Uphawu lukaPrometheus ngesiko lamaGreki: inganekwane, umlilo, nokuvukela

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Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi siyixoxa njengenganekwane edumile, indaba ka-Prometheus isebenza njengenhle kakhulu ibhodi lomsindo elingokomfanekisoIchaza ukuthi kungani sihlabela onkulunkulu ngendlela ethile, ukuthi sawuthola kanjani umlilo, ukuthi ububi bezwe buvelaphi, nokuthi kungani sazihlela saba ngamadolobha. Kude nokuba indaba ezimele, imephu yamasiko eyiqiniso.

Kuyaqondakala futhi ukuthi kungani iye yathakazelisa amakhulu eminyaka: ngaphansi kongqimba lwayo lwenganekwane kuhlangene ubuhlakani bezobuchwephesheInselele emandleni, ukusungulwa kwesiko, kanye nesiqiniseko esibuhlungu sokuthi yonke inqubekelaphambili iza ngentengo. Kusukela kuma-altare ase-Athene kuya kufilosofi yezombangazwe nobuciko besimanje, isibalo sakhe sisaqhubeka sisibekela inselele.

Inganekwane yokusungula: I-Mécone, umhlatshelo kanye nokwehlukana

Abadala bathi kunesikhathi lapho onkulunkulu nabantu babehlanganyela amadili, kwaze kwangena I-Mecone (noma i-Sicyon) Ukuqhuma okukhulu kwahlelwa. U-Prometheus, indodana ye-titan Iapetus, walungisa inkabi izingxenye ezimbili: inyama nezibilini kufihlwe esiswini sesilwane, namathambo amhlophe ambozwe ngamafutha acwebezelayo.

UZeus, wenza sengathi akaliboni leli qhinga, wakhetha ukubukeka okunamanzi Wasala namathambo. Wavutha ngolaka, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abantu abafayo bashisa intuthu yezinto ezingadliwa konkulunkulu futhi bazigcinele inyama. Inganekwane, ngale ndlela, isebenza njengendaba. i-etiological yomhlatshelo futhi usungula indlela yesiko elihlobene noNkulunkulu.

Elinyazwe inkohliso, uZeus wenqaba umlilo wabantu, ebancisha imfudumalo, ukupheka nawo wonke amakhono obuciko. Lesi senzo bekungesona isiphithiphithi: besisho a ukuhlehla kwempucuko lokho kwenza ukuphila komuntu kube ukuphila nje.

U-Prometheus wazama futhi. Weba umlilo wawufihla endaweni a umoba ongenalutho (i-splint), ilungele ukuthwala ilahle eliphilayo. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bheka indaba kaPrometheus nomliloEzinye izinguqulo zithi wakhanyisa isibani sakhe enqoleni ye-Helios, noma ukuthi akazange athathe umlilo kuphela, kodwa futhi nobuciko UHephaestus no-AthenaOkungukuthi, ulwazi lobuchwepheshe oluguqula imvelo ibe isiko.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Indaba kaPrometheus nomlilo: inganekwane, okuhlukile, iPandora nesijeziso saphakade

Ukwebiwa komlilo nokuthi kusho ukuthini ngempela

Umlilo awuwona umlilo wamahhala owehla uvela esibhakabhakeni: uyinhlansi okufanele ibe... gcina futhi ufunde ukusebenzisa. Yingakho amaGreki ayeyixhumanisa ne- téchne (ubuchwepheshe). Ngalo sipheka ukudla, insimbi eyingcweti, sikhanyisa ebusuku, futhi sibuthanela eziko, lapho igama elihlanganyelwe lizalwa khona.

Isiko lokucabangela nalo lashiya uphawu lwalo. UDiodorus Siculus uthe lokho okuthiwa “ukweba” kwakungeyona into engaphezu kokutholakala amathuluzi okuqalisa umliloFuthi uJohn Malalas wathi ku-Prometheus "ifilosofi yohlelo lolimi" evumela isintu khumbula okwedlule kanye nokuzuza inkumbulo yomlando. Ukucupha kuyashintsha, kodwa hhayi ingqikithi: inqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe neyobuhlakani njengesenzo sempucuko.

Kodwa-ke, isipho asifani. Ngomlilo ofanayo sibhaka isinkwa, izikhali zenziwa; inqubekelaphambili ivula amathuba kanye nezingozi. Ngakho-ke, inhloso "yokwebiwa komlilo" ibonakala emhlabeni wonke (the I-Mātariśvan Vedic, isibonelo), ilandelwa njalo imiphumela nezijeziso.

E-Greece, lokhu kungezwani kuxazululwa ngendlela embaxambili: umlilo usenza sibe nobuntu, kodwa futhi uvuse ulaka lombusi wama-Olympian. Isenzo sika-Prometheus akuwona nje umusa; ngaphezu kwakho konke, a Ngiphonsela inselelo uZeus, ukuqinisekiswa kokuzimela kwabantu abafayo.

I-Pandora, ubuhle obukhohlisayo kanye nokuphela kwenkathi elula

Ukuze akhokhe umlilo, uZeus wayala uHephaestus ukuba abumbe ngobumba namanzi PandoraNjengoba enikezwe ubuhle obungenakuvinjelwa, wazalwa "enobubi obuhle" obuthunyelwe emadodeni, ehlotshiswe ngobuhle onkulunkulu. UHermes wamyisa ku-Epimetheus, umfowabo ka-Prometheus, lowo wakamuva ayemxwayise ngokuthi angalokothi amamukele. izipho ezivela e-OlympusKodwa u-Epimetheus, ngokuvumelana negama lakhe (“lowo ocabanga ngemva”), wavuma.

Ekugcineni uPandora wavula imbiza edumile (hhayi "ibhokisi," esesimweni sayo esidala), okwaphuma kuyo ukukhathala, ukugula, nomunyu. Ngaphakathi kwasala... Elpisokungahunyushwa ngokuthi “linda” noma “themba.” Umbhalo wasendulo uvumela ukufundwa kokubili, futhi lokhu kungaqondakali kuyisihluthulelo: noma sishiywe nethemba njengenduduzo, noma ukuguquka kobubi. engalindelekile futhi ethule, akunakwenzeka ukubikezela.

U-Hesiod ugcizelela umdlalo wokubukeka: njengoba nje amafutha efihla amathambo, ubuhle bukaPandora bafihla amaphutha akhe. Kusukela ekufikeni kwakhe kuqhubeke, u- Matrimonio njengesibopho senhlalo (nezingane kanye nempahla), kodwa futhi nomsebenzi onzima kanye nokulahlekelwa inhlanganyelo endala nonkulunkulu. Ngisho ukuqhathanisa ne izinyosi Isebenza njengomcibisholo we-misogynistic emqondweni we-archaic: izihloko isiko ngokwalo eliphawulwe futhi laxoxwa ngalo.

Lolu chungechunge lweziqephu luguqula inganekwane ibe yi-fresco ephelele: ichaza umhlatshelo, umlilo, ukonakala kobubi, kanye nenhlangano entsha yasekhaya neyomphakathi. Akukho ukusonteka ngaphandle kwezindleko; i impucuko Yakhiwe ngokushiya ipharadesi.

Ukuhlukunyezwa kweCaucasus nezindlela eziya enkululekweni

UZeus akazange aneliswe ukujezisa isintu. Uyalele ukuthi u-Prometheus aboshelwe... I-CaucasusUHephaestus wambopha ngamaketanga, esizwa uBia (Amandla) noKratos (Amandla), nokhozi—kwezinye izinguqulo indodakazi kaTyphon kanye echidna- wayedla isibindi sakhe nsuku zonke, esasivuselelwa njalo ebusuku.

KumGreki, isibindi sasiyisizinda se imizwelo nezinkanukoUkuhlukunyezwa kwakungekona okungokomzimba kuphela, kwakungokomzwelo nokungokomfanekiso. Isijeziso sasihloselwe ukuhlala phakade, kodwa kwakukhona okuhlukile. UHeracles, endleleni eya eNsimini yamaHesperides, wadlula, wadubula ukhozi ngomcibisholo, futhi wagqabula amaketanga alo; UZeus wasibekezelela lesi senzo, ngoba sandisa inkazimulo yakhe ndodana eyiqhawe.

Ezinye izinguqulo zixoxa indaba ehlukile. U-Prometheus wembulela uZeus isiprofetho esivela ku-Fates: noma ubani oshade noThetis wayezoba nendodana edume kakhulu kunoyise. UZeus wavuma, wabonga u-Prometheus ngesixwayiso, futhi sathambisa isijezisoNjengesikhumbuzo, i-titan yayifaka indandatho yensimbi enetshe, njengokungathi isaboshiwe. Abanye bengeze umqhele onomoya othi "umnqobi".

Kusukela uHeracles abulala lenyoni, kuthiwa amaGreki ayenikela ngemihlatshelo izibindi zezilwane ema-altare esikhundleni salawo ka-Prometheus, evala isivumelwano esingokomfanekiso ne-Olympus. Amasiko amasiko kanye nezenzo zobuqhawe kwahlanganiswa kanjalo.

U-Prometheus umdali, izizukulwane nenzalo

Uhlu lozalo oluvame kakhulu lumenza indodana ka Iapetus kanye ne-Oceanid (i-Clymene noma i-Asia). U-Aeschylus ubeka uThemis noma uGaia njengonina; abanye abazamile: Uranus noClymene. Abafowabo ngo-Atlas, Menoetius, no-Epimetheus. Isiko, njengoba kubonakala, linjalo ehlukahlukene futhi evulekile.

Imithombo eminingi ithi walingisa abantu nge udaka namanzi, ekuqaleni kwesikhathi noma ngemva kwesikhukhula sikaDeucalion. Eqinisweni, uDeucalion ubalwe njengendodana yakhe edume kakhulu (kanye ne-Asia, uClymene, nabanye), futhi noPyrrha ugcwalisa umhlaba kabusha ngokujikijela amatshe ngemva kukazamcolo omkhulu. Kuphinde kukhulunywe ngoHellen (igama elifanekisela amaHellenes), uLycus, noChimera, ngaphezu kwalokho. kuthiwa amadodakazi njenge-Pyrrha, i-Aidos (Isizotha), i-Thebe, i-Protogenia futhi ngisho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-Io/Isis.

Abalingani bakaPrometheus bayahlukahluka: i-Asia, i-Axiothea, i-Celaeno, i-Clymene, i-Hesione, i-Pandora, i-Pyrrha, noma i-Pronea. Uhlu lubonisa a i-mythographic mosaic ngaphezu kwe-univocal biography, ejwayelekile yesiko elingenazo izincwadi ezingcwele noma i-orthodoxy.

Akukho ukushoda kokufana nokuphindwe kabili. I-encyclopedia yakudala iyacaphuna I-Itax noma i-Itas, isithunywa se-Titans ku-Titanomachy, esichazwe abanye ababeno-Prometheus ngokwakhe. Ukuguquguquka kwamagama nezindima kubonisa indlela amaGreki funda kabusha i-pantheon yakhe kaninginingi.

I-Hesiod, i-Aeschylus ne-Protagoras: amalensi amathathu enganekwane efanayo

I-Hesiod inikeza uhlaka oluyisisekelo ku- Umbono futhi ku Imisebenzi nezinsuku: indaba i-etiological (umsuka womhlatshelo, umlilo, owesifazane, kanye nobubi) enokungabi nathemba okunamandla ngokudalelwa komuntu. Okugxilwe kukho ngokweqile (hubris) kanye nesidingo sokuhlonipha ukukala ebekwe nguZeus.

Aeschylus, in U-Prometheus Bound, ikhulisa izwi le-titan njenge i-philanthropistUbala ubuciko anikezwe bona: isayensi yezinkanyezi, izinombolo, ukubhala, ukwakha, ukusebenzela ekhaya, ukuhamba, imithi, ukubhula, ukumba izimayini… “Bonke ubuciko” behla esenzweni sakhe. Lapha u-Prometheus uhlanganisa ukuhlubuka okudabukisayo ebusweni bamandla nozwelo kubantu.

I-Protagoras (ngokukaPlato) ixoxa indaba ehlukile: onkulunkulu nobuciko buyadalwa; U-Epimetheus usakaza izipho zemvelo ngokungafanele, eshiya umuntu engenakuzivikela; U-Prometheus weba umlilo futhi amasuKodwa abantu bayaqhubeka nokulwa kuze kube yilapho uZeus ethumela uHermes ngezici ezimbili: usizo (inhlonipho, umuzwa wokuziphatha) kanye díkē (ubulungiswa). Kuyisisekelo esingokomfanekiso se- impilo yezombangazwe.

Okubalulekile ukuthi lawo mahle asakazwa kanjani. UHermes kumele abanikeze wonke umuntuHhayi nje abambalwa, ngoba ngaphandle kwabo awukho umuzi. Okuyisisekelo salokhu impikiswano yentando yeningi ephikisana nombono wezikhulu wokuthi ubuhle bomphakathi buzuzwa njengefa. Inganekwane, enguqulweni yayo eyindida, iba i-urban pedagogy.

Lesi sici esikabili (ubuchwepheshe nepolitiki-sokuziphatha) sihambisana nokucabanga okufanayo. I-Xenophon ibeka isipho sika-... emlonyeni ka-Socrates. logo wokubala (ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla) kanye “ne-hermeneia” (amandla okuziqonda thina, ukwenza umthetho nokuphatha). U-Aristotle uhlukanisa phakathi izwi (ubuhlungu/ubumnandi) kanye ulimi (Ubulungiswa nokungalungi) njengesisekelo sendlu nomuzi. Ubuchwepheshe busenza sivumelane nemvelo; igama elilungile... iphucuzekile.

Izimpawu ezintathu ezinkulu: impucuko, isihlubuki, nesixwayiso

Ekufundeni okuqhathanisayo kuvela unxantathu othatha amakhulu eminyaka. U-Prometheus, okokuqala, nguye umzuzi ophucuzayo ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kube khona ubuciko noma ikhaya. Kuphinde kube yi- isihlubuki sothando obekezelela ukuhlushwa ngenxa yothando lwesintu futhi okhuthaza izimbongi, izazi zefilosofi, nabavukeli. Futhi, ekugcineni, angaba yisibalo ebulalayoNgolwazi silahlekelwa ubumsulwa bethu futhi sizichaye ezinhlekeleleni.

Kulezi zimpambano zomgwaqo, kuvela i-hubris: ingabe bukhona ubulungiswa ekujezisweni noma ekugwebeni kwaphezulu? Kubuza uHesiod ukulinganiselaU-Aeschylus uguqula u-Prometheus abe umfel’ ukholo wobulungisa obuphakeme. Lokhu kushuba kuchaza ukuthi kungani inganekwane iye yasiza kokubili ukuxwayisa ngokweqisa nokukugunyaza. ukumelana emandleni.

Akumangazi efaniswa naye Loki Ezinganekwaneni zamaNorse: isidalwa esinqunyiwe, esihlotshaniswa nomlilo, siboshwe futhi sihlukunyezwe ngenxa yokungahloniphi kwakhe. Amasiko abonakala kulawa maqhawe amasiko antshontshayo, akhohlisayo, futhi kutholiwe umuntu.

Ukukhulekela kanye nemikhuba: amathoshi e-Athene

E-Athene, u-Prometheus wayene-altare endaweni I-Academia kaPlato. Kusuka lapho umjaho wethoshi odumile (lampedodromia) waqala ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe: ophumelele nguyena owafika ilangabi lisavutha. Umkhuba uqukethe incazelo ye ngocansi, ephethwe ngokucophelela njengefa lomphakathi.

Isiko lixhunyaniswa nomhlatshelo weMécone kanye nemfundiso yenganekwane: umlilo uyabiwa, kodwa ufuna umthwalo wemfaneloAkukhona ukuduma kwezulu okuvela kuZeus, kodwa ilahle eligcina umphakathi uphila.

Ukufana kwamasiko nokunanela

I-motif "yokuntshontsha umlilo" icishe ibe yindawo yonke. E-Vedic India, I-Mātariśvan Ubuyisela kubantu lokho okwakuphakathi konkulunkulu. EPolynesia, uMaui uyakwazi MahuikaZonke lezi zindaba ziqinisa umqondo wokuthi isiko lizalwa ngesenzo owonile ngezindleko kanye nenkumbulo yesijeziso.

Ezweni lamaGreki, isibalo "somuntu wokuqala" sivela kwezinye izindaba: Foroneo e-Argos, noma abasunguli kabusha i-Deucalion ne-Pyrrha ngemva kukazamcolo. Ngisho nasesikhathini samanje sefilosofi, isithunzi se-Promethean sithinta imisebenzi efana Inganekwane ye Sisyphus kusuka eCamus, lapho umsebenzi ongapheli kanye nokuqwashisa okungenangqondo kukhumbuza isibindi esikhula njalo ebusuku.

Prometheus ezincwadini nezobuciko

Uhlu lwamananela obuciko lude kakhulu. E-Antiquity, okulandelayo kuyagqama: Hesiod futhi i U-Prometheus Bound Ifakwe ku-Aeschylus. ERoma, I-Ovid Limveza njengomlingiswa wamadoda obumba e I-MetamorfosisKakade ku-Golden Age, I-Calderon uyaqamba Isithombe sika-Prometheus.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokudweba nomculo: U-Heinrich F. Füger no-Prometheus ephethe umlilo; Jose de Ribera, UDirck van Baburen, Hendrick Goltzius y Rubens Bapenda ukuhlushwa kwabo; Orozco y URufino Tamayo Bayichaza kabusha emidwebeni yokudweba. Emculweni, Beethoven (Ubuciko bePrometheus), I-Liszt (Symphonic Poem No. 5), I-Scriabin (I-Prometheus: Inkondlo Yomlilo) futhi UCarl Orff (Prometheus) babeka indikimba yabo endukwini.

I-Romanticism ikwenze kwaba uphawu lwenkululeko: Goethe, Byron y PB Shelley (nge U-Prometheus ukhululiwe) Bamphakamisa njengomuntu ohloniphekile ekuhluphekeni. UMary Shelley isihlokwana sakhe Frankenstein "i-Prometheus yesimanje", idlulisela inganekwane kwisayensi.

Kukhona ama-echoes kufilimu namasiko athandwayo: isifanekiso segolide sika Isikhungo Se-Rockefeller, ifilimu emfishane yopopayi yamaSoviet (I-Prometeo(1974), izinkomba ku-rock nensimbi, nezinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi nezinkondlo phakathi nekhulu lama-20 nelama-21. I-iconography iyaphindaphindeka, kodwa umongo uhlala: Umlilo, ukuvukela, kanye nenani.

Isayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye namasiko athandwayo

Igama elithi "Promethean" lisetshenziswa njengelifanayo lobuhlakani bokudala obunobungozi. Ifilimu Prometheus U-Ridley Scott ubuyela enganekwaneni kukhiye we i-biotechnology kanye nomsuka wokuphila. Isici samakhemikhali othenjisiwe (promethium) kanye namaphrojekthi we-aerospace yaseYurophu—kuhlanganise nenjini ebizwa ngokuthi “Prometheus"- benza igama livume ngekhanda amandla alawulwayo ukuhlola kakade.

Isingathekiso sisebenza ngoba sidonsa umnyombo wendaba: ulwazi lusinika thina inika amandla Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusiphushela onqenqemeni lokweqisa kwethu. Yonke inqubekelaphambili idinga isu, izindinganiso, kanye nendlela yokuziphatha engafihli amathambo ngaphansi kwe-veneer ecwebezelayo.

Ukusuka eMecone kuya eCaucasus, ukusuka ekhaya lase-Athene kuya ezindaweni zokucwaninga zanamuhla, u-Prometheus useyisibalo esihlanganisa kangcono indida yomuntu: nge fuego Sizuza ubuciko namagama, kodwa sithwala ukukhathala, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nemikhawulo; ngezinye izikhathi njengesexwayiso ngokumelene nama-hubris, ngezinye izikhathi njengefulegi lokuhlubuka, njalo njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi isiko liyantshontshwa, ligcinwe, futhi lihlanganyele ekukhanyeni kwelangabi okungafanele licishwe.