Intuthuko kwezokwelapha zaseByzantine: isisa, ulwazi kanye nezibhedlela

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Umlando wezokwelapha waseByzantine uhambo olude noluhehayo oluqala lapho uConstantine eguqula iByzantium ibe yiConstantinople, ehlanganisa isikhathi esidlule samaGreki namaRoma, amathonya aseMpumalanga, kanye nomkhathi omusha wobuKristu. Phakathi nenkathi engaphezu kwenkulungwane, leli siko lezokwelapha liyashintshana phakathi kokukhanya nesithunzi: inethiwekhi yesibhedlela esiphayona, abadidiyeli abakhulu bolwazi nezinqubo zokwelashwa ezangaphambi kwesikhathi sabo bahlangana nezinkolelo eziyimfihlakalo nezingokwelaphe ezimangalisayo. Konke lokhu kudonsa indawo yokunakekelwa kwezempilo eyinkimbinkimbi, phakathi kwezinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi, isayensi nokholo..

Ngemva kokufa kukaTheodosius Omkhulu, uMbuso WaseRoma wahlukana waba izingxenye ezimbili, neConstantinople ephilayo iphambili eMpumalanga. Kulo mongo, imithi yaseByzantium yazuza njengefa ithonya lamaGreki futhi yalihlunga ngomphakathi ophawuleka nge-Neoplatonism, imfihlakalo, negunya lesonto. Ayengekho amanyuvesi aseNtshonalanga noma umsebenzi wezokwelapha olawulwayo, kodwa kwakunezibhedlela ezinamandla nesiko lokunakekela elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili..

Ukusuka eByzantium kuya eConstantinople: umongo kanye nezimo zengqondo

Ngokusungulwa kabusha kweByzantium njengeConstantinople ngekhulu lesi-4, uMbuso WaseMpumalanga waba imbiza encibilikayo lapho amathonya amaGreki namaRoma ahlangana khona neMpumalanga kanye nobuKristu. Ifilosofi kanye nomthetho wezomthetho ngokuvamile kwakusibekela ukusebenza komtholampilo, kubeka umbono wezwe lapho iBandla libeka imingcele kanye nezinto ezibalulekile. Isayensi, kuhlanganise nezokwelapha, isiphinde yaba ngaphansi kwemfundiso yenkolo..

Isimo sobuhlakani baseByzantium sigcwele i-Neoplatonism kanye nezwi eliphansi elingaqondakali, eligcwele ithiyori yezokwelapha kanye nokwenza. Le nhlanganisela kwesinye isikhathi ephikisanayo ichaza ukuthi kungani imibhalo ihlanganisa ukubonwa komtholampilo okucashile nezincomo ezingokwesiko noma zezinkanyezi. Umuthi waseByzantine uhamba phakathi kwezigxobo ezimbili: Isizathu se-Hippocratic-Galenic nokuzinikela.

Ngokwepolitiki, ngemva kokushona kukaTheodosius (395), iNtshonalanga yaqhubeka nokuba nenhloko-dolobha yayo eRome kwathi iMpumalanga yasungula isizinda sayo eConstantinople. Lo mfutho waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1453, lapho abaseTurkey bathumba idolobha futhi iNkathi Ephakathi yaphela. Kulolu hlaka lwesikhathi olubanzi, umuthi waseByzantine udlula ezigabeni zase-Alexandria naseConstantinopolitan, ushiya imikhondo ewujuqu..

Isisa sobuKristu kanye nobudlelwano obusha bodokotela nesiguli

Ngokusakazeka kobuKristu, ukunakekela abampofu kwaba nenani lemfundiso elibaluleke kakhulu. NgeNkathi Ephakathi Ephakeme, kwavela inkambiso yokunakekelwa kwezempilo eyakhuphula ukunakekelwa kwabagulayo kwaze kwafika esimweni somsebenzi wosizo, kwavula indlela yezinqubo ezaguqula ubuhlobo bokwelapha. Isisa, hhayi inzuzo, iqondisa ukunakekelwa futhi yandise ukuthi ubani ohlinzekwayo nokuthi kanjani.

Izimiso zokunakekela sethula intuthuko entsha ekusebenzeni. Lezi yiziqondiso ezibalulekile ezisungulelwe ukuqondisa ukuziphatha kokunakekelwa kwezempilo:

1. Ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kwakuzohlinzekwa ngenhlangano esiza abantulayo., eqondwa njengothando lobuKristu.
2. Kwakufanele ifinyelele wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo.: amadoda nabesifazane, abakhululekileyo nezigqila, abacebile nabampofu.
3. Abampofu kufanele baphathwe mahhala, ngaphandle kokukhetha.
4. Futhi ezingalapheki futhi ziyafa Kufanele bathole usizo lwezokwelapha nolungokomoya, ngenduduzo nokusekelwa ngokokuziphatha.

Ukusuka endaweni yokukhosela kuya esibhedlela: ama-xenodochias nezisekelo

U-Basil Omkhulu wakha izakhiwo ezinkulu zezempilo ezungeze iKhesariya, iqoqo lezakhiwo ezincane eziqoqelwe eduze kwesonto, eligqugquzelwe amamodeli aseGibhithe. Umsebenzi wabo wokuqala wawuwukwamukela abantu bakwamanye amazwe: ama-xenodochias, okuyizindawo zokukhosela ezingokoqobo zabokufika. Kusukela kuleyo nzalo, isibhedlela samaKristu saqala ukwakheka ezweni laseByzantium..

Ifilosofi yomnyango ovulekile iqiniswa umyalo wombuso othiwa uJulian Umhlubuki, owawuyala ukuba bonke abahambi abampofu banakekelwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabenkolo yomuntu siqu noma cha. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezikhungo ezinjalo: izikhungo ezinjalo sezivele zikhona e-Edessa (375), e-Antiyokiya (398), nase-Efesu (451). Umsinga wamanje ufinyelela ngisho kumaNestorian, anezindawo zokukhosela eGundeshapur futhi mhlawumbe eduze noSilk Road.

Ezingu-400, kwasungulwa izibhedlela eJerusalema naseRoma; ngo-512, eLyon; kwathi ngo-610, e-Alexandria. EMpumalanga, uhlelo lwesibhedlela ngokushesha lwathola ukwesekwa kombuso, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kukaJustinian, futhi lwazuza izici ezihlukile uma luqhathaniswa nezikhungo ezinakekela abagulayo zaseNtshonalanga: Izinsizakalo ezikhethekile ngokwengxenye nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha ngokwako.

Izikhungo ezisiza umphakathi nazo zihlomule ngezibalo eziphawulekayo. U-Basil waseKhesariya wahlela esinye sezibhedlela ezindala ngo-370; umhlonishwa uFabiola wasungula isikhungo eRoma esasinakekela abampofu nabagulayo; futhi abafowethu uCosmas noDamian benza ubudokotela mahhala kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwabo ukholo, baba abaxhasi bodokotela abahlinzayo nosokhemisi, ngokulandelana. U-Saint Luke kanye noSaint Pantaleon nabo babengodokotela, behlanganisa ukholo nomsebenzi.

Basebenza kanjani: amakhemisi, ama-herbalists kanye nemithethonqubo

Izibhedlela zaseByzantium zazingezona nje izindawo zokukhosela; kwakuyizindawo zokucwaninga, zokwelapha, nokufunda. Enye yezinsika zabo kwakuyikhemisi, ephethwe udokotela wamakhambi onabasizi abaningana, obhekele ukugcinwa kweqoqo lezinto ezingavuthiwe. Lolu hlu lwaluhlanganisa imure, inhlaka yempepho, i-gum ammonia nezinhlamvu zefilakisi..

Ukuthola nokulungiswa kwalandela izinkolo ezizuzwe njengefa esikweni lamaGreki. Umbhalo owaziwa ngokuthi I-Memorandum of Byzantine Therapeutics wahlanganisa lolu lwazi lwasendulo futhi wasebenza njengesiqondiso esiwusizo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuciko benkathi babonisa izici ezivamile zezitshalo, njengamahalananda, amadethi, ama-roses, ne-Florentine iris. Imvelo yaphefumulela ukholo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, yagcwalisa amakhabethe emithi..

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ukunakekelwa okuqondile kwabagulayo kuye kwashintsha ngokwengxenye kusuka kodokotela bamaGreki kuya kubefundisi nezindela. Izibhedlela zazinikeza abahambi nabagulayo indawo yokukhosela, okuhlanganisa ukunakekelwa nokungenisa izihambi. Ngaphezu kwezikhungo zamabhizinisi, bekuyizikhungo zokwenza izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi kanye nezokwelapha ezinomqondo womphakathi..

Odokotela abakhulu, imisebenzi kanye nokutholakele

I-Byzantium yanikela ngeqoqo lezinkanyezi lodokotela ne-comendia eyasekela lo mkhuba amakhulu eminyaka. U-Oribasius wasePergamoni (325-403) ungomunye wabadidiyeli abakhulu: iSynagogai yakhe, emiqulwini engamashumi ayisikhombisa, ihlanganisa imithi yamaGreki neyamaRoma engcono kakhulu enomqondo we-iatrosophist, onentshisekelo enkulumweni yokukhuluma nefilosofi. Phakathi kweminikelo yakhe kukhona incazelo ye-semiology yokulimala komgogodla kanye nemiphumela yokujeziswa kwesikole ekuziphatheni..

I-Aetius, noma i-Aethion yase-Amida, ikhanya ngamaphrofayili amabili ahambisanayo. Njengoba u-Aetius, udokotela kaJustinian I, wethula izidakamizwa zasempumalanga ezinjenge-camphor, i-sandalwood, i-zedoaria, i-cashew, i-myrobolan, ne-clove eNtshonalanga, esebenzisa i-styrax ewuketshezi ngokokuqala ngqá, wabhala izincwadi eziyishumi nesithupha, futhi igama elithi induna livela okokuqala emibhalweni yakhe. Njengo-Aethion, waphumelela ekuhlinzeni, elapha i-aneurysms ku-De vasorum dilatatione kanye ne-advancing gynecology. Umnikelo wakhe omkhulu osebenzayo kwaba ukwethula i-speculum yesitho sangasese sowesifazane kanye nendlela yokuvimbela isiguli ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa..

Ku-gynecology, ukuma kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngamadolo agobile, amathanga abheke esiswini, futhi imilenze ivuleke kakhulu, ibambe intambo isuka kwelinye iqakala iye emadolweni, idlule ngemuva kwentamo iye kwelinye idolo neqakala, igweme ukunyakaza ngesikhathi sezinqubo. Le ncazelo, eshaqisayo namuhla, ibonisa ukusesha kokulawula nokubonakala emkhakheni osaqala..

U-Jacopus Psychestris, kakade ekhulwini lesi-5, wayeyiphayona ekusetshenzisweni kwe-colchicum ngokumelene ne-gout, umugqa u-Alexander of Tralles azowuphelelisa. I-Gout ibe inkundla yokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa ezintsha, ngeso elibhekene nokubekezelelwa kwesisu..

U-Alexander of Tralles (525-605), uGrand Chamberlain wenkantolo yaseConstantinople, udokotela ojikelezayo nowakuqala, ushiye izincwadi eziyishumi nambili ezikhuluma ngemithi esebenzayo esekelwe ezisekelweni zikaHippocratic. Watusa ukusebenzisa i-colchicum ngendlela elawulwayo, ukuyixuba, nokuvikela isisu; wethula i-rhubarb yamaShayina eYurophu; futhi yakhuthaza izindlela zokuphuma ezifana nezihlanza, ukopha, ukuphuma kwegazi, okokukhipha isisu, ukujuluka, ukuthambisa umzimba, namamasaji ukuze kukhishwe izinto ezinesifo. Ubuye athi i-gonorrhea ibangelwa ubuningi be-phlegm kusukela ekuzithibeni isikhathi eside, isibonelo se-physiology yesikhathi sakhe..

Imibhalo yakhe ihlanganisa nemiyalelo engamukeleki namuhla, njengokudla amabhungane aluhlaza noma ukusebenzisa i-henbane emnyama eqoqwe ngomunwe wokukhomba nesithupha ngaphansi kwemilaza ethile. Ukuphilisana kwe-empiricism kanye nenkolelo-ze kwahlala ngaphandle kokuyinkimbinkimbi ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke..

UPaul wase-Aegina (ngekhulu lesi-7) ungudokotela wokugcina omkhulu waseByzantium yakudala. I-Epitome medicae yakhe noma i-Hypomnema, iBhayibheli lezokwelapha langempela, ihlelwe yaba izincwadi eziyisikhombisa: indlela yokuphila kanye ne-humoral pathology; imfiva (phezulu ezimweni ezinzima, ngokulinganisela ezimweni ezingamahlalakhona); izifo ezihleliwe kusukela ekhanda kuye ozwaneni; i-dermatology; i-toxicology enemibono ngobuthi; incwadi yokuhlinzwa edlulisa ukubelethisa kanye nokuhlinzwa emhlabeni wamaSulumane naseYurophu, nakuba kushiywe okuphawulekayo; kanye nenhlanganisela yokugcina yemithi elula neyinkimbinkimbi. Lolu hlu lokugcina luhlanganisa amaminerali angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, izitshalo ezingamakhulu ayisithupha kanye nezilwane eziyikhulu namashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalombili..

Uphinde atuswe ngesazi sobuchwepheshe esidumile, i-Sotira, esisekelwe ku-spikenard yaseNdiya, imure, isafroni, amafutha e-castor, i-opium, i-parsley, i-anise, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, i-rush, isinamoni yamanga, upelepele, i-rhubarb, i-cardamom, nezinsalela ezihlukahlukene. Wenza futhi wabhala e-Alexandria, futhi imibhalo yakhe yatholwa lapho ama-Arabhu ngemva kokunqoba. U-Abulcasis wasakaza incwadi yakhe yokuhlinza emhlabeni wonke wamaSulumane, kusukela lapho yaphinde yafika eNtshonalanga Yurophu..

Emakhulwini eminyaka akamuva, amanye amagama asagqama: UMichael Psellos, onencwadi ephathelene ne-physiology kanye ne-dietetics; uSimeyoni uSeti, umgxeki waseGaleni; U-Nicholas Mirepsos, ne-Dynameron yakhe, igcwele izindlela zokupheka lapho inkolelo-ze ibonakala khona; futhi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14th, uJohn Actuary, we-Hippocratic-Galenic bent, owabeka isikhungo sempilo yezinzwa nezingqondo ebuchosheni, wenza ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane kanye ne-vivisections, futhi wabona ukuhamba kwegazi emithanjeni. Umsebenzi wakhe uvala inkathi yaseByzantium ngesithunzi, ngaphandle komqondo wemilingo..

Ezinye izibalo ezishiwo ngokwesiko zihlanganisa uZeno waseKhupro futhi, ngokuphambene, u-Oribasius noPaul wase-Aegina. Inethiwekhi yobungcweti isukela kodokotela basezinkantolo kuya kodokotela be-encyclopedic kanye nodokotela abahlinzayo abangamavulandlela..

Ukwelapha: phakathi kwemvelo kanye namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo

Imithi yokwelapha yaseByzantium yayisukela emakhambi anengqondo kuya emikhubeni ene-tinge enamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakutuswa ukuba kushiswe impande ye-peony njengempepho yokuxosha izipoki noma ukuheha ukuchuma uma kuqhutshwa umuntu, futhi kwaze kwathiwa umuntu ogula ngengqondo owayidla futhi ehlala entuthwini yawo ngenxa yezinguquko ezimbili zenyanga wayeyolulama. Kuphinde kwashiwo ukuthi ugcobe ubuso ngejusi ye-heliotrope ebheke eMpumalanga ngenkathi icela ilanga ukuze kuzuzwe injabulo..

Kanye nale miyalelo, ukwelashwa kwanikezwa ngamakhambi asekelwe kahle: ngoba i-pleurisy, i-aristolochia, ihisopi, ne-cumin yaphakanyiswa, enomphumela wokufudumala nokomisa ngokuvumelana nenkolelo-mbono ye-humoral. U-Alexander of Tralles ufingqa inhloso kadokotela ku lungisa ukungalingani komzimba: pholisa okushisayo,shisa okubandayo, womisa okumanzi, umanzise okomile. Ukukhishwa kwezinto ezigulayo kwakuyiyona ndlela yokusebenza yokwelapha.

I-Cathartics, i-emetics, i-diuretics kanye nama-expectorants amaningi, ahambisana nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemithi: ama-fomentations, ama-poultices, ama-gargles, ama-pessaries, amaphilisi, amafutha okugcoba, amafutha, ama-cerates, amaconsi iso, ama-troches kanye ne-inhalations. I-repertoire yamafomu e-galenic iphila ngokugcwele eByzantium.

I-Hippocratic corpus isivele ikhuluma ngemithi engamakhambi engaba amakhulu amabili, enye iqoqo lezilwane ezitholakala okungenani emaqenjini ayishumi ayinhloko e-zoological, kanye neshumi nambili lamaminerali. I-Byzantium yazuza njengefa futhi yahlela kabusha le arsenal, yahlanganisa ne-pharmacopoeias yasesibhedlela. Ukuqhubeka neGreece kuyabonakala ezitshalweni zokwelapha, izilwane kanye namaminerali..

Isayensi yezitshalo, abaqoqi kanye nabathengisi bamakhambi

U-Theophrastus, nemisebenzi yakhe ethi De Historia Plantarum kanye ne-De Causis Plantarum, wasungula isayensi yezitshalo ehlelekile, ehlukanisa izinhlobo ngamahlamvu, izimpande, iziqu, nezigaba zokukhula. Lo moya we-taxonomic usekhona esikweni laseByzantine, elidonsela ezigabeni zakhe ukuhlela ama-pharmacopoeia. Ukuqina okuchazayo kukaTheophrastus kwaba umgogodla we-materia medica.

Ekamelweni elingemuva lasemadolobheni, i-pharmacopolae ikhiqize zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanganisela, okuhlanganisa ama-abortifacient, izimonyo, nama-aphrodisiacs, kuyilapho ama-mygmatopolos ayezulazula emigwaqweni ethengisa amakhambi asebenza ngendlela engabazekayo. Imakethe yezempilo ihlanganise ubuciko, amandla empiricism kanye nezithembiso eziningi eziyisimangaliso..

Ukufundisa, ukuhlanganisa nokudlulisa ulwazi

E-Byzantium, amanyuvesi anesitayela saseYurophu kanye neziqu ezifanayo zokwenza ubudokotela azizange zenzeke, ngakho ezokwelapha azizange zihlanganiswe njengomsebenzi olawulwayo. Kunalokho, izibhedlela zaba izikhungo zokuxhumana kanye nezindawo zokufunda nokwenza. Ikilasi, empeleni, kwakuyigumbi lasesibhedlela kanye nomtapo wolwazi, iqoqo lababhali abakhulu.

U-Oribasius, u-Alexander waseTralles, u-Aetius-Aetion, noPaul wase-Aegina basebenza njengomgogodla walokhu kwakheka, ngemisebenzi ehlanganisayo, ehlelekile, futhi evuselela ulwazi lwangaphambilini. I-Epitome kaPaul, ikakhulukazi incwadi yakhe yokuhlinzwa, iyibhuloho elikhulu le-Islamic medieval, lapho libuyela khona eYurophu ngemizila yama-Arab. I-Abulcasis isebenza njenge-vector yokusabalalisa, iphindaphinda ukufinyelela kokuhlinzwa kwaseByzantine.

Ukushintshana akukona okombhalo kuphela. UConstantine VII Porphyrogenetus wathumela u-Abd-ar-Rahman III umbhalo wesandla weDioscorides njengesipho, futhi abantu nemibono kwasakazwa phakathi kwezinkantolo namadolobha. Laba abathintwayo baqinisa uchungechunge lokudluliswa kwe-Mediterranean okugcina ifa lakudala liphila..

Izigaba, ukungalingani kanye nokwehla

Izifundo zivame ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezimbili ezinkulu: esase-Alexandria, indlalifa eqondile yezikole zaseGibhithe nezamaGreki, kanye neseConstantinopolitan, esinezinkantolo kanye nezindela. Empeleni, kokubili kuyagqagqana futhi kuthintane. Ukungezwani phakathi kokubhekwa komtholampilo kanye negunya lezimfundiso kuhamba kuzo zombili izigaba.

Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwakungeyona into efanayo: abacebile babekwazi ukuqasha odokotela abahamba phambili, kuyilapho abampofu babevame ukuhlala ezandleni zodokotela abanolwazi noma bethembele ekusekelweni esibhedlela. Lokhu kuchema kwahlangana, ngokuxakayo, nesimiso sokuziphatha okuhle esimenyezelwa izinhlangano ezisiza abampofu zobuKristu. Inethiwekhi yama-xenodochias nezibhedlela yavala lelo gebe, kodwa ayizange ilisule..

Ngasekupheleni kwamakhulu eminyaka, ukuwohloka kokuhlakanipha kwabonakala nakakhulu, nabahlanganisi abakhulu abambalwa nokuncika okukhulu emibhalweni yangaphambili. Noma kunjalo, kwavela amahlamvu ethemba, njengalawo ka-John Actuary, owabuyisela i-physiology endleleni yemvelo kanye ne-cerebrocentric. Ngo-1453 ukuwa kweConstantinople kuvala umjikelezo, kodwa imithi yayo ishiya amamaki ajulile eYurophu nase-Islam..

Ukulandelana kwezikhathi okubalulekile

• 33: Ukufa kukaKristu kanye nokuzalwa kobuKristu njengohlaka lwezimiso ezinhle zothando.
• 313: I-Edict of Milan; UbuKristu bubhekwa njengamandla esikhungo anamalungelo.
• 330-395: ukuhlanganiswa kweConstantinople kanye nokuhlukaniswa kokugcina koMbuso ngemva kukaTheodosius.
• 1453: Ukuthunjwa kweConstantinople ngabaseTurkey kanye nokuphela kweNkathi Ephakathi.

Umuthi waseByzantium wakha izibhedlela ezamukela futhi zelapha, zaveza izimiso zezempilo emhlabeni wonke, zahlanganisa futhi zadlulisela ulwazi lwamaGreki namaRoma, futhi zashiya odokotela benemisebenzi engokomthetho njengezilinganiso, konke lokhu kuhambisana nemikhuba eyisidala manje. Lokhu kulinganisela okungazinzile phakathi kwezinhlangano ezisiza abampofu, ukuhleleka kwesikhungo, ukubonwa komtholampilo kanye nenkolelo-ze, mhlawumbe, isici sakhona sangempela..