Inganekwane YaseShayina: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wemisuka, Onkulunkulu, Nezindaba

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Noma ubani ofuna indlela ecacile nejabulisayo yokuhlolisisa izindaba nezimpawu zaseShayina uyokuthola kunzima ukuhlukanisa ukolweni namakhoba: kunezinguqulo eziningi, ukuhumusha, nama-anthologies, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umuntu ugcina ephethe imanuwali eyomile futhi edumazayo. Lapha ngiphakamisa a umhlahlandlela olunzulu futhi bezijabulisa izinganekwane Chinese eqoqa izingcezu ezibalulekile, imijikelezo emikhulu kanye nemibhalo emise umcabango wayo.

Ngaphezu kokubeka ukuhleleka kwezinkathi, onkulunkulu nezinganekwane, uzobona indlela isiko elidumile, ubuTao nobuBuddha obuhlangana ngayo ngaphandle kokungqubuzana, nokuthi kungani le nganekwane, ikude nokuba iyibhulokhi efanayo, ibilokhu injalo. ubuningi, obushintshayo futhi buhambisana ngokujulileUma ufuna ukubuka konke okuqinile ngaphandle kokudinga ukuba uchwepheshe, ufike endaweni efanele.

Yini esiyiqondayo ngezinganekwane zaseShayina futhi kungani iheha kangaka?

Ezweni elikhuluma iSpanishi, izinganekwane zamaGreki-Roman noma zaseGibhithe zivame ukwaziwa kahle, kodwa lapho sisondela eShayina, kuvuleka indawo ehlukile: amaqhawe amasiko, imimoya yokufundisa, onkulunkulu basekhaya, amanoveli asendulo a-oda ama-pantheons kanye nezinganekwane ezingenakubalwa. Le nhlanganisela inikeza omunye umbono ngemvelaphi yomhlaba, ukuziphatha komuntu, kanye nobudlelwano bethu nemvelo.

Alukho uhlu lwezincwadi lokuqala; kunalokho, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, izifunda namasiko ahlukene anikela ngezindaba ezahlanganiswa kamuva zaba ikhorasi yemibhalo. Ngakho-ke, labo abafuna "iqoqo eliphelele" bavame ukuhlangana nezinguqulo eziphikisanayo noma ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe ngokweqile. Okuhle wukuthi namuhla sinakho ama-anthologies afinyelelekayo futhi ahlelwe kahle iminyaka yonke.

Ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa: imibuso eminingi, onkulunkulu abaningi

Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaShang phakathi nenkathi Yezizwe Ezilwayo (cishe 1600 BC–221 BC), izwe ngalinye laligcina inkolo yalo kanye nenkolo yaso. Umbuso wamaChu wawukhulekelwa I-Donghuang Taiyi, unkulunkulu ophakeme kakhulu ensimini yakhe, kuyilapho uShu wasendulo ekhulekela unkulunkulu Inyoni Yelanga, isithonjana esiphinde sisazi ngokutholwa kwemivubukulo endaweni yaseJinsha eSichuan. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kuchaza ukunotha nokuhlukahluka kwezinganekwane zesifunda.

Umbhalo obalulekile wokuqonda le-mosaic yile UShan Hai Jing (I-Classic of Mountains and Seas), iqoqo lezindawo ezingcwele, izidalwa ezingavamile, amasiko endawo, nonkulunkulu. Ukubaluleka kwayo akukona nje ukubhala kuphela: inikeza ibalazwe lokuthi abantu basendulo babeyithatha kanjani indawo yabo engokomoya neyemvelo, onkulunkulu, izilo kanye namathafa angokwesiko kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Izibalo kusukela ekuqaleni: Fuxi, Nüwa kanye Pangu

Phakathi kwalabo okuthiwa “onkulunkulu bokuqala” sithola fuxi, Nuwa y Pangu, kodwa akubona bonke abanombhalo wakudala ofanayo. U-Fuxi uvela emithonjeni yangaphambi kwe-Qin efana neNcwadi Yezinguquko, lapho ebizwa khona ngokusungulwa kwe-Eight Trigrams kanye nendima yokhokho ophucuzayo. Ungumfanekiso we iqhawe lamasiko ngaphezu kukankulunkulu okude.

I-Nüwa yavela kamuva, yabhalwa ku- Chu Ci futhi emibhalweni yenkathi u-Han njenge- Huainanzi, ebumba abantu futhi elungisa isibhakabhaka ngemva kwenhlekelele. Ubukhona Bakhe bufanekisa ikhono lokubuyisela ukuhleleka lapho umhlaba uphihlizwa. U-Pangu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akaveli kumarekhodi angaphambi kwe-Qin: ungena endaweni yenkathi yeMibuso Emithathu, njengomdondoshiya ohlukanisa izulu nomhlaba futhi umise ukwakheka kwendawo yonke.

U-Qin no-Han: i-centralization, isiko kanye nemibono

Ngokuhlanganisa (221 BC–220 AD), ukuphatha okujwayelekile kanye nemikhuba esemthethweni yahlanganiswa. I-Confucianism yasungulwa njenge uhlaka lwemibono yoMbuso, ngaphandle kokuba inkolo yehlelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imikhuba ethandwayo ihlala isekelwe kunkulunkulu abaningi, futhi ukuzinikela emimoyeni nonkulunkulu bendawo kusaqhubeka.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ama-proto-Taoist (Huang-Lao) athatha amandla futhi, ehlanganiswa namasiko athandwayo, aholela ebuTao obungokwenkolo njengoba sibazi. Kulokhu kwavela abangafi, onkulunkulu abafundisayo, kanye neqoqo lezingoma kamuva ezaziyohlanganiswa zibe izindaba ezilandisayo. Ngakho-ke inganekwane yamaShayina yaba a uhlelo oluphilayo lwezinkolelo nezindaba, hhayi emfundisweni eyodwa.

Ukusuka ku-Wei-Jin kuya e-Tang: UbuBuddha kanye ne-syncretism ekwandeni

Phakathi kwekhulu lesi-3 nelesi-9 AD (Wei-Jin, Sui, Tang), ukufika nokuchuma kweBuddhism kwaguqula isimo senkolo. Kude nokuthatha indawo yezinto ezindala, zamaBuddha kanye nezamaTao ezixubene nesiko elidumile, okuzala abalingisi abasha nemifanekiso. Nezha Iqala ukuvela kumarekhodi avela kuNyakatho Dynasties, futhi ezindabeni zenkathi ye-Tang, ama-prototypes eNkosi Yenkawu yesikhathi esizayo avela exhumene nohambo olungcwele lwamaBuddha.

Lesi sigaba siyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi inganekwane yamaShayina ihlanganisa kanjani amathonya futhi ichaze kabusha isikhathi sayo esidlule. Isibalo esizokwazi kamuva ngokuthi Sun Wukong Izogqama enkathini ye-Ming, kodwa isizinda sayo sombhalo sesivele simemezela inhlanganisela yobubi, amandla angokomoya nokufunda okuzochaza umlingiswa.

Ukusuka Engomeni Yuan kuya ku-Ming Qing: Amanoveli A-oda I-Pantheon

Kusukela ezikhathini zeNgoma ne-Yuan kuya phambili, futhi ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zamakhosi akwa-Ming ne-Qing (960-1912), izindaba ezisabalele kanye namasiko enkolo angaqondakali ahlelwa abe amanoveli amakhulu. Fengshen Yanyi (The Investiture of the Gods) kanye Uhambo oluya eNtshonalanga ahlanganisa abantu, amaTao, namaBuddha, akha isixuku esihlangene esiqashelwa abaningi namuhla. Ziyimisebenzi leyo canonize onkulunkulu, abangafi namaqhawe kumfundi ojwayelekile.

Kulo mhlaba kuyakhanya I-Sun Wukong, iNkosi Yezinkawu, nenhlanganisela yakhe yobubi, isiyalo esingokomoya kanye nezimangaliso ezimangalisayo. Eceleni kwakhe, abangafi bathanda Li Tieguai (enye ye-Eight Taoist Immortals) ihlanganisa izimfanelo ezinhle nezindida zendlela yomoya. Futhi nakuba Romance of the Three Kingdoms ibe inoveli yomlando, ixoxisana nalo mkhathi ongokomfanekiso, iqinisa ukwakheka kwenganekwane kwamaqhawe nezimpi.

Izinganekwane ezibalulekile

Uma umgomo wakho kuwukunambitha kokuqala okukhethwe kahle, lezi zemizekeliso nezindaba zikunikeza imephu esheshayo yendawo, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukujula. Lezi yizindaba ezaziwa kabanzi ezikusiza ukuthi uqonde izingqikithi, amanani kanye nezimpawu yesiko.

• Umsuka woMhlaba nobuntu: izindaba zendalo (ezinemigqa ehlukene yombhalo) ezichaza ukuthi izulu nomhlaba kwahlukaniswa kanjani, ukuthi indawo yonke yahlelwa kanjani nokuthi kwavela kanjani uhlobo lwabantu.
• UMa Liang kanye nebhulashi elenza umdwebo ube ngokoqobo: inganekwane yobulungisa obusankondlo lapho ubuciko buguqula umhlaba futhi bukhawulele ukuhlukumeza, esikhumbuza ukuthi amandla kumele asetshenziswe ngendlela efanele.
• Izinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nencazelo yazo eyinganekwane: izikhukhula, imifantu esibhakabhakeni nezinye izenzakalo ezihunyushwa njengokungalingani kwe-cosmic okudinga ukulungiswa kanye nesiko.
• Li Tieguai: I-Taoist engafi ngokubukeka okuthobekile namandla angavamile, uphawu lobubele nokungaqiniseki kwendlela engokomoya.
• I-Sun Wukong, iNkosi Yezinkawu: ukweqa, ukufunda, kanye nekhono langaphakathi; kusukela esiphithiphithini kuya ekuyalweni, ngamahlaya namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
• I-investiture yezithixo: i-epic eyala izikhundla zaphezulu futhi yenza i-pantheon ibe semthethweni, exhumanisa ipolitiki yenganekwane nezindaba zokukhuphuka ngokomoya.
• Imibuso Emithathu: Nakuba kuwumlando oqanjiwe, ukwamukelwa kwawo kuwuhlanganisa nezinganekwane, ukuqoshwa kwezinhlobo zakudala zokwethembeka, uhulumeni kanye namasu axoxisana nabangcwele.
• Inganekwane yesimanje: ukuhunyushwa kabusha kwesimanje okuvumelanisa amatimu amadala emizweni yamanje, okugcina ingoma engokomfanekiso iphila.

Ihanjiswe kanjani: ama-anthologies, izichazamazwi kanye ne-corpora

Incwadi yereferensi eyakhiwe kahle ihlanganisa izingcezu ezimbili: ukukhethwa kwemibhalo yakudala kanye a isichazamazwi sezihloko namagamaLe fomula ixazulula inkinga evamile: izingcezu zenganekwane zifushane futhi zisakazekile, futhi kulula ukulahlekelwa umkhondo wezinhlamvu nezindawo uma ulwazi lungahlelekile.

Kukhona inhlanganisela ekhipha iziqephu ezivela emisebenzini engaphezu kwekhulu (cishe ye-103), enezinsuku ezisukela ekhulwini lesi-5 BC kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezigxile ezinganekwaneni zangaphambi kokwanda okukhulu kobuBuddha (kuze kufike ekhulwini lesi-4 AD). Ngokuvamile ziphelezelwa inkomba yezichasiselo zemithombo kanye nesithasiselo. IsiShayina-Spanish okwenza kube lula ukubhekisela kwemigomo namagama afanelekile. Umphumela uwukubuka konke okucophelelayo nokuwusizo okuvumela lezi zindaba ukuthi zifundwe ngokwethembeka nokucaca kombhalo.

Imikhuba yamanje: izinkolelo, amathempeli kanye nenkolo engokoqobo

Namuhla, abantu abaningi e-China bazichaza njengabangeyona inkolo noma abangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, kodwa lokho akubavimbeli ukuthi bavakashele amathempeli noma benze iminikelo lapho kuphakama isidingo esithile. Kuyimvelo yenkolo. izinsimbi kanye pragmaticLabo abafuna inzalo baphendukela kunkulunkulu onomusa; labo abafuna impumelelo ezifundweni bangase badumise uConfucius (ongeyena ngempela unkulunkulu) njengesibonelo sokutadisha nobuhle.

Umsuka kankulunkulu—amaTao, amaBuddha, noma abantu—awubalulekile kunokusebenza kwawo okungokomfanekiso. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasemadolobheni, ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo zokuzivikela ezifana Zhong Kui kumbe abalindisango Shen Thu y Yu Lei, izithombe zazo ezinamathiselwe ezindaweni zokungena ukuze kunqandwe amandla ayingozi. Kuwukuqhubeka kwamasiko okuhambisana nesimanje ngaphandle kokushuba.

Indlela yayo yonke iminyaka: ukucaca ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuqina

Kukhona inhlanganisela yakamuva ebhalwe ngolimi oluguquguqukayo nefomethi efundeka kalula. Bagwema ithoni yencwadi yasekolishi, kodwa ngaphandle kokudela ukunemba. Umgomo wabo ukwenza kube nokwenzeka kunoma ubani Ukuqonda umcabango ongokomfanekiso wamaShayina, bazise amahlaya, ezothando, nokuhlakanipha kwezindaba zabo, futhi bahlangane nokuhlakanipha kwabo ngaphandle kokuzizwa besaba.

Le ndlela isiza ukunqoba izithiyo ezimbili ezivamile: umuzwa wokuthi "ayikho iqoqo eliphelele" kanye nomqondo wokuthi yonke into izoba imibhalo eminyene. Ubhekene nazo zombili izinkinga, umhlahlandlela oklanywe kahle-enezinganekwane, ama-epics, uhlu lwezithixo, namanothi amongo-ugcina umfundi ematasa futhi kusiza ukufunda okujabulisayo.

Ama-edishini ahlanganisa izinganekwane: isi-Japanese nesiHindu eceleni kwesiShayina

Ezinye izinhlelo zihlanganisa imibhalo yesandla emithathu emqulwini owodwa—isiShayina, isiJapane, nesiNdiya—ukuze zinikeze umbono we-pan-Asian. Nakuba sigxile eShayina, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izindikimba zezinye izigaba, njengoba imotif nezakhiwo zokulandisa kuvame ukuqhathaniswa, okunothisa ukuqonda okuphambene kwezinganekwane.

Engxenyeni enikezelwe ku Japan, ngokuvamile ivela:

• Izindaba zokudala y izinganekwane zemvelaphi, echaza izinhlu zozalo zaphezulu kanye nokwakheka kweqoqo leziqhingi.
• Uhambo oluya ezweni elingaphansi neziqephu zenguquko phakathi kwemihlaba, enezifundo ngobumsulwa kanye nokungasho lutho.
• Izinto ongazenza e- Susanoo, ukuzalwa kuka Amaterasu, tsukuyomi y USusanoo, kanye nendaba “yomfana oyisiduphunga.”
• El indaba yekama nesiqalekiso, kanye nesivumelwano phakathi kuka-Amaterasu noSusanoo, esisungula ukuhleleka nezigaba.
• Ukulandisa mayelana ne ezintathu ezesaba kakhulu yokai nabanye mayelana ne-yokai enomusa esiza abantu.
• Izindaba ezidumile njenge Nkosi Yami Isikhwama Selayisi, Urashima Taro, the umsiki we-bamboo kanye no-Kaguya-hime, kanye nenganekwane ye Yamato Takeru.
• Izilinganiso izinganekwane zaseJapane zanamuhla okubaletha kulesi sikhathi samanje.

Ingxenye yamaHindu ivame ukuhamba iziqephu eziyisisekelo yobuHindu ngokugcizelela okulandisayo, okuhlanganisa:

• UBrahma noVishnu emisuka zomhlaba kanye nokusungulwa kwe-cosmic order.
• Ukuzalwa kukaShiva neziqephu eziveza umlingiswa wakhe.
• Sarasvati kanye nenhloko yesihlanu yeBrahma, ngokuzindla ngolwazi nemikhawulo.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-Parvati nguShiva, njengesiphazamiso sokuzinikela namandla angaphakathi.
• Shiva kanye ne-whale enkulu, umsebenzi ogcizelela ukulawula namandla.
• UGanesha ulahlekelwa ikhanda nokuthi uba kanjani unkulunkulu onekhanda lendlovu.
• UGanesha udedela umfula, isingathekiso sokugeleza okususa izithiyo.
• Ukuziqhenya kukaKubera kanye nokulungiswa kwayo ngokuthobeka.
• Unkulunkulukazi olinyazwe nguGanesha, isiqephu esiqinisekisa ubunkimbinkimbi baso.
• Umjaho unqotshwe nguGanesha, ubuhlakani phezu kwejubane.
• UShiva ubalekela impumelelo, ukukhumbula ithimba njengento enhle.
• Amakhanda ayishumi Ravana nencazelo yalo.
• Ukuzalwa kukaRama kanye nesiphetho sakhe sobuqhawe.
• Iphupho lika-Urmila nomhlatshelo wakhe othule.
• Inyamazane yenkohliso kanye nemiphumela yokukhohlisa.
• Ithoshi likaHanuman, uphawu lwesibindi nenkonzo.
• Suvannamachha lokho kususa ibhuloho, ucezu emjikelezweni weRama.
• Intaba inyakaziswa nguHanuman, amandla asindisa ukuphila.
• Impi yokugcina i-del Ramayana, i-eksisi yokunqoba kwe-dharma.
• Ubumsulwa bukaSita njengobufakazi kanye nemodeli.
• Krishna kanye nebhotela, ukusondelana nokuphila kwansuku zonke.
• I-Krishna's Jewel Exchange nomqondo wayo wokudlala.
• U-Krishna Ogwinya Ilangabi, ukunqoba ingozi.
• U-Agni nesiqalekiso lokho kuyasabalala.
• I-Vayu nesihlahla sikakotini, isifundo sokuthobeka.
• U-Savitri ukhetha umyeni ngokuqina nangobuhlakani.
• Ukwethembeka kukaSavitri, ukuzinikela okunqoba ukufa.
• Nochungechunge lweziqephu ezengeziwe eziqedela i inganekwane Hindu landscape.

Phakathi kwamahlaya, uphawu kanye nokuziphatha

Inganekwane yamaShayina ihlanganisa ukukhokhiswa okuqinile ngokomoya namahlaya, inkolelo-ze, ezothando, ubuqhawe, nobuhlakani. Amaqhawe afana ne Inkawu inkosi, izilwane ezigadayo njenge Ingwe Eguqile, Idrako Efihliwe, noma izidalwa eziphila isikhathi eside njengoFudu Lweminyaka Eyinkulungwane kanye neGolden Crane, zigcwele izindaba ezifanekisela imilayezo yokuziphatha nefilosofi. I-syncretism yabo ayisusi ubunikazi babo: ngokuphambene nalokho, ivumela izinganekwane ukuthi ziqhubeke. ephilayo futhi efanelekile ezimweni eziningi.

Kubafundi abanelukuluku lokwazi, le nhlanganisela ye-adventure nokufunda ivula iminyango yokuqonda izimpande zamasiko zamanje: imikhosi, izigqizo, amasiko athile, nezinkomba zemibhalo ezisasakazwa empilweni yansuku zonke nanamuhla. Kunokuba ibe insalela, izinganekwane zisebenza njenge-a ulimi olwabiwe phakathi kwezizukulwane.

Amaphutha ajwayelekile lapho uqala (nokuthi ungawagwema kanjani)

Izingibe ezimbili ezivamile: noma uyayeka ngoba awukwazi ukuthola "iqoqo elihle, eliphelele," noma ubuyela emuva kuma-comendiums ezemfundo abeka ngisho nalabo abathanda kakhulu ukulala. Isixazululo ukukhetha iziqondiso ezinezindaba ezixoxwa kahle, umongo owanele, kanye inhlangano enembile (izinkomba, izichazamazwi zamagama, ukulandelana kwezikhathi).

Kuyasiza futhi ukwamukela ukuthi alukho uhlu olulodwa lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli: I-Pangu ivela sekwephuzile, i-Nüwa ne-Fuxi zinemigqa ehlukene yombhalo, futhi izinhlamvu ezifana ne-Nezha ne-Sun Wukong zisungulwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Ukuqala nge-anthology echaza lo mehluko kugwema ukudideka futhi igcine ukufunda ubumnandi.

Uma ufuna umhlahlandlela ohlanganisa ngothando futhi achaze izingcezu eziyinhloko, ezinezinganekwane ezifana nebhulashi lika-Ma Liang, ama-epics afana I-investiture yezithixo kanye nezibalo ezidume njenge-Sun Wukong, futhi iphinda ihlanganise izigaba (zangaphambi kwe-Qin, i-Han, i-Tang, i-Ming) nezinqubo zamanje, lolu hambo lufeza injongo: ukucaca, ukuqina kanye nokuzijabulisa ngemithamo elinganiselayo.