Indaba kaPrometheus nomlilo: inganekwane, okuhlukile, iPandora nesijeziso saphakade

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Phakathi kwezindaba ezinamandla kakhulu zezinganekwane zamaGreki yileyo, njengenhlansi, eyalukhanyisa phakade uhambo lomuntu: oluka-Prometheus. Le Titan, edume ngokuhlakanipha nokubheka kwakhe abantu ngozwela, yanquma ukubanika lokho onkulunkulu ababekugcine njengelungelo: umlilo. Ngenxa yalesi senzo, isintu sasingasabanda, sasingakwazi ukupheka, ukuzivikela, nokudala amathuluzi nemisebenzi yezandla. Kwakungeyona imininingwane encane: ngalesi sipho, Amadoda asuka ebumnyameni aya emasikweni.

Nokho, inani lalilikhulu. UZeus, umnakekeli wohlelo lwaphezulu, wachaza lesi senzo njengecala elingenakuthethelelwa futhi wajezisa u-Prometheus ngokuhlushwa okungaphezu kokuqonda komuntu. Luboshelwe edwaleni Ezintabeni ZaseCaucasus, usuku ngalunye ukhozi lwaludla isibindi salo, esasivuka ebusuku ukuze siqale kabusha umjikelezo ekuseni. Lesi sithombe, njengoba sicacile njengoba singokomfanekiso, sihunyushwe njengenganekwane ethi ukuhlubuka, inqubekelaphambili, ubuhlakani kanye nemingcele: isibindi esiqhuba indalo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, isixwayiso salokho okwenzekayo lapho onkulunkulu bephonselwa inselele.

Wayengubani u-Prometheus futhi uvelaphi?

Isiko elisakazeke kakhulu limenza indodana ye-titan Iapetus kanye ne-Oceanid, ehlonzwe ngokuthi i-Clymene noma i-Asia; ezinye izinguqulo zimlandelela emuva Uranus futhi ClymeneNakuba u-Aeschylus, enhlekeleleni yakhe edumile, uphakamisa ukuthi unina kwakunguThemis noma ngisho noGaia, amethula njengenhlangano eyodwa. Izingane zakubo okukhulunywa ngazo kakhulu ngo-Atlas, u-Epimetheus, noMenoetius, okumbeka phakathi kohlu lozalo olubaluleke kakhulu kunkulunkulu wamaGreki.

Kunama-akhawunti amancane ahlaba umxhwele njengoba ephikisana: omunye utshela ukuthi umdondoshiya u-Eurymedon wadlwengula uHera esemncane, wazala u-Prometheus futhi wavusa ulaka lukaZeus, okuthiwa wathola ekwebiweni komlilo izaba eziphelele zokujezisa. Omunye unezela ukuthi ukucasuka kwaphezulu Wafihla isikhwele sakhe ngothando olunqatshelweU-Prometheus wayezothandana ngasese no-Athena, ngaleyo ndlela ephula imithetho emisiwe.

Ukukhohlisa komhlatshelo eMecone (kamuva eSicyon)

Ngaphambi kokweba okudumile, u-Prometheus wenza i-masterstroke eMecone, idolobha elaziwa kamuva ngokuthi iSicyon. Walungisa umhlatshelo wenkabi enkulu, wawuhlukanisa waba izingxenye ezimbili ezikhohlisayo: isikhumba, nenyama, nezibilini, kufihlwe phakathi esiswini; ngakolunye, amathambo embozwe ungqimba lwamafutha alingayo. UZeus wakhetha ingxenye ecwebezelayo futhi wadalulwa: wayenikezwe amathambo. Kusukela lapho, kumasiko, Amadoda ashisela onkulunkulu amathambo agcina nenyama. ukuze bazisebenzise.

Lesi sigcawu siphawula ukwehlukana okungokomthetho phakathi kwabantu nonkulunkulu, futhi sibonisa u-Prometheus njengosomaqhinga obuhlakani bakhe buchaza kabusha amasiko nezilinganiso. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngalolo suku kuqhubeke, UZeus akazange akukhohlwe ukuthukwa Futhi waqala ukuyibhekisisa i-titan, ezimisele ngokugwema ezinye izinselele.

Ukwebiwa komlilo: izinguqulo, amathuluzi kanye nencazelo

UZeyusi, ecasulwe ukukhohliswa komhlatshelo, wahoxa esintwini ukufinyelela emlilweni owawuphuma ezihlahleni zomlotha. U-Prometheus, engadikibali, wagibela e-Olympus futhi wathola inhlansi, ayifihla phakathi kwesiqu se-fennel esingenalutho (igatsha elivutha kancane futhi livikela i-ember). Ngaleli lahle elifihliwe, wehla ukuze alinike abantu abafayo futhi wabafundisa indlela yokulisebenzisa: ukushisa amakhaya, ukupheka, ukukhanyisa ebusuku, nokukha amathuluziInhlansi yokhela ngokoqobo intuthuko yempilo ephucuzekile.

Kukhona ukuhlukahluka okuqedela isithombe: abanye bathi, ngaphezu komlilo, u-Prometheus wathatha amakhono athile obuchwepheshe nolwazi oluvela kuHephaestus no-Athena olwenza ukuphila komuntu kube lula; abanye bathi walayitha isibani sakhe enqoleni yeHelios, ilanga uqobo. U-Diodorus unikeza incazelo enengqondo: empeleni, u-Prometheus ngabe uthole i- izindlela nezinsimbi zokuqalisa umliloFuthi uJohn Malalas uthi kuye kwasungulwa "ifilosofi yohlelo lolimi" eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukurekhoda nokuqonda okwedlule. Kunoma ikuphi, ukuthinta kuyafana: ubuntu buzihlomisa ngamathuluzi abalulekile nawengqondo athatha ngaphezu komzwelo omsulwa.

I-Pandora kanye nenani lesintu

Ukuphindisela kukaZeus akuzange kume ekujeziseni i-Titan: ukulinganisa inzuzo yomlilo, wayala u-Hephaestus ukuba abumbe owesifazane onobuhle obungenakuvinjelwa emanzini nasebumba. UPandora wazalwa, lowo onkulunkulu bamthela ngezipho, ngokusho kwe inganekwane kaPrometheus noPandoraFuthi uHermes wamyisa ku-Epimetheus, umfowabo kaPrometheus. Naphezu kwesixwayiso sokungamukeli izipho ezivela kuZeusU-Epimetheus wavuma futhi wathatha uPandora njengomkakhe.

UPandora wayephathiswe imbiza (hhayi ibhokisi, njengoba kwamiswa isiko lakamuva) okwathi lapho ivulwa, yethula phezu kwesintu zonke izinhlobo zobubi: izifo, ubunzima, nosizi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, isintu kwadingeka sithwale le mithwalo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, siphile nowesifazane, lowo umlando wasendulo omchazayo, ngokuchema kwawo okungenakuphikwa, njengomuntu uzophila ngezindleko zomyeni wakheKuyinqubekelaphambili edabukisayo: umlilo uthuthukisa impilo, kodwa ubukhona buba nzima ngendlela engenakulungiseka.

Isijeziso eCaucasus kanye nenkululeko

Ngemva kokushaya abantu, uZeus walandela u-Prometheus. UHephaestus wambopha ngamaketanga eNtabeni iCaucasus ngosizo lukaBia noKratos, amandla enziwe samuntu obudlova namandla. Ukhozi—oluchazwa kwezinye izindaba njengenzalo kaTyphon no-Echidna—lwalufika nsuku zonke luzoshwabadela isibindi salo; ebusuku, njengoba wayengafi, isitho sakhula, futhi ukuhlushwa kwaqala kabusha ekuseni. Akukho obekungaba okucace kakhulu ekuvezeni ukusola okungapheli. Ubuhlungu bansuku zonke, ukuphumula ebusuku, nokubuyela esimweni sokuqala.

Inganekwane yengeza iqhawe ku-equation: UHeracles, esendleleni eya eNsimini yamaHesperides, wadlula endaweni yokuhlushwa futhi wanquma ukungenelela. Ngomcibisholo, wehlisa ukhozi futhi wagqabula amaketanga, wakhulula i-titan. Kunokuba amjezise ngalokhu “kuxolelwa,” uZeus wakuvumela ngoba lokhu kwaba nesandla ekuthuthukiseni udumo lwendodana yakhe. Ngale ndlela, Umbulali wenyoni waba umkhululi wenhlansi yomuntu.

Ezinye izinguqulo zinikeza umphumela ohlukile. I-Fates yayiprofethe ukuthi indodana yomyeni kaThetis izoduma kakhulu kunoyise. U-Prometheus, owayazi lesi siprofetho, watshela uZeus. Ukuze agweme isiphetho sikaCronus no-Uranus, uZeus wenqaba ukumshada futhi, ngokubonga, wasithambisa isijeziso. Njengesikhumbuzo sobugqila bakhe, u-Prometheus wayegqoka indandatho eyayinetshe elihlangene nensimbi, futhi abanye banezela ukuthi wayegqoka umqhele njengophawu lokunqoba ngaphandle kwesijeziso esiphelele. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ngokwesiko, amadoda ayefaka izindandatho nemiqhele emikhosini, futhi aqala ukunikela ngesibindi sezilwane ema-altare, okungokomfanekiso esikhundleni salelo I-Prometheus ngokusebenzisa izibilini zomhlatshelo.

Azikho ukuntula ezinye izinguqulo: ezinye zithi ukuhlushwa kubangelwa uthando olunqatshelwe u-Athena; abanye balandisa ukuthi uZeus wathumela u-Eurymedon eTartarus ukuze adelele uHera futhi wabophela u-Prometheus eCaucasus ngaphansi kwezaba lomlilo. Futhi imininingwane ebalulekile yamasiko: kumaGreki asendulo, isibindi sasiyisizinda semizwelo nezinkanuko, ngakho-ke Ukuhlasela kokhozi kufanekisela isijeziso semizwa ejulile..

U-Prometheus, umdali kanye nenkosi yabantu

Ngale komlilo, okunye ukulandisa kuthi u-Prometheus wadala isintu emhlabeni nasemanzini, kungaba ekuqaleni kwesintu noma ngemva kukazamcolo kaDeucalion. Ezinguqulweni eziningana, uZeus wenza umsebenzi we-Prometheus no-Athena ngokwenza abantu ngobumba kanye nemimoya ephefumula ukuphila kubo. Umqondo wokubumba i-Titan ubumba lwesintu uqinisa indima yakhe njenge umqambi nomfundisi.

Engxoxweni ethi Protagoras, kuyalandwa ukuthi onkulunkulu babuye badala izilwane nokuthi u-Epimetheus no-Prometheus banikezwe umsebenzi wokusabalalisa izimfanelo zabo. Owangaphambili, ongamawala, wasebenzisa yonke imithombo yakhe enikeza izilo izinzipho, amazinyo, nokuzivikela; lapho kukhulunywa ngesintu, akukho okwasala. Ukuze anxephezele, u-Prometheus wabanika umlilo kanye nobuciko bempucuko, ngaleyo ndlela enikeza uhlobo lwabantu isici saso esichazayo: ubuchwepheshe, amasiko nokufunda.

Kukhona ngisho ne-anecdote ye-satirical eshiwo ngu-Phaedrus ku-Aesop: U-Prometheus, ngemva kokuphuza kakhulu no-Dionysus, okuthiwa wabeka izitho zangasese emizimbeni ethile, ngaleyo ndlela ephakamisa-ngethoni ye-etiological ne-caricatured-umsuka wokuhlukahluka okuthile kocansi. Kuwukucwayiza kwemibhalo okuveza ukuthi inganekwane nayo yasebenza kanjani ukuchaza izici zesimo somuntu ngamahlaya.

Umndeni, abashadile kanye nezingane

Inethiwekhi yomndeni ka-Prometheus iyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphandle kwezinganekwane zasendulo, u-Asope, uClymene, noThemis kukhulunywa ngabo njengomngane ka-Iapetus—ngakho-ke nomama ka-Titan. Ngokuqondene nabalingani bakaPrometheus, amagama ajikelezayo yi-Asia, Axiothea, Celaeno, Clymene, Hesione, Pandora, Pyrrha, nePronea; abanye ababhali bathi wayenamakhosikazi amaningana. Okuwukuphela kwesiqiniseko igama lendodana yakhe edume kakhulu: DeucalionOwasinda kuzamcolo. U-Lycus noChimera/Cymareus nabo bayacashunwa, ngokuhlukahluka futhi akukho okuncane kokudideka, njengamadodana noCelaeno; UHellen—igama eliqanjwe ngabakwaHellenes—noPyrrha; ngisho namadodakazi anjengoPyrrha, Aidos (Isizotha), Thebe, Protogenia noma Isis (Io) kuma-akhawunti akamuva.

Ngokuhlangene, inzalo ka-Prometheus ibizwa ngokuthi abakhwenyana. Umndeni unweba futhi uhlangane nemigqa eyisisekelo yezinganekwane zamaGreki, ugcizelela umqondo wokuthi ngemuva komlilo kukhona isihlahla somndeni eside lokho kuhlangana namakhosi, amaqhawe, nabasunguli.

Izixhumanisi, ukufana kanye nehlelo

Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amasiko kwakungekude ukufika. Ezinganekwaneni, u-Prometheus uye waxhunyaniswa noLoki, isibalo samaNorse esibuye sihlotshaniswe nomlilo, omkhulu kunonkulunkulu, oboshwe futhi ojeziswa ngezindlela ezifanayo. Izifaniso zigcizelela ukuthi kanjani ama-archetypes athile esijeziso somoni Bavela emasikweni akude.

E-Athene, kwakune-altare elalinikezelwe ku-Prometheus e-Academy ka-Plato, lapho kwaqala khona umjaho wethoshi wokumhlonipha. Umnqobi nguye owafika ilangabi lisavutha, i-echo yesiko lenganekwane ehlobanisa u-Prometheus nokudluliswa komlilo okuhlelekile, manje oguqulwe waba ... uphawu lwekhono lomphakathi kanye nenkumbulo.

Imithombo nezifundo zasendulo

Umjikelezo we-Promethean ugcinwe kunethiwekhi eminyene yemibhalo. Phakathi kwezibalulekile kukhona iTheogony kaHesiod (enesiqephu sezingane zika-Iapetus noClymene), iBibliotheca (Apollodorus) enesiqephu II, 5, 11 mayelana nenkululeko kaHeracles, kanye nenkulumo ka-Ovid kuMetamorphoses I, 76-88. Kulokhu kwenezelwa Izinganekwane zikaHyginus (54, 142, kanye no-144), uLucian waseSamosata e-Prometheus, u-Aeschylus yena no-Prometheus Bound, kanye nezinganekwane ezimbalwa zika-Aesop (124, 210, kanye no-322). Izinsiza zesimanje ezifana ne-Greek Mythology Link, i-Theoi Project, kanye ne-Perseus Project zihlanganisa ndawonye imibhalo, izithombe, namazwana; izifundo ezifana nalezi UCarlos Garcia Gual Futhi inhlanganisela efana ne-Bulfinch's Mythology yandisa le ndaba. I-iconography ingalandelelwa e-Warburg Institute kanye nezinqolobane ezivulekile. Amanye amawebhusayithi axhumanise nezinto zokufundisa ngefomethi ye-PDF futhi, vele, abonisa izaziso ezijwayelekile zamakhukhi esizibona cishe kuwo wonke amawebhusayithi namuhla.

Ngale kwezincazelo ezithile, zonke izinguqulo zihlangana embonweni oyinhloko: umlilo (kanye nawo, ubuchwepheshe nolimi) uyinkathi yokukhula emlandweni wesintu. I-exegesis yesimanje ithatha le mithombo ehlukahlukene-isiGreki nesiLatini, imibhalo nefilosofi-ukuveza u-Prometheus owathi, ngobuqili nokujezisa, Ikhuluma ngesiphetho samasiko ezinhlobo zethu.

Ukufundwa kwezinganekwane kanye nomthelela wayo kwezobuciko

Inganekwane ihunyushwa ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko: njengomuntu onomusa futhi ophucuzekile owenza inqubekelaphambili futhi osondeza isintu eduze nowaphezulu; njenge-archetype yothando yomhlubuki oweqa imingcele (titanism); futhi njengomuntu odangele oxwayisa ngezindleko zolwazi, isayensi, nobuchwepheshe, nazo ezibangela ukulahlekelwa nezinhlekelele. Akumangalisi ukuthi, ngokwalo mbono, iye yakhuthaza ababhali bemidlalo, izimbongi, abadwebi, nabaculi kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela enhlekeleleni yase-Attic kuya kumabhayisikobho anamuhla. Uhlu lude—futhi lubalulekile: U-Prometheus ube yisingathekiso sesibindi somuntu.

• I-Prometheus Bound, eshiwo ngu-Aeschylus
• The Statue of Prometheus, idrama kaCalderón de la Barca
• Frankenstein noma i-Modern Prometheus, kaMary Shelley
• U-Prometheus Uletha Umlilo Ebantwini, nguHeinrich Friedrich Füger
• Prometheus, nguJosé de Ribera
• I-Prometheus, ngu-Dirck van Baburen
• Prometheus, edala umuntu futhi emfaka ukuphila okuvela emlilweni wezulu, nguHendrick Goltzius
• I-Prometheus Bound, nguPeter Paul Rubens
• I-Prometheus, i-mural ka-José Clemente Orozco (1930)
• I-Prometheus, i-mural ka-Rufino Tamayo (1957), u-José M. Lázaro General Library (UPR)
• U-Prometheus uletha umlilo emadodeni, umdwebo osesithombeni nguRufino Tamayo (1958), Unesco Paris
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo ka-Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• Prometheus, inkondlo ka-Lord Byron
• I-Prometheus Unbound, umdlalo kaPercy Bysshe Shelley (1819)
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo kaThomas Kibble Hervey (1832)
• U-Prometheus XX no-Prometheus XX kanye no-Prometheus Freed, amaqoqo ezinkondlo ka-José Luis Gallego
• I-Prometheus: Inkondlo Yomlilo, inkondlo ye-orchestra ka-Aleksandr Skriabin (1910)
• I-Prometheus, i-opera ka-Carl Orff (1968)
• Prometheus, osesithombeni e-Autonomous University of Sinaloa
• Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus, op. 43 nguLudwig van Beethoven
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo ye-symphonic No. 5 ka-Franz Liszt
• U-Prometheus (Прометей), ifilimu emfishane eyenziwe opopayi (1974) ka-Soyuzmultfilm
• Isithombe sika-Prometheus, sika-Rodrigo Arenas Betancur (Pereira, Colombia)
• I-Prometeo, i-Tragedia dell'ascolto kaLuigi Nono (1992)
• Ulaka Lwezulu, Ingoma Yezwe Elingcwele
• Prometheus, ingoma ka-Extremoduro (Ukhozi)
• Isifanekiso segolide sika-Prometheus e-Rockefeller Center, esinamavesi ka-Aeschylus
• I-Prometheus Rising, ibhendi ye-Power Metal evela e-Chile
• Of Prometheus and the Crucifix, ingoma ka-Trivium
• U-Prometheus, u-Symphonia Ignis Divinus, i-albhamu/ingoma evela ku-Luca Turilli's Rhapsody
• Prometheus, ingoma ye-Septic Flesh
• I-Prometheus, ifilimu ka-Ridley Scott
• U-Prometheus, umlingisi ochungechungeni lwe-Arrow (Isizini 5)
• I-Fanfare of the Goat, ka-Patricio Rey kanye ne-Redonditos de Ricota yakhe
• I-Prometheus Award, evela ku-Libertarian Futurist Society
• I-Prometheus, ingoma ka-Ciro no-Los Persas
• Prometheus, by Ramón Pérez de Ayala
• U-Prometheus Victorious, nguJosé Vasconcelos (Mexico, 1916)
• I-Prometheus, umbukiso we-flamenco ka-Antonio Canales (Mérida Festival, 2000)
• U-Prometheus no-Bob, ama-miniseries agqwayizayo ku-KaBlam! (Nickelodeon, 1996)

Izihloko ezihlobene nokuxhumana

• I-Itax noma i-Itas, isithunywa se-Titans ku-Titanomachy (okungenzeka ikhonjwe no-Prometheus)
• I-Deucalion ne-Pyrrha
• Phoroneus, umdali wamadoda ngokusho kwenganekwane ye-Argive
• Imvelaphi yomuntu
• UMatariswan, unkulunkulu wamaVedic ofana nendima ka-Prometheus
• I-Prometheus Bound, inhlekelele ka-Aeschylus
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo ye-symphonic ka-Liszt
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo ye-symphonic kaScriabin
• Inganekwane kaSisyphus, ka-Albert Camus

Kuzo zonke lezi ziqephu—kusukela ekukhohlisweni komhlatshelo kuze kufike emfuleni ovuthayo; kusukela ePandora kuya emaketangeni aseCaucasus; ukusuka ekukhululweni nguHeracles kuya ekufundweni kwefilosofi yesimanje-umuzwa owodwa uyazwakala: inqubekelaphambili izalwa kusuka embonweni wokudala wokungalaleli, futhi iletha nezingozi okufanele zilawuleke. Kungakho u-Prometheus ephila: ngoba emlilweni wakhe sibona amandla ethu okwakha umhlaba, nesibindi sakhe esivinjezelwe, isikhumbuzo sokuthi yonke inqubekelaphambili idinga umthwalo wemfanelo.