- Ukutholakala kwe-KV62 ngo-1922 kwavusa ukuhlanya kwe-Egyptology kanye nenganekwane efanayo yesiqalekiso okuthiwa.
- Abezindaba nezibalo ezidumile zikhulise ukufa nezingozi, yize imininingwane ikhombisa ukufa kwabantu abayisi-8 kuphela kwabangama-58 kule minyaka eyi-12 edlule.
- Imibono yesayensi ikhomba okungenzeka kube yisikhunta (Aspergillus) nezici zezempilo, ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bembangela eyodwa.
Kukhona okutholakele okushintsha umlando nokunye okuvusa umcabango ohlangene; ukutholakala kwethuna likaTutankhamun kuzuzwe kokubili futhi kwengeza isithako esingenakuvinjelwa: isiqalekiso esidumile sikaFaroNgemva kwekhulu leminyaka, kusasele imibuzo: Ingabe kwabakhona ngempela uhide lokufa okungajwayelekile, noma ingabe inganekwane eyandiswa amaphephandaba kanye nokuhlangana kwezenzakalo?
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani le ndaba ithinta ngokujule kangaka, kufanele ubuyekeze ukutholwa, amashwa okusolwa alandelayo, kanye nezincazelo eziphakanyiswe isayensi. Ingxubevange yezinhlekelele ezizungeze ukumbiwa, izihloko zezindaba ezihlaba umxhwele, nokuthakaseleka ngokusebenzelana nemimoya kwabangela ukuba inganekwane engacimi, kodwa idatha ipenda isithombe esihluke kakhulu.
Ukutholwa okwashintsha yonke into
Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yokumba isihlabathi eSigodini Samakhosi ngaphandle kwempumelelo, isineke somsekeli uGeorge Herbert, uLord Carnarvon, sasihlaba umkhosi. Khona-ke, ngo-November 4, 1922, iqembu likaHoward Carter lathola lokho okwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka: izitebhisi zokuqala eziholela emnyango ovaliwe. I-Tomb KV62 yayisanda kungena endaweni yesigameko, futhi kanye nayo nokutholakala kwemivubukulo egcinwe kahle kakhulu eGibhithe; lolo suku lwaqala I-Egyptology fever emhlabeni wonke.
Isiqalo, nokho, kwaba nokuthinta ithuba. Umthwali wamanzi walolu hambo, insizwa egama layo linguHussein, wakhubeka ngokoqobo esinyathelweni sokuqala lapho emba umgodi ukuze abeke ezinye izitsha. Kwakuwuphawu uCarter ayelulindile amashumi eminyaka: lapho eneminyaka engu-47 ubudala, futhi ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-30 yomsebenzi onzima, ekugcineni wayezokwazi ukubheka ngaphakathi kwethuna lasebukhosini eliphelele, okuthile. engakaze ibonwe kuleso sigodi samakhosi.
Iminyango yamathempeli angaphandle yayike yagetshengwa ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa owesithathu, umnyango ombozwe ngegolide owawuhlala i-sarcophagus yasebukhosini, wawusazigcina izimpawu zawo. UCarter wabhoboza umgodi omncane, wakhanyisa ukukhanya, futhi, noLord Carnarvon nendodakazi yakhe u-Evelyn belindile, waba ngowokuqala ukubuka umcebo womngcwabo womfana kafaro. Lowo mbono, okunzima ngisho nokuwuchaza, wawufanekisela iminyaka eyishumi yomsebenzi onzima nezingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-5 000 ezibhalwe ohlwini; Iqembu lomngcwabo likaTutankhamun lali ngokoqobo.
Umthelela waba ngokushesha. Okukhethekile kwezobuntatheli, amandla kazibuthe we-golden trousseau, kanye nokukhanya okungaqondakali okubonakala kukhipha kuwo wonke ama-pharaonic necropolis kuphendule i-Tutankhamun yaba isithonjana somhlaba. Indaba ehambisanayo yavela ngokushesha, ilutha kumfundi wangaleso sikhathi: umuzwa wokuthi ukuphumula kwaphakade kuphazanyisiwe nokuthi ukuziphindiselela ngalé kwase kuqalile ukuvela.
Uchungechunge lokufa nezingozi ezabhebhethekisa le nganekwane
Isiqephu esakhalisa izinsimbi senzeka ngemva nje kwezinyanga ezimbili umsebenzi uqalile ethuneni: ukufa okuzumayo kukaLord Carnarvon eCairo eneminyaka engu-56. Inguqulo yezokwelapha esemthethweni yakhuluma nge-erysipelas eyinkimbinkimbi eyaba inyumoniya, cishe ngemva kokulunywa umiyane izikhulu ezazisikwe lapho zishefa zangenwa isifo; njengoba impilo yakhe isivele intekenteke ngenxa yengozi embi yemoto yangaphambilini, umphumela waba yingozi. Kulabo abafuna izimpawu, leso senzakalo sasibonakala sihambisana nomqondo wokuthi a isiqalekiso siyaqhubeka.
Kube neziqephu eziningi ezengezwe endabeni. Umfowabo kaCarnarvon, u-Aubrey, washona ngawo lowo nyaka; USir Archibald Douglas-Reid, udokotela we-radiologist owayehlole umama, washona; kanye nomvubukuli u-Arthur Mace, owayehileleke ekuvulweni kwegumbi lokungcwaba, naye akazange aphile ukuze abone ithuna lithululwa ngokuphelele. Ngegama ngalinye, umuzwa wokuthi "uhlu lwabamnyama" wakhula futhi ukusakazwa kwabezindaba okuzungeze leli cala kwaba namandla kakhulu. KV62 kanye nengozi yayo.
Icala lesikhulu sikaloliwe saseMelika uGeorge Jay Gould laliphawuleka kakhulu: waya ethuneni futhi washona ngemva nje kwenyumoniya. Kuphinde kubalulwe uPhilip Livingston Poe, owangenwa yinyumoniya ngemuva kokuvakasha kwakhe kodwa wakwazi ukululama. Ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka, ngo-1929, ukufa kukaRichard Bethell, unobhala kaCarter, kwenezelwa kulokho kulandelana kwezenzakalo okwakubonakala kudinga incazelo engaphezu kweyemvelo. Ukuhlangana kwezehlakalo kwakhuthaza umqondo wokuthi a amandla amabi akhululiwe.
Kwahlanganiswa neziqephu ezinhle njengoba zazidangele. UCarter wayenenyoni okuthiwa i-canary, okuthiwa yashwabadela imfezi—uphawu lwamandla kaFaro—ngalo kanye usuku okwakunyathelwa ngalo ukungena ngaphansi komhlaba. Futhi, ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, inja kaLord Carnarvon, uSusie, yafa. Ekuphakameni komkhathi, uCarter wanika umngane wakhe uSir Bruce Ingram izinto ezithile ezivela ethuneni, futhi indlu yakamuva yacekelwa phansi ngomlilo; ngemva kokwakha kabusha, enye inhlekelele, isikhukhula, yaphinde yagadla endaweni. Konke lokhu kunikeza impahla ephelele a ukulandisa kwamabika.
Iphephandaba elilambele kakhulu libike ukuthi kushone abantu abayisishiyagalolunye kuya kwabangaphezu kwamashumi amabili ngenxa yalesi siqalekiso, amanye amaphephandaba esiNgisi abika ngisho nokufika kwabangamashumi amathathu. Kodwa-ke, lapho idatha ihlolisiswa ngokucophelela, isithombe siyashintsha: kubantu abangu-58 ababekhona ekuvuleni kwethuna ne-sarcophagus, abayisishiyagalombili kuphela bafa eminyakeni eyishumi nambili elandelayo. Lesi silinganiso, uma sibhekwa ngomoya ophansi, asihambisani nesigwebo esingabekezeleleki kodwa nezibalo zezempilo ezilindelekile ngaleso sikhathi; kuyisihluthulelo se-counterweight ku- ihaba le-sensationalist.
Cindezela, osaziwayo kanye nophethiloli wenganekwane
Umongo wemidiya uchaza okuningi. Ukutholwa kukaCarter kwaba yindaba yomhlaba wonke, futhi amaphephandaba ancintisana ukuze abike yonke imininingwane ngamathoni akhula ngokumangalisayo. Izindaba zemibhalo eqoshiwe ehlasimulisayo nezixwayiso ezimelene namathuna avaliwe aphazamisayo zanyatheliswa. Ukusakazwa okukhethekile kwephephandaba elikhulu laseBrithani nokwanda kwababhali benhlebo kwanikeza umbukwane wendaba eyayingasho lutho ngaphandle kwesenzakalo esivusa amadlingozi. ubuhlakani kanye nendlela.
Abantu abadumile bajoyine lesi simo. U-Arthur Conan Doyle, umdali we-Sherlock Holmes kodwa ongumlandeli omkhulu wezomoya, ucashunwe ethi izehlakalo zihlobene nohlobo oluthile lwamandla aqapha ithuna. Umbhali wamanoveli waseBrithani uMarie Corelli ukhumbule umbhalo ovela esikweni lama-Arabhu owawuxwayisa ngokuthi ukufa kuzokwehlela noma ngubani ongaba nesibindi sokuvula ithuna lasebukhosini elivaliwe. Lokhu kungenelela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakungokombhalo, kwabonakala kuphelele ekukhuluphaliseni inganekwane yomfana kaFaro.
Kwakukhona futhi i-hypothesis yezinto eziqalekisiwe, njenge indandatho ethukiwe, zifakwe emathuneni ukuze kuqedwe abantu abadelelayo; Nokho, kokubili izazi zase-Egypt nodokotela bakuchitha. Okwasikiselwa ochwepheshe abathile ukuthi, ngezinye izikhathi, abaseGibhithe lasendulo babeshiya izixwayiso—eziqanjwe kabi ngokuthi “iziqalekiso”—ukuze banqande amasela. Njengesilinganiso sokuphepha kwengqondo, umbono ubonakala uzwakala; njengencazelo yeketanga elibulalayo, liyawa liqhathaniswa ne amaqiniso aqinisekisiwe.
Ngemuva, i-Egyptomania yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yenza konke okunye. I-Exoticism, igolide, izidumbu, izifihla-buso, kanye nezithunzi zamaphaseji angaphansi komhlaba kwakha i-cocktail engenakuvinjelwa kumfundi waseNtshonalanga. Khonamanjalo, ithimba eliphansi kwadingeka liqhubeke nomsebenzi ohamba kancane futhi odinga ubuchwepheshe, kuyilapho ngaphandle kweSigodi Samakhosi, indaba yesiqalekiso yathatha ukuphila kwayo, iphindaphindwa ngamunye. isembozo esishaqisayo.
Incazelo engaphezu kwemvelo noma yesayensi?
U-Howard Carter akazange azivumele izinkolelo-ze. Izintatheli ezisencane kanye nabantu abadala ababefuna ukwazi bambuza izikhathi eziyinkulungwane, futhi impendulo yakhe eqinile yayiwukuthi imibono enjalo yayiwumbhedo. Yena ngokwakhe waphila iminyaka engu-17 ngemva kokutholakala futhi wafa eLondon eneminyaka engu-64 kusukela isifo sikaHodgkin: akukho lutho oluhlangene nezijeziso ezingabonakali, kodwa ngenkambo yemvelo yokuphila. impilo yomuntu ngesikhathi sakhe.
Isayensi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yenze izincazelo ezizwakalayo zokunye kokufa, ikakhulukazi lokho kukaLord Carnarvon. Enye yemibono eyamukelwa kabanzi ikhomba isikhunta esikhona ngaphakathi ethuneni, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Aspergillus—ezifana no-A. niger, A. terreus, noma A. flavus—ezikwazi ukuhlala ziphila isikhathi eside. Ezindlini ezinezivikelo ezibuthakathaka, ukuhogela izinhlamvu zazo kungaholela ekuthelelekeni okubi kakhulu; lokhu kucatshangelwa kuhambisana nomlando wezokwelapha kaCarnarvon kanye nokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwesimo sakhe. isimo sokuphefumula.
Ngo-2003, odokotela ababili bethula lokhu kungenzeka ku-Lancet, futhi imisebenzi edumile nezemfundo iqhubekile ukuyihlola. Ngokwesibonelo, isazi sezinto ezincane eziphilayo uRaúl Rivas, sachaza indlela ezinye izinhlayiya ezingahlala ngayo amakhulu eminyaka futhi, lapho zihlangabezana nezimo ezikahle, zibangele izifo, zithinte ngisho namehlo nasemakhaleni, njengoba kuchazwe kuyisifo sikaCarnarvon. Sekushiwo lokho, ukuhlaziya okwalandela akutholanga msebenzi wesikhunta oyingozi emathuneni, ngakho-ke ukufuna isixhumanisi esiqondile sembangela kubonakala, njenganamuhla, akunakwenzeka neze.
Ngale kwecala likaCarnarvon, kunombuzo wezinombolo. Uma isiqalekiso sisebenza ngokungenakuvinjelwa, umuntu angalindela izinga eliphezulu lokufa phakathi kwalabo abangena ku-KV62, futhi akunjalo. Kunalokho, inqwaba yabantu yavakashela futhi yasebenza ethuneni, futhi iningi laqhubeka liphila. Udokotela owelapha u-Carnarvon wenza umqondo omuhle ngakho eminyakeni eminingi kamuva: kunoma yiliphi iqembu elikhulu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iphesenti elithile lokufa liyenzeka nakanjani. Kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ukuhlobana akusho amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izivumelwano zemivubukulo nazo ziye zaba ngochwepheshe. Namuhla, kuvamile ukusebenzisa amagilavu, imaski, futhi, uma kunesidingo, izingubo ezilahlwayo, izinyathelo ezivikela kokubili izinto zobuciko kanye nabacwaningi ekubunjeni nasezinhlayiyeni. Isiyalo sesithuthukile, futhi sekuqhamuke nendlela egxile kakhulu ehlukanisa phakathi kwezingozi zangempela nezingenzeka. imicabango ekhangayo.
Inani lomlando le-KV62 uma liqhathaniswa nezinkolelo-ze
Ithuna lika-Tutankhamun ligcina inani eliyingqayizivele elidlula i-anecdote yesiqalekiso. Phakathi kuka-1922 neminyaka elandelayo, leli qembu labhala izinto ezingu-5 397: ifenisha, ubucwebe, izikhali zemikhosi, izindwangu, ukudla, iziphandla, futhi, yiqiniso, imaski edumile yomngcwabo. Lo mcebo wezinto ezibonakalayo wenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha kabusha ngokuningiliziwe izici zansuku zonke nezingokwesiko ze-pharaonic Egypt ezazishiwo ngaphambili, zinikeza imephu eyingqayizivele yokuphila nokufa enkantolo yale nsizwa. inkosi yobukhosi be-18.
Nakuba eminye iminyango yangaphandle yayivuleke ngenkani ezikhathini zasendulo, inhliziyo yesakhiwo somngcwabo yayivalekile lapho uCarter eyihlola, futhi yilokhu buqotho okwenza i-KV62 yaba yicala eliyingqayizivele. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi, umsebenzi wathuthuka ngesineke nangendlela ehlelekile, ukhanyisa umhlaba owawulele ngaphansi kwesihlabathi iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu. Ubukhulu bokutholwa bubodwa buchaza ukushaqeka kwezamasiko kanye negagasi lase-Egyptomania elakhukhula eNtshonalanga, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuphendukela iziphonso noma iziqalekiso.
Olunye uhlangothi lwendaba ukuthi "isiqalekiso" sasebenza njengengcina yokulandisa yomphakathi jikelele. Iqiniso lokuthi amanye ama-protagonists ahlangabezane namashwa ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwakhuthaza ukuhlobana ukuthi umshini wokunyathelisa waphenduka waba yimbangela, nakuba idatha iyonke ingayisekeli. I-biography kaCarter—owayehlale enqaba izinkolelo-ze futhi efa ngenxa yezizathu ezingahlobene nethuna—isetshenziswe njengempikiswano eqinile ngokumelene nesizindalwazi. ukufunda amaqiniso ngemilingo.
Isikhathi sibuyisele izingcezu endaweni. Inganekwane isala, ngoba inamandla okubhala kanye nesinema, futhi ngoba sonke sidonseleka emfihlakalo enhle. Kodwa ukuvumelana kwezazi zase-Egypt, izazi-mlando, nodokotela kucacile: ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba nokufa kanye nezenzakalo eziphawulekayo; ngakolunye, kwakukhona ihaba, ukwenziwa lula, nokunganakwa okukhethekile kwezibalo. Phakathi, imibono yesayensi enengqondo kwezinye izimo-ezifana nokuba khona kwesikhunta-nakuba ngaphandle kobufakazi obucacile obungasivumela ukuthi simemezele isikhunta. isizathu esisodwa nesingangabazi.
Okusalayo ubukhulu bokutholwa okuvule iwindi eliyingqayizivele lempucuko yaseGibhithe kanye nesikhumbuzo sokuthi izinganekwane zivame ukuzalwa kusukela ekuhlanganeni kwenhlanhla, ukwesaba kanye nezihloko, njengoba abanye bebonisa. izindaba zeziqalekiso. Ithuna likaTutankhamun liyaqhubeka nokuthola izivakashi, umama uphumula namuhla ezimweni ezilawulwayo futhi, kude neziqalekiso, okukhuthazelayo yindaba yokuphikelela kokuvubukula nokuthi iso elibucayi lihlakaza kanjani, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuhle balo, izinganekwane ezisikisela kakhulu.
