Indaba kaPrometheus nomlilo: inganekwane, okuhlukile, iPandora nesijeziso saphakade

Ikhaya » Isiko » Indaba kaPrometheus nomlilo: inganekwane, izinhlobo, iPandora kanye nesijeziso saphakade

Phakathi kwezindaba ezinamandla kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki kukhona enye, njengenhlansi, eyakhanyisa unomphela uhambo lwabantu: ekaPrometheus. Lo Titan, owaziwa ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe nokubheka abantu ngozwela, wanquma ukubanika lokho onkulunkulu ababekugcine njengelungelo: umlilo. Ngenxa yalesi senzo, isintu sasingasabandi, sasingakwazi ukupheka, ukuzivikela, nokudala amathuluzi nemisebenzi yezandla. Kwakungeyona imininingwane emincane: ngalesi sipho, isintu sashintsha sisuka ebumnyameni saya emasikweni.

Nokho, intengo yayinkulu kakhulu. UZeus, umqaphi womyalo waphezulu, wachaza lesi senzo njengesenzo esingenakuthethelelwa futhi wajezisa uPrometheus ngokuhlushwa okungaphezu kokuqonda komuntu. Usuku ngalunye ukhozi lwaludla isibindi salo, esasivuka ebusuku ukuze siqale kabusha umjikelezo ekuseni. Lesi sithombe, nakuba sicacile, sihunyushwe njengenganekwane yokuvukela , intuthuko, ukuhlakanipha, kanye nemingcele : isibindi esiqhuba indalo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, isixwayiso salokho okwenzekayo lapho onkulunkulu bedelelwa.

Wayengubani u-Prometheus futhi uvelaphi?

Isiko elisakazeke kakhulu limenza indodana kaTitan Iapetus kanye no-Oceanid, obizwa ngokuthi uClymene noma i-Asia; ezinye izinguqulo zilandelela uhlu lwakhe emuva ku -Uranus noClymene , kanti u-Aeschylus, enhlekeleleni yakhe edumile, usikisela ukuthi unina kwakunguThemis noma ngisho noGaia, amethula cishe njengomuntu oyedwa. Abafowabo nodadewabo abakhulunywa kakhulu ngu-Atlas, u-Epimetheus, noMenoetius, okumbeka ohlwini lozalo olubaluleke kakhulu lweTitan ethempelini lamaGreki.

Kunezindaba ezincane ezihlaba umxhwele njengoba ziphikisana: enye ilandisa ukuthi isiqhwaga u-Eurymedon sadlwengula uHera esemncane, sazala uPrometheus futhi savusa ulaka lukaZeus, owayezothola izaba ezifanele zokujeziswa ekwebiweni komlilo. Enye inezela ngokuthi intukuthelo yaphezulu yafihla umona ngothando oluvinjelwe : uPrometheus wayezothandana no-Athena ngasese, ngaleyo ndlela ephula imithetho emisiwe.

Ukukhohlisa komhlatshelo eMecone (kamuva eSicyon)

Ngaphambi kokwebiwa okudumile, uPrometheus wenza umsebenzi wobuciko eMecone, idolobha elaziwa kamuva ngokuthi iSicyon. Walungisa umhlatshelo wenkabi enkulu wayihlukanisa yaba izingxenye ezimbili ezikhohlisayo: ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhumba, inyama, nezibilini, ezifihliwe ngaphakathi esiswini; ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathambo ambozwe ungqimba lwamafutha akhangayo. UZeus wakhetha ingxenye ekhazimulayo futhi wembulwa: wayekhohlisiwe ukuba adle amathambo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, emikhosini, amadoda ayeshisa amathambo konkulunkulu futhi agcine inyama ukuze idliwe yiwo.

Lesi sigameko sibonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhosi phakathi kwabantu nonkulunkulu, futhi siveza uPrometheus njengosomaqhinga obuhlakani bakhe obuchaza kabusha amasiko nezilinganiso. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngalolo suku kuqhubeke, uZeus akazange akhohlwe ukuhlambalaza futhi waqala ukuqapha i-titan eduze, ezimisele ukuvimbela ezinye izinselele.

Ukwebiwa komlilo: izinguqulo, amathuluzi kanye nencazelo

UZeus, ethukuthele ngenxa yokukhohliswa komhlatshelo, wahoxisa ukufinyelela kwabantu emlilweni owawuphuma ezihlahleni zomlotha. UPrometheus, engaphazanyiswa, wakhuphukela e-Olympus wathola inhlansi, ayifihla ngaphakathi kwesiqu se-fennel esingenalutho (igatsha elivutha kancane elivikela inhlansi). Ngaleli hlaka elifihliwe, wehla ukuze alinike abantu futhi wabafundisa ukuthi balisebenzise kanjani: ukushisa amakhaya abo, ukupheka, ukukhanyisa ubusuku, nokwenza amathuluzi . Inhlansi yavutha, ngokoqobo, intuthuko yokuphila okuphucuzekile.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene eziphelelisa isithombe: abanye bathi, ngaphezu komlilo, uPrometheus wathatha amakhono athile obuchwepheshe nolwazi kuHephaestus no-Athena okwenza ukuphila kwabantu kwaba lula; abanye bathi wakhanyisa isibani sakhe enqoleni kaHelios, ilanga ngokwalo. UDiodorus unikeza incazelo enengqondo: empeleni, uPrometheus wayezothola izindlela namathuluzi okwenza umlilo ; kanti uJohn Malalas umnikeza ukusungulwa "kwefilosofi yohlelo lolimi" okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukurekhoda nokuqonda okwedlule. Kunoma ikuphi, isenzo sifana: isintu sizihlomisa ngamathuluzi aphathekayo nawobuhlakani asikhipha emvelweni omsulwa.

I-Pandora kanye nenani lesintu

Ukuziphindiselela kukaZeus akuzange kume ekujeziseni iTitan: ukuze alinganisele izinzuzo zomlilo, wayala uHephaestus ukuba abumbe owesifazane onobuhle obungenakuphikiswa ngamanzi nobumba. UPandora wazalwa, futhi onkulunkulu bamthululela izipho, ngokusho kwenganekwane kaPrometheus noPandora . UHermes wabe esemholela ku-Epimetheus, umfowabo kaPrometheus. Naphezu kwesixwayiso sokungazamukeli izipho ezivela kuZeus , u-Epimetheus wavuma futhi wathatha uPandora njengomkakhe.

UPandora waphathiswa imbiza (hhayi ibhokisi, njengoba kwasungulwa isiko kamuva) okwathi lapho ivulwa, yathululela phezu kwesintu zonke izinhlobo zobubi: izifo, ubunzima, kanye nolaka. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, isintu kwadingeka sithwale le mithwalo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, siphile nabesifazane, abachazwa yindaba yakudala, ngobandlululo lwayo olungenakuphikwa, njengomuntu ozophila ngezindleko zomyeni wakhe . Kuyisici esibuhlungu ukuthuthuka: umlilo uthuthukisa impilo, kodwa ukuphila kuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Isijeziso eCaucasus kanye nenkululeko

Ngemva kokubulala isintu, uZeus walandela uPrometheus. UHephaestus wambopha ngezintambo eNtabeni iCaucasus ngosizo lukaBia noKratos, amandla afanekiselwa ubudlova namandla. Ukhozi—oluchazwa kwezinye izindaba njengenzalo kaTyphon no-Echidna—lwaluza nsuku zonke ukuzodla isibindi sakhe; ebusuku, njengoba ayengafi, isitho savuselelwa, futhi ukuhlushwa kwaqala kabusha ekuseni. Akukho okungaba sobala kangaka ekuvezeni isiqalekiso esingapheli: ubuhlungu bansuku zonke, ukuphumula ebusuku, futhi umjikelezo uqala futhi.

Inganekwane inezela iqhawe kulesi sibalo: UHeracles, endleleni eya eNsimini yamaHesperides, wadlula endaweni lapho kwakuhlushwa khona wanquma ukungenelela. Ngomcibisholo, wehlisa ukhozi waphula izintambo, wakhulula i-titan. Esikhundleni sokumjezisa ngalokhu "kuxolelwa," uZeus wakuvumela ngoba lesi senzo saba negalelo ekwandiseni udumo lwendodana yakhe. Ngale ndlela, umbulali wenyoni waba umkhululi wenhlansi yomuntu.

Ezinye izinguqulo zinikeza umphumela ohlukile. Ama-Fates ayeprofethe ukuthi indodana yomyeni kaThetis yayizoduma kakhulu kunoyise. UPrometheus, owayesazi ngalesi siprofetho, watshela uZeus. Ukuze agweme isiphetho esahlupha uCronus no-Uranus, uZeus wagwema ukumshada futhi, ngokubonga, wanciphisa isijeziso. Njengesikhumbuzo sokuboshwa kwakhe, uPrometheus wayegqoka indandatho ehlanganisa itshe nensimbi, kanti abanye banezela ukuthi wayegqoka umqhele njengophawu lokunqoba ngaphandle kwesijeziso esiphelele. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ngokwesiko, amadoda ayegqoka izindandatho nemiqhele emikhosini, futhi aqala ukunikela ngesibindi sezilwane ema-altare, ngokomfanekiso esikhundleni sikaPrometheus ngezibilini zomhlatshelo.

Kunezinye izinguqulo: abanye bathi ukuhlushwa kubangelwa uthando oluvinjelwe u-Athena; abanye balandisa ukuthi uZeus wathumela u-Eurymedon eTartarus ukuze ahlambalaze uHera futhi wabopha uPrometheus eCaucasus ngesizathu somlilo. Futhi imininingwane ebalulekile yamasiko: kumaGreki asendulo, isibindi sasiyindawo yemizwa nezinkanuko, ngakho ukuhlasela kokhozi kufanekisela isijeziso sezifiso ezijulile.

U-Prometheus, umdali kanye nenkosi yabantu

Ngaphandle komlilo, ezinye izindaba zithi uPrometheus nguye kanye owadalwa isintu ngomhlaba namanzi, kungaba ekuqaleni kwesintu noma ngemva kukazamcolo kaDeucalion. Ezinguqulweni eziningana, uZeus unikeza uPrometheus no-Athena umsebenzi wokwenza abantu ngobumba nomoya ngokuphefumulela ukuphila kubo. Umqondo we-titan ebumba ubumba lwesintu uqinisa indima yakhe njengomdali nomfundisi.

Engxoxweni kaProtagoras, kulandiswa ukuthi onkulunkulu nabo badala izilwane nokuthi u-Epimetheus noPrometheus babenomsebenzi wokusabalalisa izimfanelo zabo. Lo wokuqala, owayenamawala, wasebenzisa yonke imithombo yakhe wanikeza izilwane izinzipho, amazinyo, kanye nokuzivikela; uma kukhulunywa ngesintu, akukho lutho olwasala. Ukuze abuyisele, uPrometheus wabanika umlilo kanye nobuciko bokuthuthukisa intuthuko, ngaleyo ndlela enikeza uhlobo lwabantu isici salo esichazayo: ubuchwepheshe, isiko, nokufunda.

Kukhona ngisho nendaba ehlekisayo ehlotshaniswa no-Phaedrus no-Aesop: U-Prometheus, ngemva kokuphuza kakhulu noDionysus, kuthiwa wabeka izitho zangasese emizimbeni ethile, ngaleyo ndlela ephakamisa—ngezwi eliyimbangela yesifo kanye nelinobuthi—umsuka wezinhlobo ezithile zobulili. Kuyi-winkle yokubhala eveza indlela inganekwane ephinde yasebenza ngayo ekuchazeni ngokuhlekisa izici zesimo somuntu.

Umndeni, abashadile kanye nezingane

Inethiwekhi yomndeni kaPrometheus iyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphandle kwezinganekwane zakudala, u-Asope, uClymene, noThemis bakhulunywa njengabangane baka-Iapetus—ngakho-ke unina kaTitan. Ngokuphathelene nabafazi bakaPrometheus, amagama asakazeka yi-Asia, u-Axiothea, uCelaeno, uClymene, uHesione, uPandora, uPyrrha, noPronea; abanye ababhali bathi wayenabafazi abaningana. Okuwukuphela kwesiqinisekiso yigama lendodana yakhe edumile: uDeucalion , owasinda kuzamcolo. ULycus noChimera/Cymareus nabo bayacashunwa, ngokuhlukahluka nokudideka okukhulu, njengamadodana noCelaeno; uHellen—igama lamaHellene—noPyrrha; ngisho namadodakazi anjengoPyrrha, u-Aidos (Modesty), uThebe, uProtogenia, no-Isis (Io) ekulandiseni kwakamuva.

Ngokubambisana, inzalo kaPrometheus ibizwa ngokuthi ama-Bridesmaids. Umndeni uyanda futhi uhlangana nezizukulwane ezibalulekile zenganekwane yamaGreki, okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi ngemuva komlilo kukhona umuthi womndeni ohlanganisa amakhosi, amaqhawe kanye nabasunguli.

Izixhumanisi, ukufana kanye nehlelo

Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amasiko akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside. Ezinganekwaneni, uPrometheus uhlotshaniswa noLoki, umuntu waseNorse ohlotshaniswa nomlilo, oyisiqhwaga kakhulu kunonkulunkulu, oboshwe ngamaketanga futhi ojeziswa ngezindlela ezifanayo. Lezi zifaniso ziqokomisa indlela izinhlobo ezithile zesijeziso somuntu owenze iphutha ezivela ngayo emasikweni akude.

E-Athene, kwakukhona i-altare elalinikezelwe kuPrometheus ePlato's Academy, lapho kwaqala khona umjaho wezibani wokumhlonipha. Owinile kwaba yilowo owafika nelangabi lisavutha, okuyi-record of the truth ehlanganisa uPrometheus nokudluliselwa komlilo okuhlelekile, manje okuguqulwe kwaba uphawu lokuncintisana komphakathi kanye nokukhumbula.

Imithombo nezifundo zasendulo

Umjikelezo wePromethean ugcinwe kunethiwekhi eningi yemibhalo. Phakathi kwemibhalo eyisisekelo kakhulu kukhona iTheogony kaHesiod (enesiqephu sabantwana baka-Iapetus noClymene), iBibliotheca ka-Apollodorus enendima II, 5, 11 ngokukhululwa kukaHeracles, kanye nokubhekisela kuka-Ovid kuMetamorphoses I, 76–88. Lokhu kuhambisana nezinganekwane zikaHyginus (54, 142, no-144), uLucian wePrometheus kaSamosata, uPrometheus Bound ka-Aeschylus, kanye nezinganekwane eziningana zika-Aesop (124, 210, no-322). Izinsiza zanamuhla ezifana neGreek Mythology Link, iTheoi Project, kanye nePerseus Project zihlanganisa imibhalo, izithombe, kanye namazwana; izifundo ezifana nekaCarlos García Gual kanye nokuhlanganiswa okufana neBulfinch's Mythology kwenze indaba yathandwa kakhulu. I-iconography ingalandelelwa iye eWarburg Institute kanye nezindawo zokugcina ezivulekile. Amanye amakhasi ahlolwe axhumanisa nezinto zokufundisa ngefomethi ye-PDF futhi, vele, afaka izaziso zamakhukhi ezivamile esizibona cishe kuwo wonke amawebhusayithi namuhla.

Ngale kokuchazwa okuqondile kwenguqulo ngayinye, konke kuhlangana ngomqondo oyinhloko: umlilo (kanye nawo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nolimi) umzuzu obalulekile emlandweni wesintu. Incazelo yanamuhla isebenzisa le mithombo ehlukahlukene—isiGreki nesiLatini, eyokubhala neyefilosofi—ukuveza uPrometheus, ngobuqili nesijeziso, okhuluma nesiphetho samasiko sezinhlobo zethu.

Ukufundwa kwezinganekwane kanye nomthelela wayo kwezobuciko

Inganekwane ihunyushwa ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko: njengomuntu onomusa nophucuzekile ovumela intuthuko futhi asondeze isintu eduze kobuNkulunkulu; njengomuntu onothando wesihlubuki ophula imingcele (i-titanism); kanye nomuntu odabukile oxwayisa ngezindleko zolwazi, isayensi, kanye nobuchwepheshe, okuyizinto ezibangela ukulahlekelwa nezinhlekelele. Akumangalisi ukuthi, kusukela kulo mbono, iphefumulele ababhali bemidlalo, izimbongi, abadwebi, kanye nabaculi kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela enhlekeleleni yase-Attic kuya kuma-cinema anamuhla. Uhlu lude—futhi lubalulekile: U-Prometheus ube yisingathekiso sokuzigqaja kwabantu.

• I-Prometheus Bound, eshiwo ngu-Aeschylus
• The Statue of Prometheus, idrama kaCalderón de la Barca
• Frankenstein noma i-Modern Prometheus, kaMary Shelley
• U-Prometheus Uletha Umlilo Ebantwini, nguHeinrich Friedrich Füger
• Prometheus, nguJosé de Ribera
• I-Prometheus, ngu-Dirck van Baburen
• Prometheus, edala umuntu futhi emfaka ukuphila okuvela emlilweni wezulu, nguHendrick Goltzius
• I-Prometheus Bound, nguPeter Paul Rubens
• I-Prometheus, i-mural ka-José Clemente Orozco (1930)
• I-Prometheus, i-mural ka-Rufino Tamayo (1957), u-José M. Lázaro General Library (UPR)
• U-Prometheus uletha umlilo emadodeni, umdwebo osesithombeni nguRufino Tamayo (1958), Unesco Paris
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo ka-Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• Prometheus, inkondlo ka-Lord Byron
• I-Prometheus Unbound, umdlalo kaPercy Bysshe Shelley (1819)
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo kaThomas Kibble Hervey (1832)
• U-Prometheus XX no-Prometheus XX kanye no-Prometheus Freed, amaqoqo ezinkondlo ka-José Luis Gallego
• I-Prometheus: Inkondlo Yomlilo, inkondlo ye-orchestra ka-Aleksandr Skriabin (1910)
• I-Prometheus, i-opera ka-Carl Orff (1968)
• Prometheus, osesithombeni e-Autonomous University of Sinaloa
• Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus, op. 43 nguLudwig van Beethoven
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo ye-symphonic No. 5 ka-Franz Liszt
• U-Prometheus (Прометей), ifilimu emfishane eyenziwe opopayi (1974) ka-Soyuzmultfilm
• Isithombe sika-Prometheus, sika-Rodrigo Arenas Betancur (Pereira, Colombia)
• I-Prometeo, i-Tragedia dell'ascolto kaLuigi Nono (1992)
• Ulaka Lwezulu, Ingoma Yezwe Elingcwele
• Prometheus, ingoma ka-Extremoduro (Ukhozi)
• Isifanekiso segolide sika-Prometheus e-Rockefeller Center, esinamavesi ka-Aeschylus
• I-Prometheus Rising, ibhendi ye-Power Metal evela e-Chile
• Of Prometheus and the Crucifix, ingoma ka-Trivium
• U-Prometheus, u-Symphonia Ignis Divinus, i-albhamu/ingoma evela ku-Luca Turilli's Rhapsody
• Prometheus, ingoma ye-Septic Flesh
• I-Prometheus, ifilimu ka-Ridley Scott
• U-Prometheus, umlingisi ochungechungeni lwe-Arrow (Isizini 5)
• I-Fanfare of the Goat, ka-Patricio Rey kanye ne-Redonditos de Ricota yakhe
• I-Prometheus Award, evela ku-Libertarian Futurist Society
• I-Prometheus, ingoma ka-Ciro no-Los Persas
• Prometheus, by Ramón Pérez de Ayala
• U-Prometheus Victorious, nguJosé Vasconcelos (Mexico, 1916)
• I-Prometheus, umbukiso we-flamenco ka-Antonio Canales (Mérida Festival, 2000)
• U-Prometheus no-Bob, ama-miniseries agqwayizayo ku-KaBlam! (Nickelodeon, 1996)

Izihloko ezihlobene nokuxhumana

• I-Itax noma i-Itas, isithunywa se-Titans ku-Titanomachy (okungenzeka ikhonjwe no-Prometheus)
• I-Deucalion ne-Pyrrha
• Phoroneus, umdali wamadoda ngokusho kwenganekwane ye-Argive
• Imvelaphi yomuntu
• UMatariswan, unkulunkulu wamaVedic ofana nendima ka-Prometheus
• I-Prometheus Bound, inhlekelele ka-Aeschylus
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo ye-symphonic ka-Liszt
• I-Prometheus, inkondlo ye-symphonic kaScriabin
• Inganekwane kaSisyphus, ka-Albert Camus

Kuyo yonke le micimbi—kusukela ekukhohlisweni komhlatshelo kuya ku-fennel evuthayo; kusukela ePandora kuya emaketangeni aseCaucasus; kusukela ekukhululweni nguHeracles kuya ekufundweni kwefilosofi yesimanje—kuzwakala umuzwa owodwa: intuthuko izalwa yisifiso sokudala sokungalaleli, futhi iletha nezingozi okumele zilawulwe. Yingakho uPrometheus ephila: ngoba emlilweni wakhe sibona ikhono lethu lokwakha imihlaba, futhi esibindini sakhe esivinjezelwe, isikhumbuzo sokuthi yonke intuthuko idinga umthwalo wemfanelo.