Indawo yaseGibhithe lapho abakhi babehlala khona: iDeir el-Medina, i-Amarna kanye neDolobha Elilahlekile Lemibhoshongo.

Inicio » Cultura » Indawo yaseGibhithe lapho abakhi babehlala khona: iDeir el-Medina, i-Amarna kanye neDolobha Elilahlekile Lemibhoshongo.

Phakathi kwezihlabathi zasogwadule lwaseGibhithe kukhona iminonjana eyingqayizivele yalabo abenza ubukhulu bomhlaba bungenzeka: izingcweti, abadwebi bamatshe, abadwebi, nabaphathi abaqopha futhi bahlobisa amathuna nezikhumbuzo. Asikhulumi ngezinganekwane, kodwa ngemiphakathi yangempela efana neDeir el-Medina, idolobhana lase-Amarna, noma iDolobha Elilahlekile Lemibhoshongo yaseGiza, imivubukulo yayo isivumele ukuba sakhe kabusha izimpilo zabo zansuku zonke ngezinga elimangalisayo lemininingwane futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ngamagama, imisebenzi, izikhalo ngisho namahlaya abhalwe etsheni.

Ukuvakashela amathuna asebukhosini kuyahlaba umxhwele ngemibala yawo kanye nesithombe sesithonjana. Kodwa umbuzo omkhulu ovela kulobu buciko uwukuthi: ubani owadala futhi baphila kanjani? Impendulo isiholela emizaneni ehleliwe, eduze ne-necropolises, ehlelwe ngamaqembu kanye nesistimu yokuphatha eqinile. Babephethe amaholo ngendlela enomusa, amashifu, ukulova, ukuhlolwa, kanye nemibandela. Ngenxa yezinkulungwane zezindengezi (izingcezu ze-limestone noma zobumba ezisetshenziswa “njengephepha”) kanye nama-papyri, siyazi namuhla ukuthi Lezo zisebenzi zazingezona izigqila, kodwa zazingochwepheshe abafanelekayo., nomndeni, impahla, amalungelo kanye nezinkinga zabantu.

I-Deir el-Medina: Set Maat, Pa Demi, "Indawo Yeqiniso"

Itholakala osebeni olusentshonalanga yeThebes, eduze kakhulu neziGodi Zamakhosi namaQueens, iDeir el-Medina yayiyindawo eyingqayizivele eyaziwa ngamagama amaningana: I-Set Maat (“Indawo Yeqiniso”), i-Pa Demi (“Idolobhana”), kanye neDeir el-Medina yanamuhla (“Izindela Zedolobha”). Umsebenzi wayo wathatha cishe iminyaka engama-450, cishe phakathi kokubusa kukaThutmose I (uBukhosi be-18, cishe ngo-1530 BC) kanye noRamesses XI (Ubukhosi Bama-20, 1069 BC). Izakhamuzi zakhona zazimhlonipha kakhulu u-Amenhotep I, ephakamisa imvelaphi yangaphambili kancane ngaphansi kokusekelwa kwakhe, futhi indawo yayo “engaphakathi kwenyama” yasabela kokubili ekusondeleni kwayo emsebenzini nasekulawuleni uhwebo olubucayi noluyimfihlo. Kude nezinganekwane, Kwakungelona ijele futhi izingcweti azizange zenziwe umhlatshelo lapho ziqeda umsebenzi wazo.: zaziyigugu kakhulu ukuthi zingalahlekelwa.

Idolobhana lakhula laba cishe ngamamitha ayi-135 ubude namamitha angama-50 ububanzi, nomgwaqo ophakathi nendawo owuhlukanisa kabili futhi ophithizelayo, nezindawo zokuhlala ezinde ezicishe zibe ngamamitha-skwele angama-70. Kwakukhona isango elilodwa eligadiwe odongeni, nendawo yokuhlola enyakatho lapho kwakuhlelwe khona ukuphila komphakathi. "Umbhali Wethuna" wabhala ngokucophelela amashifu, izabelo, izinto zokwakha, ukuzalwa, ukufa, nezingxabano. Empeleni, konke okubalulekile kwabhalwa phansi, namuhla esinikeza isithombe somphakathi esingenakuqhathaniswa nasendulo.

Izisebenzi zahlelwa zaba amaqembu amabili (“okwesobunxele” kanye “nokwesokudla”), kunombhali oyedwa noma ababili abaphethe ezokugcinwa kwamabhuku ezimali kanye nemibhalo, kanye nezinduna ezimbili noma ezintathu njengabaholi bezisebenzi. Ngezansi kwabo kwakunezisebenzi ezikhethekile: abakhi bamatshe, abapulasi, abadwebi, abaqophi, nabadwebi. Ukuhweba kwakuvame ukuzuzwa njengefa, futhi kulula ukulandela "i-sagas" yomndeni ukuthi, isizukulwane ngesizukulwane, ibambe izikhundla ezibalulekile. Phakathi kwamalungelo abo: abathwali bamanzi abahlinzeka cishe amalitha ayi-100 amanzi ngosuku umndeni ngamunye, izimpahla ezivamile zezinhlanzi nemifino, isevisi yokuwasha, nokusekelwa kwasekhaya kwemisebenzi esindayo njengokugaya okusanhlamvu noma ubhiya wokwenza utshwala.

Impilo yomndeni ibishubile: kubhalwe phansi ukuthi izindlu zingahlalisa imindeni emikhulu kakhulu, ngisho nezingane ezifika kweziyi-15. Abesifazane babenakekela umkhaya, beluka, babhake izinkwa futhi benakekela izingane; futhi babenempahla futhi belawula ingxenye yesithathu yefa lomshado. Kuyamangaza kancane: Izingcweti zazikwazi ukuzakhela amathuna ku-necropolis esondelene, enezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu ezifana nezakwaSennedjem kanye nesikamakhi u-Kha nomkakhe uMerit.

Ukumbiwa nokutholwayo: ukusuka eSennedjem kuya ezindengezini zomgodi

“Ukutholwa kabusha” kwesimanje kweDeir el-Medina kwaqala ngekhulu le-19. Ngo-1866, ummeli waseSpain u-Eduard Toda, ethintana nesazi saseGibhithe u-Gaston Maspero, wathola imvume yokumba ithuna eliphelele: lelo likaSennedjem, induna. Lapho eyivula, wathola cishe ama-mummies angamashumi amabili kanye nemidwebo emisha kangangokuthi yayibonakala isanda kwakhiwa. Phakathi kwezigcawu kukhona u-Sennedjem nomkakhe bedlala i-senet noma besebenza ku-Fields of Iaru, bonke benobumnandi be-chromatic obumangalisayo. Izimpahla eziningi zamathuna zibukiswa namuhla eCairo. Lezi zinto ezitholwe ekuqaleni zazifanekisela okwakuseza: ingcebo yamadokhumentari eyingqayizivele ngempilo evamile.

Ekhulwini lama-20, umNtaliyane u-Ernesto Schiaparelli wathola ithuna lika-Kha and Merit (Imnyuziyamu YaseGibhithe, eTurin), futhi indoda yaseFrance uBernard Bruyère yaqondisa ukumba okuyisisekelo. Kanye ne Ithempeli likaHathorUBruyère wembula umthombo owawuhloselwe amanzi owagcina usuyindawo yokulahla udoti. Lapho, wakhipha izinkulungwane zezindengezi, kanye nama-papyrus akuleyo ndawo, okwakha amarekhodi aphelele kakhulu eGibhithe lansuku zonke. Ngenxa yomsebenzi we-Czech Jaroslav Černý, owanikela impilo yakhe ekufundeni lezi zinto, manje siyazi ukuthi izingcezu zamatshe zazisebenza njenge Okusalungiswa kwesigcawu, ubufakazi bezithombe, idayari, izincwadi, uhlu lwamathuluzi, imidlalo, imithandazo, izinkondlo, ama-invoyisi nezinkontileka ngisho nezikhalazo mayelana nezingxabano zomakhelwane.

Izindengezi kanye nama-papyri embula umphakathi ofunde kakhulu ngokwezindinganiso zesikhathi sawo. Kunezincwadi zamathenda ezivela kubafelokazi eziya kumakhosikazi abo asebashona, izinkondlo zothando, kanye nezincwadi zomthetho eziphathelene nokuphinga, ifa nokweba. Komunye umbhalo ocashunwe kaningi, umdwebi ukhononda kumphathi wakhe: uzizwa ephathwa njengomnyuzi; uma kunomsebenzi bazomqasha kodwa uma kukhona ubhiya ngeke. Lawa mazwi amancane, aqoshwe ngaphandle kokuzenzisa, anikeza ukuqonda okumangazayo mayelana nokushaya kwedolobhana: IGibhithe labantu abavamile liyazwakala.

Ubuciko bezisebenzi abuzange buphele ohlwini lwezincwadi eziqinile zamathuna asebukhosini. Imidwebo ehlekisayo enezilwane ze-anthropomorphic, abadansi abanqunu, nezigcawu ezihlekisayo zivela ostraca; futhi amathuna abo angasese ayebavumela ukuba babonise amasignesha nezithombe. Nakuba ulimi olungokomthetho lwezobuciko lwashintsha kancane, isandla sobuciko sezingcweti sibonakala sisuka kude. Nakulokhu, imibhalo kanye nokutholwe kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuyahambisana ukuze kubonakale ukuthi kungakanani Ubungcweti bobuchwepheshe buhlangene nokuzwela komuntu siqu.

Umsebenzi, amashejuli nezaba: "lenziwa kanjani" ithuna lasebukhosini

Izisebenzi kwadingeka ziphume kuleli dolobhana ngesango okuwukuphela kwalo elingena khona futhi zilibangise e-necropolis. Ukufika kwabo emgodini kwabhalwa nsuku zonke ngumbhali, futhi umsebenzi wahlelwa waba amashifu amabili amahora amane, nosuku lwamahora ayisishiyagalombili. Phakathi nezinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili ezilandelanayo zomsebenzi, babehlala ezindlini zamatshe eduze kwethuna; base bebuyela ekhaya izinsuku ezimbili. Kwezinye izikhathi, isonto lezinsuku eziyishumi elinosuku lokuphumula ezinsukwini ezimbili zokugcina libhalwe phansi, ukuze kwaba nokuhluka kwamakhalenda nezigqi ngokwenkathi. Ukukhanyisa ngaphakathi kwamathuna amnyama bhu kwatholakala ngezintambo zelineni ezisontekile ezazifakwe emafutheni noma kugrisi, zifakwe ezintanjeni ezinosawoti ukuze kuncishiswe intuthu.

Abaphathi babhala ngokuningiliziwe amathuluzi, izinto zokwakha, kanye nenqubekelaphambili. Baphinde babhala ukungabikho kanye nezimbangela zabo: "Uyagula," "Udadewabo uyopha," "egqumisa uyise”, “uphisa ubhiya”, “une-hangover” noma “usebenza kwenye indawo.” Ezinye izaba zazikhumbuleka, njengezengcweti u-Hechnekhu, owathi wayengakwazi ukuphumelela ngoba wayegqumisa unina. isikhathi nokuphathwa kwabasebenzi kwakuhlelekile.

Izabelo zazikhokhwa ngohlobo: ukolweni, isipelingi, nebhali njengesinkwa nobhiya, okuyizinsika zokudla. Kwakukhona ukukhokhelwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngamafutha e-sesame, ama-salt blocks, noma inyama yenkomo. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zazihlanganisa abathwali bamanzi, amabhikawozi asekhaya, kanye nezinsizakalo ezifana nelondolo. Kuye kwagcizelelwa ngokufanelekile ukuthi la madoda ayengezona izigqila: ochwepheshe abanekhono, ehola kahle uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi enelungelo lamalungelo. Inganekwane yesiswebhu iwela ngesisindo sayo uma kubhekwa ubufakazi obubhaliwe kanye ne-osteoarchaeological. Empeleni, Ubudlelwane bubonakala emagameni eqembu ahlekisayo asetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo., njengokuthi “Borrachos de Micerino” noma “Abangane bakaMicerino” e-Giza.

Inhlangano yangaphakathi iphinde yaxazulula izingxabano zansuku zonke. Kwakunenkantolo phakathi komphakathi eyayizoxazulula izingxabano, ngokuhambisana nombono wokuhleleka nobulungiswa.; kanye nezikhulu zendawo—izinduna ezimbili nonobhala—basebenza njengabalamuleli kulowo owayephethe. Emcabangweni odumile, ukwakhiwa kwamathuna kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa namaketanga ezigqila; imibhalo evela kwa-Deir el-Medina iyawuphikisa lo mbono futhi ikhombisa isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sabasebenzi nesokuphatha, esinezigaba, imithetho, futhi, kunjalo, ngeziteleka lapho izinto zingahambi kahle.

Isiteleka sokuqala esaziwayo kanye neminyaka eneziyaluyalu

Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaRamesses IV, indawo yokuhlala yafinyelela inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi nabasebenzi ababhalisiwe abangafika kwabayi-120; kamuva, ngaphansi kukaRamesses VI, abasebenzi bancipha kakhulu. Isiqephu esidume kakhulu isiteleka sonyaka wama-29 kaRamesses III (Novemba 14, 1165 BC), esibhalwe ngumbhali u-Amennakht. Njengoba zibhekene nokubambezeleka kokwabiwa kwezabelo—isinkwa, ubhiya, amafutha, imifino—izisebenzi zalahla phansi amathuluzi azo futhi zawushiya umsebenzi wazo ukuze zibuthene phambi kwamathempeli aseNtshonalanga Thebes, abaqaphi bezinqolobane. Bafuna, ngolimi oluqondile, ukuthi abaphathi bazise uFaro kanye ne-vizier ukuze kwenziwe izinhlinzeko ezidingekayo. Ekupheleni, Bayitholile inkokhelo futhi umsebenzi wabuyiselwa., nakuba kwaba nokukhuphuka nokwehla kanye nemibhikisho emisha eminyakeni yakamuva.

Inhlekelele yokugcina yoMbuso Omusha yaletha ukungalondeki okusakazekile. Ukugebenga kwethuna, okwenziwa amanethiwekhi ahleliwe, kwaba yinsakavukela. Intengo yokusanhlamvu yakhuphuka uma iqhathaniswa neyethusi nesiliva, futhi imakethe yayichichima izinto eziyigugu ezaziphangiwe. Imibhalo iqukethe izinkulumo ezigqamile zokugada kwabaphangi: "amadoda athole okuthile okungathengiswa ngesinkwa." Iziphathimandla zaphoqeleka ukuba zingenelele: UPaser, imeya yaseThebes, usole uzakwabo uPawero ngokubekezelela ukweqisa; Izivivinyo ze-scapegoat zafakwa phakathi kwabasebenzi bakwaDeir el-Medina futhi kwavulwa uphenyo olusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ekugcineni, ngaphansi kuka-Ramses XI, umbhali u-Butehamon wayalwa ukuba akhiphe izidumbu zasebukhosini ziyiswe ezindaweni eziphephile zokucasha, ngokudluliswa okukhulu nokusheshayo okuxube i-sarcophagi nemizimba. Iqabunga legolide lathathelwa indawo upende ophuzi, futhi izimpahla zamathuna ezibalulekile azizange zibuyiswe. Idolobhana lancipha kancane kancane, abaningi bathuthela e-Medinet Habu, futhi ngokuthuthela kwenkantolo e-Tanis, umngcwabo waseTheban walimala kakhulu. Lokhu kwehla okude akuphazamisi izinto ezibalulekile: U-Deir el-Medina usishiyele ingobo yomlando ebaluleke kakhulu kubantu abavamile baseGibhithe Lasendulo..

I-Amarna Workers' Village: I-Orthogonal Urbanism kanye nama-Community Chapels

E-Akhenaten's Egypt, idolobhana labasebenzi e-Amarna linikeza umehluko othakazelisayo nokufana ne-Deir el-Medina. Ekuqaleni kwambiwa ngo-1921-1922 kwase kumbiwa ngokuhlelekile phakathi kuka-1979 no-1986 ngamaqembu afana no-Barry J. Kemp's, leli dolobhana laklanywa ngohlelo lwe-orthogonal: imigwaqo ephambana ngama-engeli angakwesokudla, izindlu ezimisiwe ezijwayelekile, kanye nodonga oluyisikwele olucishe lube ngamamitha angama-70 ohlangothini oluncane oluseningizimu. Indawo ebiyelwe eyinhloko imboze cishe u-5.000 m² enezindlu ezicishe zibe ngamawele angama-72, futhi ukunwetshwa kwakamuva entshonalanga kuchaze kabusha umngcele ngodonga lwesibili. NjengaseThebes, i-orientation ye-complex ilandele amaphuzu aphezulu.

Izindlu—ezinodonga olungaphambili olulinganiselwa kumamitha amahlanu nokujula kweshumi—zazakhiwe ngezitini ze-adobe. Izindonga zesitezi esingaphansi (ezicishe zibe ngu-2,10 m ukuphakama) nophahla olwenziwa ngezinti namagatsha ambozwe ngodaka lwakha ingaphakathi elisha nelisebenzayo. Uhlelo olujwayelekile luhlanganisa i-patio / ihholo, igumbi lokuhlala eliphakathi nendawo, igumbi lokulala, nekhishi, elinezitebhisi eziya kuthala. Izindonga ezincane zazihlukanisa izindonga ezingenamsebenzi wesakhiwo. Kwatholakala izinsimbi, ohhavini, izindawo zokusebenzela, izinto zokuphakela izilwane, nezingwegwe ezindongeni, okusikisela ukuthi umnotho wasekhaya osebenzayo okhiqiza izindwanguAmanzi afika e-amphorae evela emthonjeni edolobheni elikhulu futhi agcinwe emikhunjini emikhulu evulekile "zir" ebekwe ezitsheni zamatshe.

Ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga, ngaphandle kodonga, kwakhiwa izindlu zesonto ezingamatshe nezitini ezinamabhentshi okuhlangana, ama-altare, nezinsalela zeminikelo. “Indlu yesonto eyinhloko” yayilondoloza izingcezu zemidwebo enamanqe, ama-sun disk anamaphiko, izimbali ze-lotus, nezilwane, ezenziwe ngombala osimende. Ukuba khona kwala ma-chapel kubonisa ukuthi, naphezu kwe-atonism esemthethweni, Umphakathi wahlala uxhumene nezinkolo zendabuko kanye nenkumbulo yokhokho bawoEduze kwezindawo ezingcwele, iziza zengadi ezinjengegridi (izimbobo ezingu-16-20 ezigcwele udaka lweNayile) zibonisa ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo mhlawumbe nezimbali. Eningizimu kwatholakala inkwali/indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu, kanti kwenye indawo, izibaya ezinobufakazi bokuzalaniswa kwezingulube, izimbuzi, izimvu nezinkomo, ubufakazi bokubaluleka kokuxhasa imfuyo.

I-Amarna complex, ebhalwe ngu-Kemp nabanye abacwaningi, iqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zindawo zokuhlala zasebenza njengezindlela ezikhiqizayo ezikhonza iphrojekthi yasebukhosini, enemithetho ecacile, izinto zokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukudla nezinto zokwakha, kanye nezikhala zabo zenkolo. Nakuba into yokugcina—amathuna namathempeli axhunyaniswe ne-Akhenaten ne-Aten—ihluka ekugxilweni kweTheban, umqondo wokuthi umphakathi wochwepheshe abanempilo yasekhaya ehlelekile nokulawula ukufinyelela.

I-Giza: Idolobha Elilahlekile Lamaphiramidi kanye Necropolis Yabasebenzi

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, u-Mark Lehner uhlonze indawo yabakhi abakhulu eningizimu-mpumalanga yamaphiramidi ase-Giza, inxanxathela ehleliwe yamagalari okuhlala, amabhikawozi, izindawo zokusebenzela, nezindawo zokuphatha ezixhunywe imigwaqo emithathu esempumalanga-ntshonalanga kanye nomgwaqo omkhulu osenyakatho naseningizimu. Izilinganiso ziphakamisa ukuthi cishe abantu abayizi-5.000 bebengaphumula lapho nsuku zonke, okuyisibalo esihambisana nezidingo zokwakha umbhoshongo omkhulu. Entshonalanga, imivubukulo yembula i-necropolis yabasebenzi: Amathuna asendaweni engcwele anohlelo lwangaphakathi, kusukela kumastaba ahlotshisiwe kuya ezakhiweni ezinesizotha, eziphikisana nesithombe sezigqila ezingenamalungelo.

Ngo-1990, kwatholakala ithuna lokuqala lalaba basebenzi (okutholwe ithimba likaZahi Hawass), kwalandelwa abanye abafana no-Idu, ithuna elingunxande, elivalekile, kanye noPetety, odume ngesiqalekiso esifisela umdeleli ukuba ashwabadele imvubu, izingwenya, izingwenya, izingonyama. Ucwaningo lwamathambo luveze idatha evezayo: ukulimala emadolweni nasezinqulwini okuvamile emsebenzini onemithwalo esindayo, kodwa futhi. ukuphuka ngendlela efanele kanye nokunqunywa kwezitho okusinda, izimpawu ezicacile zosizo lwezokwelapha. Ukudla okunamaprotheni amaningi kuyavumelana nalokho okuye kwabonwa ekwabiweni kweminye imizana: isinkwa, ubhiya, inhlanzi, inyama nemifino.

Leli qoqo lezinto ezibonakalayo lidiliza isithombe esidala esidumile—kusuka kuHerodotus kuya eHollywood—sezigqila ezihudula amatshe phakathi kwemivimbo. Iqiniso laliwukuthi Amaqembu amahhala ahlelwe yizisebenzi, ngokuziqhenya kwezohwebo, amaholo ngokusanhlamvu kanye nengqalasizinda yokwesekwa eyinkimbinkimbiYona kanye i-toponymy yama-brigades e-Giza ("Abangane" noma "Izidakwa" ze-Menkaure) iveza ubungane kanye nomuzwa wokuba ngowabanye, into engacabangeki embusweni wobugqila obumsulwa.

Izindlu, ukuphatha kanye nempilo yangasese: lokho izindonga ezisitshela khona

Izindawo zokuhlala kulezi zindawo zokuhlala zembula okuningi ngomphakathi wazo. EDeir el-Medina, amagumbi alandelanayo namagceke awumngcingo kwenza kube nesidingo sokusebenzisa amathafa asophahleni ukuze kuphekwe, kumiswe, noma kuphumule. E-Amarna, ukuphindaphinda kwemodyuli efanayo yasekhaya ikhuluma ngokumiswa, futhi okutholwe ngama-looms namahhavini kubonisa ukubaluleka kokuluka nokubhaka. Izilwane zazihlala eduze nezindawo zokusebenza, futhi kwezinye, kwakwakhiwa izitebele ezibondeni. Ukuphila kwenzeka umuzi nomuzi, ngakho zimbalwa izinto eziphunyuke olwazini olujwayelekile, okuthile okubonakala ezikhalazo eziningi nokubuyisana okulotshwe ngokubhaliwe.

Izilingo zangaphakathi zazivamile: ukweba, ukuphinga, izingxabano ngemingcele noma izikweletu. Umphakathi wawungaba nonya ngokweba, nakuba ingcindezi yezikhundla nobudlelwano ngezinye izikhathi yayinzima kakhulu. Ukufumbathisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe indodana, noma imizamo yokuthonya izinqumo, kubhalwe phansi. Amacala adumile afana nelikaPaneb, umholi “wohlangothi lwesobunxele” ngesikhathi sikaSeti II, abonisa ukuhlukunyezwa okuqhubekayo, okuhlanganisa nokuphangwa kwethuna lasebukhosini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukuhoxiswa okuphawulekayo, njengalokho komdwebi u-Amenua, osolwa ngokuphanga ithuna likaRamses III futhi wagcina emsulwa. Konke lokhu kuveza isistimu yenhlalo ephilayo, enezingxabano, izintandokazi, kanye nezijeziso, okuyinto Ayihlukanga kangako ku-dynamics yesimanje.

Imfundo iyamangaza ngezinga layo ngaphakathi kwe-microcosm yedolobhana: abesifazane abaningi babekwazi ukufunda nokubhalaKunezincwadi zothando ezisuka kobaba ziya emadodakazini, noma ezivela kubayeni ziya kumakhosikazi angasekho. Izindengezi zithwebula izigcawu zasekhaya—umama oncelisayo, inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu—kanye nokubhuqa nokuvusa inkanuko. Uma ubuciko obusemthethweni bubheka ukuphila kwangemva kokufa kukafaro, ubuciko bansuku zonke bezingcweti babubheka umhlaba wabo ngokuphelele.

Lapho ukukhokha ngendlela ethile kubambezeleka, kwaqubuka ukungezwani. Imibhalo ngokwayo ichaza imibuthano nezingxoxo, ukuthuthukiswa kancane kwezabelo, izithembiso, nokunye ukubambezeleka. Ukuba khona kwale mithombo, ngokwako, kuwubufakazi balokho Izikhungo zikahulumeni zaxoxisana nabasebenzi abakhethekile, nokuthi izwi lakhe lingasonta izinqumo, ngisho nokwesikhashana.

Yonke le ndawo yabantu neyezinto ezibonakalayo—imigwaqo, izindlu, izindlu zesonto, izindawo zokusebenzela, amakhorali, izingadi, amathange amanzi—iqinisekisa ukuthi amadolobhana abakhi ayengaphezu kwamakamu. Babeyimiphakathi ehleliwe enobuntu babo siqu, enamahlelo, izinkumbulo zokhokho, nezifiso. Ukuba namasango alawulwayo kanye nokuba khona "kwamaphoyisa" akuwenzi amajele; kusebenzela ukuvikela izimfihlo zombuso nezinto ezibalulekile, kanye nokuqinisekisa izabelo kanye nezinsizakalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Ukusondela kwayo ezindaweni zokusebenza kwehlisa ukuhamba nokukhiqiza kwanda..

Imivubukulo, esekelwa ukufundwa kwe-papyri ne-ostraca ngesineke, iye yasivumela ukuba siveze imininingwane: siyazi ukuthi yini edliwe, obani abaphuthelwe umsebenzi nokuthi kungani, izibani zazikhanyiswa kanjani ngaphansi komhlaba, yiziphi izivumelwano ezasayinwa, ababelwa nobani, ngisho namaphi amahlaya ayetshelwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhumbuzo esithule sombhoshongo noma ithuna lasebukhosini, lapha amazwi amancane awathuli; futhi ngenxa yabo, iGibhithe lasendulo liba yindawo evamile, enezinkinga ze-prosaic, izikhathi zokuziqhenya, kanye nezinkinga ezihlanganyelwe. Sihlanganiswe ndawonye, U-Deir el-Medina, u-Amarna no-Giza baxoxa indaba efanayo ngama-engeli ahambisanayo: eyabakhi abenza iphakade lamakhosi abo lenzeke.

Ukubheka le mizana ukubheka abalingiswa beqiniso, abangaziwa bempucuko yamapharaonic. Izindawo zabo ezifana negridi, uphahla lwabo, izindlu zabo zesonto, izinhlu zabo zokuthenga, neziteleka zabo zikhuluma okuningi njengemibhalo yasebukhosini. Phakathi kothuli namatshe, izingcezwana ezanele zehlele kithi ukuze zihlanganise impilo yomphakathi ozidlayo ngohwebo lwawo, ocophelelayo emsebenzini wawo, futhi oqaphela ukubaluleka kwawo. Ifa lakhe alikona nje kuphela ubuchwepheshe noma ubuciko, kodwa ngokujulile komuntu..

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