Impicabadala yebutho elilahlekile likaCambyses II iye yathakazelisa izizukulwane iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Le ndaba, egcwele uzungu, izihlabathi zasogwadule nezimfihlakalo ezingakaxazululeki, ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 BC, lapho ibutho lasePheresiya lika Abesilisa abangu-50.000 Wanyamalala kungazelele muntu ngenkathi enqamula ogwadule lwaseGibhithe. Lesi senzakalo, esichazwe ngokuyinhloko isazi-mlando esingumGreki uHerodotus, siye sabangela imibono ehlukahlukene ezama ukuchaza enye yezinto ezishaqisayo ezinyamalele ezikhathini zasendulo.
UCambyses II, indodana kaKoresi Omkhulu nombusi woMbuso WasePheresiya Wase-Achaemenid, waqala umkhankaso eGibhithe ngenjongo nweba izizinda zabo. Nokho, ukunyamalala okudabukisayo kwebutho lakhe ogwadule sekuyisikhathi eside kushiye izazi-mlando nabavubukuli nemibuzo eminingi kunezimpendulo. Ingabe kwakungokoqobo? Ingabe kwakuwukunqotshwa kwezempi noma, njengoba abanye besikisela, kwakubangelwa isiphepho sesihlabathi? Lesi sihloko sembula wonke ama-engeli ale ndaba ethakazelisayo.
Umongo womlando we-Cambyses II
UCambyses II wangena esihlalweni sobukhosi sasePheresiya ngonyaka 530 BC ngemva kokufa kukayise, uKoresi Omkhulu, futhi wabusa kwaze kwaba ngu-523 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Kuyo 525 BC, wahola ibutho ukuze linqobe uFaro Psammetichus III, ezimisa njengoFaro waseGibhithe ngemva kwempi ewujuqu yasePelusium.
Enesifiso sokuvelela futhi elangazelela ukuhlanganisa ukubusa kwakhe, uCambyses wahlela futhi ukunqoba i-Oasis of Siwa, ikhaya le-Oracle edumile yase-Amun, enye yezikhungo zenkolo eziyinhloko esifundeni. Ngokwemithombo engokomlando, inhloso yakhe kwakuwukwenza ukubusa kwakhe kube semthethweni ngesiprofetho esivumayo noma, uma ehluleka, ukubhidliza isiprofetho futhi athobe abapristi.
Ukumasha ogwadule kanye nokunyamalala
Ibutho likaCambyses II, elakhiwa abathile Abesilisa abangu-50.000, walibangisa eSiwa Oasis lisuka eThebes, linqamula ugwadule olubi olusentshonalanga yeGibhithe. NgokukaHerodotus, ngemva kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa bemasha, bafika endaweni eshisayo yase-El-Kharga, kodwa ngemva kokusuka kuleyo ndawo, amasosha anyamalala ngendlela engaqondakali phakathi kwezindunduma ezinkulu. Incazelo eyaziwa kakhulu ukuthi ibutho lamangala isiphepho esikhulu sesihlabathi esigqibe amadoda ngaphansi kwamamitha esihlabathi, okwenza umcimbi waba inhlekelele engakaze ibonwe.
Nakuba le nguqulo yamukelwa kabanzi, kuye kwavela ukungabaza okuningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izazi ze-Egypt kanye nabavubukuli baye bangabaza ubuqiniso bale ndaba, okubonisa ukuthi ukunyamalala kungenzeka kungaba ngenxa yezinye izici, njengokushoda kwezinsiza, izifo, noma ngisho nokuvinjwa kwezempi okuhleliwe ngabavukeli bendawo.
Imibono yesimanje mayelana nesiphetho sebutho
Ngo-2009, abavubukuli base-Italy u-Angelo no-Alfredo Castiglioni bathi bathole ubufakazi obungase bube ibutho elilahlekile. Abakutholile kwakuhlanganisa izinsalela zamathambo, izikhali zethusi nobucwebe benkathi ye-Achaemenid eningizimu yeSiwa. Lokhu okutholakele kwahunyushwa njengobufakazi obungenzeka bokuthi ibutho likaCambyses lalikhona ngempela futhi kungenzeka ukuthi linqotshwe izimo ezinzima zasogwadule.
Kodwa-ke, enye inkolelo-mbono yathola ukugqama ngo-2014 lapho isazi sase-Egypt u-Olaf Kaper waseLeiden University ehlongoza enye incazelo esekelwe ocwaningweni lwakhe e-Dachla Oasis. Ngokusho kukaKaper, leli butho belingeke linyamalale ngenxa yesiphepho sesihlabathi, kodwa ngabe licashelwe futhi libulawa amabutho amavukelambuso aseGibhithe. I-Petubastis III. Lokhu kunqotshwa kwakuyositshekelwa ngamabomu uDariyu I, owalandela uCambyses, ukuze agweme igalelo ekuziphatheni okuhle kwamaPheresiya. Amabhlokhi ethempeli lasendulo atholakala eDachla asekela lo mbono, njengoba ekhuluma ngoPetubastis njengenkosi ethweswe umqhele ngemva kwalokhu kunqoba.
Indima kaHerodotus kanye ne-mythologization yomcimbi
UHerodotus, owaziwa ngokuthi “uBaba Womlando,” ungumthombo oyinhloko wokunyamalala kwebutho likaCambyses. Ngokusho kodaba lwakhe, leli qembu ligwinywe yisiphepho sesihlabathi phakathi nohambo, isithombe esiye sahlala emicabangweni ethandwayo. Nokho, ochwepheshe abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ingxenye yencazelo yalo kungenzeka ukuthi yayithonywe izinganekwane zendawo noma inkulumo-ze yamaPheresiya yangaleso sikhathi.
UHerodotus akuyena yedwa umuntu ongabhala ngalesi sihloko. Ababhali abanjengoStrabo noFlavius Josephus nabo bayayisho le nhlekelele, nakuba izinguqulo zabo zihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababhali banamuhla abanjengoPaul Sussman baye basebenzisa le mpicabadala njengokukhuthaza amanoveli anjengethi “The Enigma of Cambyses.”
Umthelela wamasiko nosesho lwemivubukulo
Ukunyamalala okungaqondakali kwebutho le-Cambyses kukhuthaze abahloli bamazwe, abavubukuli kanye nezihambi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Ngekhulu lama-20, umhloli wamazwe waseHungary I-László Almasy, owaziwa ngokuba ugqozi lwenoveli nefilimu ethi “The English Patient”, wanikela ingxenye yokuphila kwakhe ekufuneni izinsalela, nakuba engazange aphumelele. U-Almásy wayekholelwa ukuthi izivunguvungu zomoya ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Ghibli, ezikwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-200 ngehora, zazingase zibe nembangela yale nhlekelele.
Muva nje, amaphrojekthi emivubukulo amaningana azamile ukuhlonza izindawo ezingase zibe khona izinsalela zamasosha, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe besimanje obufana ne-radar nokuhlaziywa kwesathelayithi. Nokho, i ubufakazi obuqondile abukatholakali, kanye nesifunda saseGreat Sand Sea sihlala siyindawo eyinselele yocwaningo.
Inganekwane, iqiniso noma kokubili?
Ukunyamalala kwebutho likaCambyses kungaba sempambanweni phakathi kwezinganekwane neqiniso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulandisa okungokomlando kusinikeza imikhondo ebonakala iqinisekisa imininingwane ethile, njengokukhuluma ngePetubastis III kanye nokutholwe kwemivubukulo eSiwa naseDachla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuntuleka kobufakazi obuphelele kushiya indawo yokuqagela kanye nenganekwane.
Lokhu kuseyisibonelo esithakazelisayo sokuthi amandla emvelo, i-geopolitics, kanye nokulandisa komlando kungahlangana kanjani esehlakalweni lapho izimpendulo zazo zibonakala zingcwatshwe, ngokoqobo, ngaphansi kwezihlabathi zesikhathi.
