I-Homer's Odyssey: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele we-Epic Poem

Ikhaya » Isiko » I-Odyssey kaHomer: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wenkondlo Evelele

I-Odyssey ingenye yalezo zincwadi, ngisho noma singayifundanga yonke, sonke esiyaziyo. Ithonya layo liye langena ezincwadini zaseNtshonalanga amakhulu eminyaka, kusukela endulo kuze kube namuhla , futhi inhlanganisela yayo yokuzijabulisa, ubuqili, kanye nokulangazelela ikhaya isalokhu ingumuntu onamandla. Njengoba iqanjwe ngoHomer futhi yabhalwa ngesiGreki sasendulo, iphakathi kwenhliziyo yomjikelezo weTrojan, njengendaba enkulu yokubuyela ekhaya.

Ngale kwenganekwane, okuthakazelisayo isakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi: indaba iqala ku-medias res, iqhawe aligcini nje ngokuba namandla kodwa futhi liyi-mētis, lobo buqili obumvumela ukuthi azikhulule engozini, futhi onkulunkulu baqhubeka bengenelela esiphethweni sabantu abafayo. Kule migqa uzothola umongo, isakhiwo, ukuhlola indaba nge-canto, izingqikithi ezibalulekile, abalingiswa, izinguqulo zayo eziyinhloko ngesiSpanishi , kanye nethonya layo ezincwadini, emculweni, kumafilimu, kuthelevishini, nakwemidlalo yaseshashalazini.

Iyini i-Odyssey futhi ingena kuphi?

I-Odyssey (IsiGreki Sasendulo: Ὀδύσσεια, Odýsseia; IsiLatini: Odyssea) yinkondlo ende ezincwadini ezingu-24 ezakha ingxenye yomjikelezo weTrojan . Ngaphakathi kwalo mjikelezo, ngokwesiko ihlotshaniswa ne-"Returns" (Nóstoi) kanye neTelegony, imisebenzi eqedela isithombe salokho okwenzeka ngemva kokuwa kweTroy.

Yabhalwa ngalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ulimi lwendabuko lwaseHomeric futhi, ngokusho kwezazi eziningi, indlela yayo yokubhala yasungulwa phakathi kwekhulu lesi-8 nelesi-7 BC, mhlawumbe ezindaweni zokuhlala zamaGreki ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Asia Minor (iTurkey yase-Asia yanamuhla). Isikhathi eside, yayidluliselwa ngomlomo ngamabhadi, izinkumbulo zawo ezazingahluka ngokuningiliziwe ngamabomu noma ngokungazi.

Ubunikazi, ukudluliswa kanye namamethrikhi

Ngokwesiko kuthiwa yavela kuHomer, imbongi efanayo ehlonishwa nge-Iliad. Kukhona impikiswano mayelana nokuthi ungubani ("Umbuzo Wasekhaya"), kodwa bonke bayavumelana ngendima ebalulekile yesiko lomlomo ekubumbeni izithombe zakhe. Ngekhulu le-19 , uHeinrich Schliemann wanikeza ubufakazi bemivubukulo bemiphakathi efana naleyo echazwe ezinkondlweni, evula impikiswano engakaxazululwa.

Ngokufika kwezinhlamvu zamagama, zombili lezi zincwadi ezinkulu zazingabhalwa phansi (ukukopisha kubhekwa njengokunengqondo kusukela ngekhulu lesi-9 BC), yize isikhathi esivelele sibeka i-Odyssey ngekhulu lesi- 8 BC . Ubufakazi obudala kakhulu obusindile obugxekayo uhlelo luka-Aristarchus waseSamothrace (ngekhulu lesi-2 BC), olwalubalulekile ekulungiseni umbhalo.

Ukwakheka kwe-metric kusebenzisa i-dactylic hexameter : ivesi ngalinye linamamitha ayisithupha, ikakhulukazi ama-dactyl (— ∪ ∪), kanye nokwenzeka kwama-spondees (— —), kanti unyawo lokugcina lungaba yi-spondee noma i-trochee. Isigqi sichazwa yi-caesuras, ehlela ukuphefumula kanye nomculo wokuphindaphinda.

Isakhiwo esijwayelekile nendawo yokuqala

Lo msebenzi uhlukaniswe ngezincwadi ezingu-24 futhi, njengezinkondlo eziningi ezidumile, uqala ezindabeni zezindaba: iqhawe selivele lingekho ekhaya iminyaka eminingi, futhi sifunda ukuthi kwenzekeni ngezindaba zalo. Indaba ihlelwe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: iTelemachy (I-IV) , ukubuya kuka-Odysseus (V-XII), kanye nokuziphindiselela kwakhe (XIII-XXIV).

Isihloko esiyinhloko yi-nostos, incwadi ka-Odysseus (u-Ulysses ngesiLatini) ibuyela e-Ithaca, ngemuva kokuchitha iminyaka eyishumi ilwa eTroy kanye neminye iminyaka eyishumi izama ukubuya. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umkakhe uPenelope nendodana yakhe uTelemachus babekezelela ukuvinjezelwa kwabakhwenyana abanobugovu esigodlweni , abadla ingcebo yabo futhi babacindezele ukuba bashade naye.

Isakhiwo ngamabhulokhi wokulandisa

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi asiphuthelwa lutho, sizohlola indaba ngokuningiliziwe, sihlanganise iziqephu kanye nezihloko njengoba zivela kuma-cantos aboniswe emithonjeni. Uzobona amagama abalulekile nezindawo kusukela ochungechungeni.

I-Telemachy (Cantos I–IV)

Konke kuqala ngomkhandlu wonkulunkulu . U-Athena uyangenelela ukuze u-Odysseus ashiye isiqhingi sikaCalypso abuyele e-Ithaca. Eqala ngokuthatha isimo sikaMentes bese kuba ngesikaMentor, unkulunkulukazi unxusa uTelemachus ukuba athuthe: kumele afune izindaba ngoyise ePylos naseSparta.

UTelemachus ubiza umhlangano e-Ithaca ukuze amise abakhongi abahlupha isigodlo. UPenelope, othembekile futhi onobuqili, uhlehlisa isinqumo sakhe ngobuqili bendwangu: uyaluka emini futhi avuleke ebusuku. Ngosizo luka-Athena, uTelemachus uthola umkhumbi bese eqala uhambo ngomkhumbi.

EPylos, bamukelwa nguNestor, phakathi nokubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngenxa yokuhlonipha uPoseidon. UNestor ukhumbula ukubuya kwabo eTroy (kanye nenhlekelele ka-Agamemnon), kodwa akanandaba no-Odysseus; usikisela ukuvakashela uMenelaus eSparta. U-Athena uyahamba ngendlela eyisimangaliso, emangaza labo ababekhona, kanti uPisistratus , indodana kaNestor, uhamba noTelemachus.

E-Sparta, uMenelaus noHelen bayabamukela. UMeneus ulandisa ngokuhlangana kwakhe noProteus, owaveza ukuthi u-Odysseus wayebanjwe yi-nymph Calypso. Emuva e-Ithaca, abakhongi bahlela ukuqamekela uTelemachus lapho ebuya, okwandisa ukucindezeleka njengoba le nsizwa iqhubeka nophenyo lwayo.

Ukubuya kwe-Odysseus (Cantos V–XII)

UZeus uthumela uHermes ukuthi ayoyala uCalypso ukuthi akhulule u-Odysseus. Ngokungathandi, i-nymph iyavuma. Iqhawe lakha isikejana bese lihamba ngomkhumbi izinsuku eziyishumi nesikhombisa; uPoseidon, ethukuthele ngenxa yokwedelelwa kwendodana yakhe uPolyphemus, uvusa isiphepho esinamandla . Ngosizo luka-Athena, u-Odysseus ufika ogwini ekhathele.

U-Athena ungena emaphusheni kaNausicaa, inkosazana yasePhaeacian eScheria, kangangokuthi wehlela emfuleni nezinceku zakhe. U-Odysseus, egcwele usawoti futhi ekhathele, ucela indawo yokukhosela ngamazwi alinganisiwe; uNausicaa umtshela ukuthi avele kanjani phambi kukanina, indlovukazi, nokuthi alinde kuphi, esihlahleni esingcwele ku-Athena , ngaphambi kokungena esigodlweni.

Enkantolo yase-Alcinous, u-Odysseus ubonakala njengomuntu ocelayo. Inkosi imamukela ngomusa futhi ikhombisa nokuthi kungenzeka yini umshado, kanti iqhawe liyenqaba. Kuqhutshwa umkhosi omkhulu: kunemidlalo yezemidlalo—lapho u-Odysseus emangaza wonke umuntu ngokuphonsa idiski—futhi uDemodocus oyisishoshovu uhlabelela iziqephu ezivela eTroy. Lapho ezwa ngeTrojan Horse , u-Odysseus uqhuma izinyembezi, futhi inkosi ifuna ukwazi ukuthi ingubani ngempela.

U-Odysseus uqala indaba yakhe: ngemva kuka-Ismarus, idolobha lamaCicones , balahlekelwa; base befika ezweni labadli beLotus, labo i-lotus yabo ivimbela isifiso sokubuya. Kamuva, esiqhingini samaCyclopes, uPolyphemus udla abangane bakhe futhi ubopha bonke abanye emhumeni wakhe.

Ngecebo elihlakaniphile, u-Odysseus udakisa amaCyclops, alole induku, futhi ayiphuphuthekise ngenkathi elele. Ukuze abaleke, ilungu ngalinye leqembu lizibopha esiswini senkomo bese lidlula ngaphansi kwesandla sesiqhwaga esihlolayo. Uma seliphephile, iqhawe alikwazi ukuzibamba futhi limemeza igama lalo, okubangela isiqalekiso sikaPolyphemus kanye nolaka lukaPoseidon.

Indawo elandelayo yokuma yisiqhingi sase-Aeolus, esinika u-Odysseus isikhwama sesikhumba esinomoya omuhle. Njengoba nje sebezofika e-Ithaca, amatilosi, ngenxa yelukuluku noma ukungathembani, avula isikhwama: imimoya iyadedelwa futhi isiphepho siyabaxosha. Ngemva kwezinsuku zesiphithiphithi, bafika ezweni lamaLaestrygonians , iziqhwaga ezidla abantu ezibhubhisa imikhumbi yazo.

Namadoda akhe asele, u-Odysseus ufika esiqhingini sikaCirce . Umthakathikazi, emthanda kakhulu, umbambe unyaka wonke, kodwa ekugcineni uyamyeka, emxwayisa ukuthi kumele ehlele eHayidesi ukuyobona umboni uTiresias. Ezweni labafileyo, ngemva kwemihlatshelo, uTiresias ubikezela ukubuya okunzima; u-Odysseus ubona unina u-Anticlea, abesifazane abadumile namaqhawe awile, futhi ekugcineni kuvela umthunzi kaHercules.

Lapho sebebuyele olwandle, balandela iseluleko sikaCirce sokunqoba ingoma yamaSiren ethi: amatilosi avala izindlebe zawo nge-wax, kanti u-Odysseus ubophe yena ensikeni ukuze azizwe ngaphandle kokunqotshwa. Base bedlula eScylla naseCharybdis bafike eThrinacia, isiqhingi seLanga. Naphezu kwezixwayiso, abangane bakhe banikela ngezinkomo ezingcwele kuHelios; uZeus ubajezisa ngombani ocwilisa umkhumbi. Ngu-Odysseus kuphela osindayo, ebuyiselwe esiqhingini sikaCalypso, ngaleyo ndlela eqedela umbuthano wendaba.

Buyela e-Ithaca futhi uziphindisele (Cantos XIII–XXIV)

AmaPhaeacians afaka u-Odysseus emkhunjini amshiya elele e-Ithaca enezipho eziningi. U-Athena umenza isinxibi ukuze agweme ukuqashelwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi amthumele endlini yomelusi wakhe wezingulube othembekile, u-Eumaeus.

U-Eumaeus wamukela ngokudla nendawo yokukhosela, engazi ukuthi ungubani. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, u-Athena uxwayisa uTelemachus ukuba abuye ngokuqapha: abakhongi bakhe bahlele ukumbulala lapho ebuya. U-Eumaeus ulandisa ngempilo yakhe nemvelaphi yakhe, futhi isimo sigcwala izimfihlo namalungiselelo.

Lapho uTelemachus efika e-Ithaca futhi eya esibayeni sezimvu, u-Odysseus uzembula kuye ngosizo luka-Athena. Ubaba nendodana bayamukela futhi bahlela impindiselo yabo, bethembele ekusekelweni kukaZeus no-Athena . Ukucindezeleka kuphakama ngaphambi kokushaywa kokugcina.

Uma esefikile esigodlweni, isinxibi siqashelwa yinja yaso endala u-Argos kuphela , eshona lapho imbona. Phakathi kokukloloda nokushaywa yizicebi, kuvela esinye isinxibi, u-Irus, futhi siphonsela u-Odysseus inselelo yokulwa, kodwa sanqotshwa ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuhlazeka kumane kulola ukuzimisela kweqhawe.

UPenelope uxoxa isikhathi eside nomuntu ongaziwa; lapho eyala u-Eurycleia ukuba amgeze, umhlengikazi uthola isibazi sengulube u-Odysseus ayenaso kusukela ebusheni bakhe futhi uyambona. Ubeka ukuthula kuye ukuze kungabikho lutho oluzolimaza izinhlelo zabo.

Ngosuku olulandelayo, ukuduma okuvela kuZeus esibhakabhakeni esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuchazwa njengesibonakaliso esihle. U-Odysseus uhlola ukwethembeka kwezinceku zakhe nezincekukazi zakhe; umboni, umngane kaTelemachus, ubikezela izindonga ezigcwele igazi . Abanye abakhwenyana abakhululekile, kodwa iningi labo liyasihleka usulu isixwayiso.

Umncintiswano womnsalo uyafika: UPenelope ucela umshado kunoma ubani ongabopha umnsalo ka-Odysseus futhi adubule umcibisholo ngezimbazo eziyishumi nambili eziqondile. Akekho ophumelelayo. Umceli uphikelela ekuzameni: uwubopha kalula, udubule, futhi ushaye umgomo wakhe . Ngesibonakaliso sakhe, uTelamachus uyazihlomisa bese kuqala ukubulawa.

U-Antinous , umholi weqembu, uwela ngomcibisholo emphinjeni wakhe ngenkathi ephuza; kulandela ukwesaba. Ngosizo luka-Athena, u-Odysseus nabalandeli bakhe abathembekile babulala abakhongi; izigqila ezingamambuka ziyalengiswa, kanti umalusi wezimbuzi uMelanthius uthola isijeziso esiyisibonelo. U-Eurycleia ushisa igceke lesigodlo futhi ulihlanza ngesibabule.

Lapho ebonakala phambi kukaPenelope, uyanqikaza: sekudlule iminyaka eminingi, futhi ukubukeka kuka-Odysseus kushintshile. Uchaza imfihlo yombhede womlobokazi, owakhiwe ngesiqu somuthi womnqumo, futhi uyambona . Iqhawe lilandisa ngezigigaba zalo futhi limemezela ukuthi olunye uhambo luzomlinda ngaphambi kokuba ajabulele ukuguga okunokuthula.

Encwadini yokugcina, imiphefumulo yabafuna umshado yehlela eHayidesi futhi ilandisa ngokwenzeka ku-Agamemnon no-Achilles. U-Odysseus uvakashela uyise uLaertes, osebenza engadini yezithelo; uziveza ngesilonda sakhe nangokukhumbula imithi uyise amnika yona eseyingane. Izihlobo zabafileyo zibiza umhlangano futhi zifuna impindiselo; uLaertes ubulala uyise ka-Antinous ngomkhonto, futhi njengoba nje impi isizoqala futhi, u-Athena ubuyisela ukuthula phakathi kwama-Ithacan.

Abalingiswa abakhulu

U-Odysseus (u-Ulysses) uyinkosi yase-Ithaca, indodana kaLaertes no-Anticlea, umyeni kaPenelope, noyise kaTelemachus. Uchazwa ngobuhlakani bakhe: i-mētis yakhe, ubuqili bakhe , bubaluleke njengesibindi sakhe. Wayeyinhloko kuTroy ngomqondo weHhashi leTrojan.

UPenelope ungumuntu ofanele ukwethembeka nokuhlakanipha. Ehlukunyezwa yizicebi iminyaka engamashumi amabili, umelana namaqhinga endwangu. Ukuqaphela kwakhe umbhede womnqumo kungenye yezikhathi ezithinta inhliziyo kakhulu enkondlweni.

UTelemachus uqala uhambo lwakhe engazethembi futhi engenalwazi, kodwa uhambo lwakhe luyamqinisa. Lapho ebuya, uzihlanganisa noyise futhi uyakhula, eqhubeka nokuziphindiselela kwakhe.

U-Athena, unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha, uvikela futhi aqondise u-Odysseus noTelemachus. Ukungenelela kwakhe kuhlala njalo, kusukela ekushukumiseni kokuqala kuya ekuthuleni kokugcina e-Ithaca.

UPoseidon ungunkulunkulu ophikisana naye: ngemva kokuphuphuthekisa uPolyphemus, ufuna ukuvimbela ukubuya kweqhawe. UPolyphemus , amaCyclops, uyisibonelo sonya olungenamthetho; isiqalekiso sakhe sikhipha amashwa amaningi.

UCirce noCalypso babonisa ukukhanga kwezindlela eziphambukayo: umthakathikazi ogcina iqhawe lithunjiwe unyaka wonke ngamadili amahle, kanye ne-nymph enikeza ukungafi uma ingashintshana ngokuhlala. Bobabili bavivinya ukuzimisela kuka-Odysseus ukubuyela ekhaya.

Izindikimba nama-motif

Uhambo (lomzimba nolokuziphatha) luhlela wonke umsebenzi. Indawo ngayinye yenezela izilingo ezakha iqhawe futhi, phakathi naleso sikhathi, zihlola isimo somuntu: isifiso, ukwesaba , ukwethembeka, ubuwena.

Uthando lomshado nokwethembeka kugcwele indaba: Ukulinda kukaPenelope nokumelana nesilingo kubeka umbhangqwana phambili. Ukubaluleka komndeni nakho kugcizelelwe: Ukufuna kukaTelemachus nokuhlangana kabusha noLaertes kuqinisa izibopho zomndeni.

Izwe lakubo nekhaya njengekusasa: Ithaca akuyona into yokunethezeka noma umbuso, iyisilinganiso somuntu siqu. Eyedwa olwandle, u-Odysseus ulangazelela umbhede wakhe , izwe lakhe, iphunga lomuthi womnqumo.

Ukungenelela kukaNkulunkulu: njengase-Iliad, onkulunkulu baphakamisa izikali. U-Athena uyavikela, uZeus uvala ngombani, kanti uPoseidon uyaziphindiselela ; abantu bayizicucu ebhodini elikhulu le-chess.

Ulimi, isitayela kanye nefa lamasiko

I-Odyssey isebenzisa ulimi oluhlelekile (oluvamile emasikweni omlomo) kanye namagama aphindaphindwayo, kanye ne- dactylic hexameter esekela umculo wevesi. Lokhu kuhlabelela kwenza kwaba lula ngama-bard ukukhumbula nokusho umsebenzi izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

Umthelela wamasiko mkhulu kakhulu. Igama elithi "odyssey" langena eSpanishi njengegama elifanayo nelithi uhambo olunzima, kanti elithi "mentor" laqala ukubiza umeluleki ohlakaniphile. Amazwi alo angatholakala ezincwadini, ezinkondlweni, eshashalazini, kumafilimu, kuthelevishini, nakumahlaya.

Ukuguqulwa okuphawulekayo nokubhala kabusha

Literatura

UJames Joyce wabhala kabusha le nganekwane ngesihluthulelo sesimanje e- Ulysses , wafingqa usuku olulodwa eDublin. UJosé Vasconcelos waqamba igama lempilo yakhe ethi Ulises Criollo , kwathi uLeopoldo Marechal waphinda uhambo e- Adán Buenosayres . URobert Graves wadlala nombhali e- The Daughter of Homer . UCésar Mallorquí walandisa ngokuphindaphinda kwesimanje e- The Lost Traveler , kwathi uDaniel Mendelsohn wahlanganisa ukufunda, umlando, kanye nokuhamba e -An Odyssey: A Father, a Son, an Epic . I-Marvel Comics yaletha indaba kumahlaya eqoqweni layo le -Marvel Illustrated.

umculo

I-Epic: The Musical , ebhalwe nguJorge Rivera-Herrans, ivelele , ihumusha iziqephu ze-Homeric zibe yisiteji samanje kanye nolimi oluzwakalayo.

Ifilimu nethelevishini

Ngokushesha uGeorges Méliès wahamba inganekwane no -L'Île de Calypso: Ulysse et le géant Polyphème (1905). Ngo-1911 kwakhishwa i-L'Odissea . Ngo-1954, uKirk Douglas wadlala ku- Ulysses , waqoshwa ezindaweni ezihambisana nezindima ze-Homeric.

I-RAI yazama ukwenza ihlaya lomculo ngo-1964 ( umagazini i -Odissea , ingxenye ye -Biblioteca di Studio Uno ). Ngo-1968 kwafika uchungechunge oluncane i-Odyssey ( Le avventure di Ulisse ), olunomuzwa weshashalazi futhi lubekwe ngaphakathi. I-Burbank Films yakhipha inguqulo enyakazayo ngo-1987, kanti i-anime yesiFulentshi-isiJapane i-Ulysses 31 yaguqula i-odyssey yaba ngekhulu lama-31.

Ngo-1991, uCanale 5 wasakaza umculo kamabonakude ( L'Odissea ) noSylva Koscina njengo-Athena. Ngo-1997, u-Andrei Konchalovsky waqondisa uchungechunge oluncane i-Odyssey no-Armand Assante. I-O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) yabazalwane bakaCoen yadala kabusha isakhiwo ngesikhathi se-Great Depression. Okunye okukhulunywa ngakho yi -The Return (2024) ka-Uberto Pasolini kanye ne -The Odyssey (2026) ebhalwe nguChristopher Nolan.

Indawo yaseshashalazini

Inkampani i-Els Joglars yaletha inguqulo yayo kuthelevishini (1976) yabe isifika esiteji ne -Odyssey , eyaqala ukubonakala ngo-1979 ePalma de Mallorca yaze yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba uMashi 1980. Umbono ohlekisayo kanye nomdlalo we-meta-theatrical kwaletha lo mdlalo wakudala kubabukeli abasha.

Izinguqulo zesi-Spanish nezinsiza zokufunda

Emkhakheni wama-Hispanic kunesiko elicebile: ekaGonzalo Pérez (1550), uMariano Esparza (1837, evesini), u-Antonio de Gironella (1851, evesini), uLuis Segalá y Estalella (1910), u-Ángel María Garibay K. (onzázrre) ( 1931 , Fernando) hexameters), José Manuel Pabón y Suárez de Urbina (1982), José Luis Calvo Martínez (1988), Carlos García Gual (2004), Pedro C. Tapia Zúñiga (2013, evesini) kanye Marta Alessi (2025, evesini).

Inguqulo yokuqala yesiSpanishi eyenziwe ngowesifazane ngekaLaura Mestre Hevia , engakashicilelwa ngokwengxenye. Muva nje, uMarta Alesso wase-Argentina uphakamise inguqulo entsha yevesi ehloselwe izilaleli ezikhuluma isiSpanishi zaseLatin America.

Izinhlelo nezifundo zakamuva zifaka: Odyssey. Umqulu I, Cantos I–IV (CSIC, 2022; isingeniso noshicilelo olubucayi luka-Mariano Valverde Sánchez; ukuhumusha namanothi ka-José García López; okubuyekezwe ngu-Esteban Calderón Dorda); inguqulo kaGredos (1982/2002) enesethulo sikaManuel Fernández-Galiano kanye nenguqulo kaPabón ; uhlelo lwase-Austral (Espasa-Calpe, 1951/2006) ne-Segalà i Estalella; I-Alianza Editorial (2004) enenguqulo ka-García Gual; Cátedra (1988) noJosé Luis Calvo; I-Porrúa (1960) ne-Segalá kanye ne-Estalella; kanye noshicilelo lwe-UNAM (2013) oluhunyushwe nguPedro C. Tapia Zúñiga kanye nesingeniso sika-Albrecht Dihle.

Phakathi kwezinsiza zemfundo, i-Homeric Dictionary kaGeorg Autenrieth (1891; inguqulo yesiNgisi ka-1880 esekelwe esiJalimaneni sokuqala sika-1873) ivelele, itholakala kalula nge-index ye-elekthronikhi nge-Perseus Project. Okunye okuphawulekayo ucwaningo lukaCarla Bocchetti, i-The Mirror of the Muses (University of Chile, 2006, e-CHS), umsebenzi kaFrancisco Javier Gómez Espelosín ezindabeni zokuhamba ku-Odyssey (1994), i-thesis ka-Ángel Luis Hoces de la Guardia Bermejo mayelana nokuthembela komphakathi ku-Homer (UCM, 1992), kanye ne-adaptation kaCharles Lamb , i-The Adventures of Ulysses , isahluko sokuqala saso esitholakala ku-PDF.

Homer: imbongi kanye "nombuzo Homeric"

Igama elithi Homer (lekhulu lesi-8 BC) yigama esilinika umbhali we-Iliad kanye ne-Odyssey, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Homeric Hymns. Abanye baphikisana ngokuthi ababhali abaningi noma isiko elide lomlomo; noma ngabe yikuphi, isiko liyisisekelo okwakhelwe phezu kwaso lezi zinkondlo. Ukumba kukaSchliemann kwaqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwenganekwane kanye neqiniso lezinto zakudala, kwavusa impikiswano eqhubekayo nanamuhla.

Imibhalo ehlobene, izinguqulo ezindala nezixhumanisi eziwusizo

Ezweni lamaRoma, uLivius Andronicus wabhala i- Odusia , inguqulo yokuqala yesiLatini ye-Odyssey, okusele izingcezu zayo. Okwamanje, izindawo zokugcina izincwadi ezifana ne -Wikimedia Commons zinikeza izigaba ezinikezelwe ku-Odyssey naku-Odysseus; i-Wikiquote iqoqa izingcaphuno, kanti i-Wikisource inikeza izinguqulo zesiSpanishi kanye nombhalo ophelele wesiGreki.

Ukuze kufundwe futhi kubhekwe, ama-PDF ayatholakala emitatsheni yezincwadi nasemaphoyiseni ezemfundo: umtapo wezincwadi wedijithali we-ILCE , izinto ezivela kuhulumeni waseMendoza, kanye nendawo yokugcina i-CJPB e-Uruguay exhumanisa nezinguqulo ezingalandwa. Lezi ziwusizo njengezindlela zokuqala, yize kunconywa ukuziqhathanisa nezinhlelo zesimanje ezibucayi.

Ngokuphathelene nokusakazwa kwethelevishini kanye nokuhlekisa, i-RAI ihlole amafomethi afana ne -Biblioteca di Studio Uno (ene- Odyssey ngo-1964) kanye ne-Canale 5 yadlala umculo onezingxenye ezimbili ngo-1991, ngezingoma ezilungisiwe kanye nokuhleka kwesiteji (uSylva Koscina njengo-Athena), okubonisa ukuguquguquka kwenganekwane ukuze kuhambisane namakhodi athandwayo.

Uma ihlanganiswa, i-Odyssey iza kithi njenge-mosaic: izinkondlo ezidluliswa ngama-bard, ukuqoshwa okubhaliwe kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 BC, uhlelo lwase-Alexandria ngekhulu lesi-2 BC, kanye nomzila omude kakhulu wokuhumusha, ukujwayela kanye nezifundo ezisivumela namuhla ukuthi sisondele embhalweni ngezendlalelo eziningi, kusukela kumitha ye-dactylic hexameter kanye ne-caesuras yayo kuya ekuhlaziyweni kwezimpawu ezifana nokungenisa izihambi, ubuwena kanye nokubuyela ekhaya.

Noma ubani ozama ukuyifunda uzothola indaba eguquguqukayo, egcwele iziqephu ezingasoze zalibaleka (amaCicones, amaLotus-eaters, amaCyclopes, ama-Aeolus, amaLaestrygonians, amaCirce, amaHades, amaSirens, amaScylla namaCharybdis, amaHelios, amaCalypso) kanye nesiphetho esingagcini nje ngokuxazulula izindaba zase-Ithaca, kodwa futhi esibuyisela ukuhleleka komuntu siqu, komndeni kanye nomphakathi , lapho u-Athena evala ukuthula ukuze impilo yansuku zonke ibuyele esimeni esijwayelekile.