa amadolobha azosebenza njengezikhungo zokuphatha nezamasikoKwakhuthazwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zomphakathi. amathempeli kanye nezindawo zasemadolobheni ezazihlanganisa ithonya lezakhiwo lamaRoma, lamaGreki, kanye nelendawo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezitayela kwabonisa isimo esixubile sombuso.
Ngasohlangothini lwezomnotho, uCleopatra Selene noJuba basebenzisa leli thuba amathuba ezentengiselwano ogwini lwaseMauritaniaLe mizila yokuhweba yaxhumanisa ingaphakathi lase-Afrika nemizila yolwandle yaseMedithera. Ukuhweba ngemikhiqizo yezolimo, izinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nezinsiza zasolwandle kwasiza ekuqiniseni ukuzinza kwezezimali kombuso.
Akufanele kukhohlwe ukuthi iJuba yayaziwa emithonjeni yasendulo ngokuthi inkosi ephucukile, enesithakazelo kwezezwe, emlandweni, kanye nesayensiLeyo phrofayili yayifanele kahle i- Isiko lase-Alexandria lokuxhaswa ngengqondo ukuthi uCleopatra Selene wayethwele egazini lakhe. Akusikho ukweqisa ukucabanga ukuthi, ndawonye, bazama ukuguqula inkantolo yabo ibe yisikhungo semisebenzi yamasiko, nakuba behlala bengaphakathi kohlaka lokwethembeka kumbusi.
Umphumela waba umbuso wamaklayenti, owawuhlala uncike eRoma, kodwa wawunobuntu bawo kanye nentando ethile... ukulingisa ubuhle bemibuso emikhulu yamaGrekiNgale ndlela, iMauritania yaba yisiteji lapho ukuphindaphindwa kwamaphupho amadala kaCleopatra kwenzeka khona ngendlela enciphile nelawulwayo.
UCleopatra Selene: indodakazi eyathwala ifa lendlovukazi kude kakhulu
UCleopatra Selene (40 BC - 6 AD) wayeyinzalo kaCleopatra VII, kubo bonke abantu abazalwa. leyo ethole amandla amakhulu asebenzayoNgesikhathi abanye abantwana belahlekile ebunzini bamaRoma noma benyamalala emithonjeni, wafika ezobusa, enesiqu sobukhosi, indawo efanele efinyeleleka eMedithera.
Isibalo sakhe siyathakazelisa kakhulu ngoba sakha uchungechunge lokungezwani: inkumbulo yaseGibhithe Uma sibhekene neqiniso laseRoma, ukuziqhenya kobukhosi ngokumelene nokuthembela kwezepolitikiIsifiso sobukhulu baseMpumalanga ngaphakathi kohlaka olubekwe ngumbusi. Empilweni yakhe, izifiso zikanina zahlangana nemingcele eyayibekwe ngu-Augustus.
Uma kuthiwa wayezoba “omkhulu kunabo bonke abantwana bendlovukazi yokugcina yaseGibhithe”, kuyavunywa ukuthi Nguye owasondela kakhulu ekubonakaliseni, empeleni, inguqulo eguquliwe yephrojekthi kaCleopatraNakuba umbuso wakhe wawungowase-Afrika hhayi waseGibhithe, futhi nakuba waphendula eRoma, ukuqonda kwakhe ubukhosi kwakufana kakhulu nokubusa kukaPtolemy.
Isipho esikhulu u-Augustus amnika sona emshadweni wakhe sibonisa izinga ayembheka ngalo njengempahla ebalulekile enkambisweni yakhe yobukhosi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le ngcebo yokuqala yamvumela ukukhuthaza isitayela sokugqoka esinobukhazikhazi, eyayisuselwa ebukhazikhazini base-Alexandria nasemcimbini wobuGreki.
Ukufa kwakhe, cishe ngo-6 AD, kwavala isahluko emlandweni wamakhosi aseGrisi. Ngemva kwakhe, isisindo sombuso sancipha kakhulu eJuba, futhi njengoba amashumi eminyaka edlula, IMauretania ekugcineni yayizohlanganiswa ngqo ohlelweni lwesifundazwe saseRomaNgakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kombuso wamakhasimende okwaphawulwa yifa likaCleopatra kwakunesikhathi esilinganiselwe.
Amaphupho akhungathekile eNdlovukazi enkulu yaseMpumalanga kanye nokuphindaphinda kwawo eMauritania
Uma sibheka yonke le ndaba, kuyacaca ukuthi kanjani Amacebo amakhulu kaCleopatra asempumalanga angqubuzana nokwanda okungenakuvinjelwa kweRomaUkunqotshwa e-Actium, ukuzibulala kwendlovukazi, kanye nokuthathwa kweGibhithe kwaqeda ngokushesha noma yimuphi umzamo wokugcina isikhungo samandla esizimele empumalanga yeMedithera ngaphansi kokulawulwa yiPtolemaic.
Nokho, lawo maphupho awazange anyamalale ngaphandle komkhondo. NgoCleopatra Selene, ingxenye yalowo mgomo yadluliselwa esigabeni esisha: IMauretania, ebuswa umbhangqwana wasebukhosini wozalo oludumile kodwa ongaphansi kweRomaNakuba umkhawulo wokwenza izinto ngendlela ehlakaniphile wawuncane kakhulu, kwakukhona umzamo oqondile wokudala umbuso ohlakaniphile owawuzophinde uthole ubuhle baseGibhithe.
Okuxakayo ngakho konke ukuthi Ithuluzi elavumela uCleopatra Selene noJuba ukwakha umbuso wabo, ngokunembile, kwakuwumusa ka-Augustus....umbuso ofanayo owawubhubhise umsebenzi wokuqala kaCleopatra. Lokho e-Alexandria okwakuyinselele evulekile eRoma, eMauretania kwaba uhlobo oluthambile, olwamukelekayo kumbusi.
Umlando walo mbuso ukhombisa izinga uMbuso waseRoma owakwazi ngalo ukwenza ukuguqula izitha zabo zangaphambili zibe abalingani abawusizoUkugcina ibhalansi ebucayi phakathi kokuhlonipha amasiko athile endawo kanye nokulawula okuqinile kwezepolitiki. Izindlalifa zemibuso enqotshiwe azizange zisuswe njalo; ngezinye izikhathi zazinikezwa indima ngaphakathi kohlelo olusha, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezicacile.
Indlela uCleopatra Selene ahamba ngayo ibonisa ukuguquka kusuka enkazimulweni kaPtolema kuya ohlelweni lwemibuso yamakhasimende aseRoma, futhi kulolo shintsho kuba sobala ukuthi Amaphupho eNdlovukazi enkulu yaseMpumalanga awazange agcwaliseke njengoba ayecabanga.Kodwa basinda ngesimo esingaphelele nesiguqukile emaphethelweni oMbuso, ekhoneni lase-Afrika lapho inkantolo entsha yazama ukukhanya cishe njengo-Alexandria.
