- Abadwebi baseGibhithe babebizwa ngokuthi “ababhali be-contour,” okubonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kokudweba nokubhala.
- Isithombe sasinomsebenzi womlingo-ongokwesiko: sondla i-ka futhi siqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwe-Afterlife.
- Le nqubo ihlanganisa uhlaka olubomvu/ olumnyama, imibala eyisicaba, nezimibalabala zamaminerali nezihlanganisa izinto eziphilayo.
- I-canon elinganayo nezimiso (iphrofayili engaphambili/umzimba, isikali se-hierarchical, umbala ongokomfanekiso) ubungamele wonke ukukhiqizwa.
Lapho sicabanga ngezindonga zamathuna aseGibhithe, sibona izithombe ezinemibala egqamile nemifanekiso edwetshwe kahle; nokho, abadali bazo babengebona “abaculi” ngomqondo wanamuhla. Esigodini saseNayile, amagama athi “ubuciko” kanye “nomculi” njengalokhu ayengekho, futhi labo ababehlobisa izindonga nezinto babecatshangelwa. izingcweti zezandla, “izandla ezinekhono”kuhlanganiswe kumaworkshops ahlelekile futhi kuncike emithethweni enembayo.
Ukuphendula umbuzo walokho abadwebi ababebizwa ngakho eGibhithe lasendulo kuvula umnyango wezwe labo: ubuciko babo, ubuciko babo, indima yabo engokwenkolo, nokuqeqeshwa kwabo. Lapho, ukudweba nokubhala kwakuhambisana, futhi izithombe zazingezona nje ezokuhlobisa kodwa zazinomsebenzi ongokoqobo nongcwele. Eqinisweni, abadwebi bathole isihloko esibonisa lokhu kuhlanganisa: ‘Babengababhali bendawo ezungezile’ochwepheshe ekuchazeni umugqa onikeze impilo kuzibalo nama-hieroglyphs.
Babebizwa ngokuthini abadwebi eGibhithe Lasendulo?
Emibhalweni yaseGibhithe, abadwebi bavela njenge "Ababhali be-contour" (ngoba “babhala” umdwebo) futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, njengabadwebi bezandla batusa ubuciko babo bezandla. Umqondo "wobuhlakani bomuntu ngamunye" wawungowesibili: okwakubalulekile ukuthi umsebenzi wawusebenza kahle futhi ulungile ngokuvumelana nezincwadi zeBhayibheli ezazishiwo amathempeli. Ngokufanayo, umqophi wayengabizwa “lowo ophilisayo”, egcizelela injongo engokoqobo nengokwesiko yomsebenzi wakhe.
Amasiginesha omuntu awavamile ukugcinwa, futhi uma evela, avame ubuhlakani. Le mvelo ehlangene nengaziwa ixhunyaniswe nesimo sengqondo esibeka kuqala ukubambelela kulokho okujwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, Ukufaneleka kulele ekuzivumelaniseni namamodeli "aphelele". igcinwa emitatsheni yolwazi yasethempelini nasezincwajaneni zokusebenzela, hhayi ngokuphuma ngaphandle kwemibhalo.
Igama elithi “uhlaka lwababhali” likwenza kucace ukuthi i-stroke negama kwakuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo. Etsheni, ngokhuni, noma nge-stucco, uhlaka lwadwetshwa ngendlela efanayo ne-hieroglyph: ukumela okwakubalulekile ukuze "kube khona"Ngakho, umugqa owenza umdwebo awuwona umkhawulo olula; kungumngcele omlingo owuchazayo.
Ngisho nesipelingi sama-hieroglyphs apendwe emathuneni siveza lesi sixhumanisi: atholakele. amaphutha nezilungiso Emibhalweni yasezindongeni, ngenxa yokuthi umdwebi wayevame ukukopisha umbhalo wokuqala obhalwe umlobi, futhi njengoba ayengeyena umbhali ochwepheshile, wayekwazi ukudida izimpawu ezifanayo. Omunye uchwepheshe ube eselungisa isimo.
Ukuhwebelana, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokuhleleka kwama-workshops
Ukuqeqeshwa kobuciko baseGibhithe kuhlukile: izindinganiso ezinhle zobuciko eziphuma emathempelini kanye “Izindlu Zokuphila”, izikhungo zolwazi lapho kuqeqeshwa ababhali, odokotela nabadwebi bezakhiwo. Kodwa-ke, ukuhweba komdwebi kwakuvame ukudluliswa kusuka kubaba kuya endodaneni eshabhu, lapho babefunda khona ngokuzijwayeza nsuku zonke, nakuba behlala bengaphansi kwale mithetho esemthethweni.
Ezindaweni ezifana ne-Deir el-Medina, idolobhana lezingcweti amathuna asebukhosini, sithola umphakathi ohlelwe kahle wochwepheshe: abadwebi, abaqophi, abapulasi, abapenda imibala, bonke bengaphansi kokuqondisa kwezinduna, futhi ezingeni eliphakeme, abefundisi nabaphathi. EMemphis, unkulunkulu uPtah wayengumvikeli wezingcweti, futhi umpristi wakhe omkhulu wayenesiqu esithi “Umhloli Omkhulu Wezingcweti”, ubufakazi bokulawula inkolo phezu kwenqubo yokudala.
Isithunzi senhlalo sesihloko esithi "umbhali" sadlula ukubhala nje. Ukubizwa ngokuthi "umbhali we-outline" kwaphakamisa isimo somuntu owazi kahle ukudweba, ngoba eGibhithe ukubhala nokumelela kwakuyizenzo ezifanayo lokho kwaguqula lokho okwakudonselwa ekubeni okuthile okusebenzayo ezweni laphezulu.
Ama-workshops asebenza njengamathimba: abanye badweba uhlaka, abanye balungisa, abanye bafaka umbala, kanti abanye basebenzise okuphelile. Lo msebenzi odidiyelwe uchaza ukufana kwesitayela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, Kungani imisebenzi eminingi ingenabo ubunikazi obucacile?.
Umlingo wezithombe nangemva kokufa
Umdwebo waseGibhithe wawunenjongo engokwesiko. Izigcawu esizibona ezindlini zesonto zomngcwabo ziyondle ka (amandla okuphila) kamufi, eqinisekisa ukudla kwaphakade. Kwakunganele ukudweba itafula eligcwele ukudla: yingakho Lonke uchungechunge lokukhiqiza lwalumelwe (ukuhlwanyela, ukuvuna, ukubhula, ukugcina), kanye nokuzingela nokudoba, ukuze kungabi khona ukuntuleka kokudla.
I-Magic, heka, yenza lokho okupendiwe “kwangempela.” Ngenxa yalesi sizathu esifanayo, izigcawu ezingakaqedwa ziningi: kwakukholelwa ukuthi, inqobo nje uma kunamamodeli aphelele ereferensi, Uhlaka belwanele ukuze umlingo uqedele umsebenziIsigcawu esivulekile sasikisela ukuqhubeka, ngethemba lokuthi “kuzoba khona ikusasa” elizoqhubeka.
Isibonelo esisodwa esimangalisayo ukusetshenziswa kwe ophuzi “emakamelweni egolide” ye-sarcophagi yasebukhosini ngesikhathi soMbuso Omusha. Inyama yonkulunkulu kwakucatshangwa ukuthi iyigolide, uphawu lokungonakali kanye nobuphakade, ngakho izindonga zazipendwe lowo mbala. Izingcweti zaseDeir el-Medina zamukela umbala ofanayo wamathuna azo ngoba, uma zisebenzela inkosi, kufanele nazo zibavikele.
Lokhu kuphumelela komlingo kwenza kucace ukuthi kungani ubuciko baseGibhithe bungaphishekeli "ukuhlobisa" ngenxa yabo. Ukumela kwakuwukwenzaUkuqamba nokudweba kwakuyizenzo zokuvula. Eqinisweni, imifanekiso eqoshiwe, imidwebo eqoshiwe, nemidwebo “yavuswa” ngemikhuba yokungcwelisa efana nokuVulwa Komlomo.
Indlela yokudweba nezinto zokwakha: ukuthi zapenda kanjani
Inqubo evamile yaqala ngomdwebo ibhulashi lomhlanga ngokubomvu, kulandele izilungiso ezimnyama. Kwabe sekusetshenziswa imibala "eyisicaba", ngaphandle kwezithunzi ezenziwe imodeli, ngokuhlonipha izindawo ezinqunyelwe uhlaka.
"Amabhulashi" ayeyimihlanga e-pollard, efana naleyo eyayisetshenziswa ababhali ukwenza i-papyrus, kodwa ijwayele ukugcina umbala. Amanzi anenhlaka noma ushingamu womtholo ayesetshenziswa njengesibopho; ukulungisa, egg albumen kanye waxUmdwebo wenziwa etsheni, e-plaster stucco, ngokhuni noma nge-papyrus, futhi inqubo yendabuko yaseMedithera emanzi ye-fresco ayizange yenziwe ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile.
Iphalethi kwaba kunqunyelwe, kodwa izinzile kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ikakhulukazi imvelaphi yamaminerali. Phakathi kwe-pigment evame kakhulu:
- Okumnyama: kutholwe ngokuvutha okungaphelele, isibonelo ngotshani; ehambisana ne ukuzala nokuzalwa kabusha (umhlaba omnyama weNayile).
- Okubomvu nokuphuzi: ama-ocher amaningi, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseTheban; okubomvu kuyi-ambivalent (impilo nengozi).
- Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza: etholakala kumaminerali ethusi njenge i-azurite ne-malachiteOkuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaseGibhithe (okwenziwa, okusekelwe ku-silica nethusi) kwakuyingqopha-mlando yobuchwepheshe.
- Abamhlophe: i-limestone yomhlabathi; okumhlophe okumsulwa kwatholakala huntita (i-calcium magnesium carbonate).
Lobu buciko bobuchwepheshe buchaza ukuqina kwemibala phakathi nenkulungwane yeminyaka. Isimo sezulu esomile sasiza, kodwa imfihlo ilele ekulungiseni indawo engaphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwama-stuccos abushelelezi, kanye ukuhambisana kwesistimu yongqimba.
I-canon yaseGibhithe kanye nemihlangano emikhulu
Kusukela ngoBukhosi Besithathu, abaculi badwebe abantu besebenzisa igridi. Izinga lakudala lihlukanisa umzimba ube "izibhakela" eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kusukela ematheni onyawo kuya entanjeni yoboya; e-Amarna ikhuphukela emashumini amabili, futhi enkathini yeLate nePtolemaic ifinyelele kwezingamashumi amabili nanye. U-Karl Richard Lepsius, ngekhulu le-19, usevele wawabona la magridi e-Saqqara.
Isibalo sivezwa ngokwesistimu "ehlanganisiwe": ikhanda nemilenze kuphrofayili, i-torso namahlombe abheke phambili, futhi iso langaphambiliAkukhona "ukuntuleka kombono," kodwa kunalokho indlela yokubonisa izici ezibalulekile zesigaba ngasinye esifundekayo esiphezulu. Kungakho kusetshenziswa isikali se-hierarchical: irenki ephezulu, usayizi omkhulu.
Umbala uqinisa izivumelwano zomphakathi nezobulili: isikhumba sowesilisa ngokuvamile sivezwa ngamathoni abomvu-ocher, isikhumba sowesifazane emithunzini ekhanyayo. Ezigcawini ezisemthethweni, ukuma kuzinzile, nge umthetho we-frontality Emdwebeni kanye nokuqina okulawulwayo ekudwebeni; ezigcawini zokuphila kwansuku zonke, nokho, kukhona ukukhululeka okukhulu nokubhekwa kwemvelo.
Abadwebi be-Novice bathembele kugridi futhi benza "ukuzisola" okwengeziwe (i-pentimenti) kubonakale emisebenzini engaqediwe; abanolwazi kakhudlwana badonsa ngokuzethemba okukhulu, kaningi cishe akukho ukulungisaLapho umdwebo usuqediwe, amamaki omsebenzi ayefihliwe futhi umphumela uvele umfaniswano.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo: kusukela emsuka kuya enkathini yePtolemaic
Iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu, uhlelo lolimi lwaseGibhithe olubukwayo lwahlala luzinzile ngokumangazayo, nezigaba zemvelo enkulu. Ezikhathini ze-predynastic (i-Badarian, i-Naqada I-III), ama-motifs asevele avela ezitsheni zobumba namatshe; ngokuhlanganiswa, isebenza njenge I-Narmer Palette sungula izilimi ezingokomfanekiso ezihlala njalo.
EMbusweni Omdala, ubuciko bafinyelela ku-classicism ebabazekayo: imidwebo emihle kakhulu, amaphalethi anemibala ehluzekile, nemifanekiso eqoshiwe enobukhazikhazi obuphambili. Ngemuva kokwabiwa kwamazwe eNkathini YokuQala Ephakathi, uMbuso Ophakathi waphucula amasu futhi wavula ukugxila kwesihloko empilweni evamile, ngenkathi igcina okujwayelekile.
UMbuso Omusha uphawula umvuthwandaba: izinhlelo ezinkulu ezisodongeni emathuneni nasemathempelini, ukunwetshwa okukhulu eKarnak, nombala ogqamile. Nge-Amenhotep III, ukuphelela kwezobuchwepheshe okubandayo ngezinye izikhathi kufinyelelwa; no-Akhenaten, e-Amarna, imvelo enamandla (izitshalo ezinyakazayo, imizimba evumelana nezimo). Esikhathini se-Ramesside, umbono othile ubuya nobumnandi obuzuzwe njengefa.
Ezigabeni zakamuva (iSaite, Ptolemaic, Roman), izibonelo zasendulo zalingiswa ngemiphumela ehlukahlukene ngokwegama elithi “umphefumulo,” kodwa ngobuciko obuqinile. Ukuxhumana nezwe lamaGreki kwakhiqiza amafomu ayingxube ngaphandle kokuphula isisekelo esingokomfanekiso. isiko kanye nokushintsha inkhulumomphendvulwano.
Imibala enomyalezo: incazelo namagama
EGibhithe lasendulo, amagama ayisisekelo athi "umbala" afinyeza imibono yento nemvelo. Bahlukanisa, isibonelo, kem (omnyama), hdj (emhlophe/isiliva), udj (okuluhlaza/okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kanye desher (ububanzi obubomvu-owolintshi-ophuzi). Umbala awuhlobi: wenza izinhlangano zisebenze.
Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuvusa isibhakabhaka kanye neNayile enikeza ukuphila, yingakho ihlotshaniswa nokuzala nokuzalwa kabusha. Okuhlaza kumelela ukukhula (yingakho isikhumba sika-Osiris esiluhlaza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezigqizo kulowo mbala ngezinhloso zokwelapha). Okumnyama, okuxakayo, kuhlotshaniswa nokulila kanye isithembiso sokuvuka ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yomhlaba omnyama weNayile kanye ne-iconography ye-Osirian.
Okubomvu ku-ambivalent: igazi nokuphila, kodwa futhi ugwadule namandla ayingozi kaSeti. Igolide lisho ubunkulunkulu: inyama yonkulunkulu; isiliva, “amathambo” abo. Ngakho-ke ukugaywa kwezifihla-buso kanye nalokho i-turquoise faience namathoni agqamile anqoba ama-trousseaus neziphandla.
I-Architecture kanye ne-sculpture: uhlaka abadweba ngalo
Isakhiwo sesikhumbuzo sikhuphuka etsheni ngokunambitha kwe i-colossalism, uphahla oluyisicaba, nezimbazo ezilandelanayo. Ithempeli elijwayelekile lihlanganisa i-avenue ye-sphinxes (ama-dromos), ama-pylons okungena, igceke eline-porticoed, ihholo elikhulu le-hypostyle, nendawo engcwele emnyama; ukukhanya kuncipha njengoba umuntu ethuthuka, kugqamisa isici esingcwele.
Amathuna ayizinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ama-mastaba (amabhlogo ancishisiwe ephiramidi), imibhoshongo (asukela kwenyathelwe kuya ebushelelezi), kanye ne-hypogea embiwa edwaleni. ephephe kakhudlwana ekuphangweniKuzo zonke izimo, umhlobiso wesithombe uguqula ithuna libe "indlu" esebenzayo yokuphila kwangemva kokufa.
Isithombe esiqoshiwe esisemthethweni singaphambili, sizinzile, futhi asinazo ukuthinta kwesikhashana; izingcezu zeshabhu zokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, ngokhuni noma ngobumba, zibonisa imvelo eyengeziwe. Zanda emathempelini. imidwebo ye-polychrome eziqedwa ngokudweba, nasemathuneni, imijikelezo eningilizayo elandisayo ngokuphila kwangemva kokufa.
Imisebenzi ephawulekayo nokutholakele
Ku-mastaba ye-Nefermaat ne-Atet, i-"Geese Frieze" edumile igqama ngenxa yemvelo yayo ecophelelayo nobuhlakani be-chromatic (malachites, azurites, ochers), isibonelo esiyingqayizivele ngaphakathi kwe-repertoire. Ethuneni likaNebhamuni, “umbhali nomcwaningi wamabhuku enqolobane ka-Amuni,” izingcezu ezinezigcawu zokuzingela namadili zigcinwa, manje zisakazeke phakathi. Iminyuziyamu yaseYurophu.
Abaningi badabuka eDeir el-Medina i-ostraca -ama-limestone flakes noma izitsha zobumba zobumba - anamanothi, ama-caricature nezigcawu ezihlekisayo, ubufakazi bempilo yansuku zonke ekhazimulayo endaweni yochwepheshe. Odumile I-Turin Erotic Papyrus, enamakhathuni ahlekisayo navusa inkanuko yomsebenzi ocolisisiwe okusaphikisana ngencazelo yawo yangempela.
Ubuciko nokubhala: umbono ofanayo obonakalayo
Ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwe-hieroglyph nomdwebo kubonakala kukho konke: kunezigcawu ezinesithombe esifeza umsebenzi wokunquma noma we-ideogram, ngakho-ke. Asikho isidingo sokuphinda ngezimpawu lokho osekumelelwe. Kwesinye isikhathi imidlalo eyimfihlo isetshenziselwa "ukubhala" amagama ngezinto noma onkulunkulukazi ababenza samuntu.
Ukukhombisa ubuningi noma okukabili, izimpawu noma izibalo zaphindwa; amaciko ahlukahlukene ngobuhlakani ukuhlela nombala ukuze agweme i-monotony ("i-graphic dissimilation"). Esithombeni, isinyathelo esihamba phambili se- umlenze wesokunxele Ithobela izimiso eziyingcaca “eziphilisa” umfanekiso ngendlela engokomfanekiso.
Izilinganiso zohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli zilinganiswa ngamayunithi endabuko: “ingalo encane” (intende yezandla eziyisithupha, ngayinye “ineminwe” emine), “isibhakela”, njll. Lezi zikhombo ziguqula isibalo sibe uhlelo. i-anthropometric ejwayelekile engenziwa kabusha kunoma yisiphi isikali.
Izinto, amatshe kanye nezinkuni ezinencazelo
Izinto zokwakha zazinomlingo kanye nenani lobuchwepheshe. oro Ayinakonakala futhi yilanga; ukukhokha, inyanga. Ngaphambi kweNkathi Yensimbi, insimbi eyaziwayo kwakuyi-meteoric, “insimbi yesibhakabhaka,” ifanelekela iziphandla nezindwani zemicikilisho yokuVulwa koMlomo; i ukuhola livela kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Phakathi kwamatshe: i-alabaster (i-calcite) yemikhumbi ye-funerary, i-granite, i-quartzite, i-basalt ne-serpentine yezithombe ezihlala njalo, namagugu afana i-malachite, i-turquoise noma i-carnelian Okwezigqizo ezihlobene nokuvikela, ukuzala, noma amandla. I-Faience, enokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza, ihlanganisa ukukhanya nokuvuselelwa.
I-Woods, eyindlala eGibhithe, yakhethwa ngenxa yokuxhumana kwabo kukaNkulunkulu: isikhamore (ehlangene noHathor, Isis kanye noNut) bema phambi kwamathuna futhi banikeza i-sarcophagi; i-persea Isihlahla se-Ished sasifanekisela iminyaka yokubusa; umnyezane, u-Osiris; umtholo, uHorus; futhi i-tamarisk noma i-ziziphus yatuswa emifanekisweni yomngcwabo. Ngisho nombala wezinkuni ezikhethiwe wawubalulekile. kwaqinisa ithoni yesikhumba emelelwe emfanekisweni.
Yonke le nethiwekhi yezohwebo, imithetho, nezimpawu ichaza ukuthi kungani imidwebo yaseGibhithe ihlala iyisithonjana: bekungumsebenzi we "Ababhali be-contour" okwathi, ngesu elinembile kanye nolimi olubonakalayo olunekhodi, wenza i-stroke ngayinye yaba isenzo esiphumelelayo emhlabeni wonkulunkulu nabafileyo, ehlanganisa ubuciko, inkolo kanye nombono onzima kakhulu wokuthi kusho ukuthini "ukwenziwa kahle".
